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Module Contents:
Topic Page No.
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A semiconductor in its pure form does not conduct current well because it
has limited number of free electrons and holes. Doping is the process of
increasing the conductivity of the semiconductor where in small amounts of
impurities are added to a pure semiconductor. An N-type semiconductor has
more number of electrons (negative charges) and a P-type semiconductor
has more number of holes (positive charges). Sandwiching, or joining a P-
type semiconductor with N-type semiconductor forms a diode. The diode is
contained in a small capsule made of glass or plastic and has two terminals
or electrodes and hence the name diode (di two and ode electrode). The
electrode connected to the P-type is called the Anode “A”, and the electrode
connected to the N-type is called the Cathode “K”. The cathode (K) is
marked with a silver color band as shown in Figure 1(c). Figure 1(a) and
1(b) shows the structure and symbol of the PN junction diode.
A K
Anode Cathode
(A) P-TYPE N-TYPE (K) b) Diode Symbol
+
Holes Electrons
Cathode
(K)
a) Diode Structure
c) Typical Diode
Diode Types
According to the type of semiconductors they are classified into:
Germanium diodes
Silicon diodes
According to their application, they are classified into the following:
Rectifier diode
Zener Diode
LED Photo Diode
Diode Packing
Diode is generally mounted in one of three basic packages shown in figure
3. These are designed to protect the diode from mechanical stress and the
environment. The size of the package indicates the current rating (larger
size means higher current rating). Note that (DO) refers to Diode Outline.
DO-5
DO-8
DO-41
Figure 3 Diode packing types
A
+ DC
Reverse biased:
A diode is reverse biased (RB) when its anode (A) is negative with respect
to the cathode (K). The diode in RB-direction does not allow the current to
flow as shown in Figure 5.
K
+ DC
(A) (K)
Anode Cathode
Ohmmeter
IN 4001
Figure 6a
Testing the Diode in FB Direction
(K) (A)
Cathode Anode
Ohmmeter
IN 4001
Figure 6b
Testing the Diode in RB Direction
(A) (K)
Digital Multimeter
Anode Cathode
IN 4001
Figure 7a
Testing the Diode in FB Direction
(K) (A)
Digital Multimeter
Cathode Anode
IN 4001
Figure 7b
Testing the Diode in RB Direction
AC current behavior:
During the positive alteration, AC current flows first in one direction,
reaches the maximum (positive) and decreases to zero.
During the negative alteration, the current follows the same manner in
the opposite direction.
In each alteration, AC current reverses its direction as shown in Figure 8.
I
Positive half-cycle
+ve +ve
I
Figure 8 Alteration of AC current between (+ve) and (-ve)
A K
IF
AC Load
During the positive half-cycle, the diode conducts when the input voltage
exceeds the barrier potential (0.7V for Silicon and 0.3V for Germanium
diodes) and current flows through the load and returns along the 0V line.
Only the positive half-cycle appears across the load as shown in Figure 10a.
+ + A K
AC Input IF + Output
Load
During the negative half-cycle, the diode turns OFF (RB). This will prevent
any current from flowing, and no voltage appears across the load as shown
in Figure 10b.
A K +
AC Input IR Output
Load
+ +
Output Voltage: The net result is that only the positive half-cycles of the AC
input voltage appear across the load, providing a pulsating DC voltage at
the output as shown in Figure 11. However, the amplitude of the output
voltage is less than the input amplitude, and this is because of the forward
voltage drop across the diode. Because this circuit produces output current
only during one cycle, it is called a half-wave rectifier.
VS
Secondary Voltage (VS)
VRL
During the positive half cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased, so they
conduct. Diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and do not conduct. Current
flows through the load as shown in figure 13.
During the negative half cycle as shown in figure 14, diodes D1 and D2 are
reverse biased, so they do not conduct. Diodes D3 and D4 are forward
biased and conduct.
The result is that the current continues to flow through the load in the same
direction in both the half cycles. The output and input are shown in figure
15. The rectifier produces output during both half cycles, and therefore it is
100% efficient. In each half-cycle, current flows through two diodes, and
therefore the output voltage is two voltage drops less than the input
voltage.
Equipment Required
Apparatus Quantity
Electricity & Electronics
1
Constructor, EEC470
Basic Electricity and Electronics
1
Kit EEC471-2
Power supply unit 0 to 20 V
1
(Feedback Power Supply 92-445)
Digital Multimeters 2
Diode (1N4007), R = 4.7k 1-each
Procedure
1. As shown in the patching diagram of figure 18, construct the circuit of
figure 19(a). (Note that the resistor limits the current to a safe value).
Observations:
Write your observation in table below.
Questions
1) Which side of a diode should be connected to the positive voltage
supply to make it conduct current?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) When the diode was connected the opposite way round was the
current?
a) slightly smaller
b) much smaller
c) too small to measure
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion:
The diode conduct current when the Anode is connected to the
The diode does not conduct current when the Anode is connected to
Equipment Required
Apparatus Quantity
Electricity & Electronics Constructor,
1
EEC470.
Basic Electricity and Electronics Kit EEC471-
1
2.
Power supply unit 0 to 20 V (Feedback
1
Power Supply 92-445)
Power supply unit. ac supply; 12 V rms; 50
1
or 60 Hz.
Digital Multimeters. 2
Oscilloscope. 1
Diode (SY356/6), R = 10k, and Capacitor. 1-each
Procedure
1. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply.
2. With the oscilloscope dc coupled adjust the time-base and the Y
amplifier sensitivity to obtain a steady trace of about 4 cm vertical and
5 ms/cm horizontal. You should see a waveform as in figure 21.
Questions
1) Why will Vpk not be exactly equal to this voltage?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Note the mean voltage indicated by the voltmeter, and compare it with the
calculated value. ……………………………………………………………..………………
4) The mean voltage you obtain is positive relative to zero. How could
you obtain a negative voltage? (Confirm your answer by experiment).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion:
A simple diode circuit can convert a/an ………………………… voltage to
a/an ……………………………voltage.
The mean value of the rectified voltage can be increased by using a
……………………………………………………… across the load.
A half-wave rectified voltage gives appreciable ripple which however,
can be reduced by ……………………………………………………….
Equipment Required
Apparatus Quantity
Electricity & Electronics Constructor,
1
EEC470.
Basic Electricity and Electronics Kit
1
EEC471-2.
Power supply unit 0 to 20 V (Feedback
1
Power Supply 92-445)
Power supply unit. ac supply; 12 V rms; 50
1
or 60 Hz.
Digital Multimeters. 2
Oscilloscope. 1
Bridge-Rectifier, R = 10k, and Capacitor. 1-each
Procedure: Select the Bridge Rectifier from the component kit. It appears
as in figure 24(a) and figure 24(b). Note how the rectifier terminals are
labeled.
4. Measure and record the time T and the peak voltage Vpk
5. Sketch the waveform and label it to show the periods of each 2-diode.
9. Confirm this: Vpk should be very nearly equal to the peak voltage of
Conclusion:
rectifier.
diodes is less efficient than the bridge circuit because it requires a bigger
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Circuit Diagram:
Waveforms:
3. Draw the output voltage waveform of the rectifier for the indicated input
voltage, as shown in the figure below. The 1N4003 is a specific rectifier
diode with a barrier potential/forward voltage drop of 0.7V.
Waveforms:
4. Draw the bridge rectifier circuit, and sketch 3 cycles of its input and
output waveforms.
Circuit Diagram:
Notes
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Notes
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