Chapter II

Methodology

The research methodology of the research paper is included in this chapter. The

authors described the research method, research approach, research instrument, data

collection, and data analysis in greater detail in this section.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will use descriptive research design that aims to answer

the research objectives . The data will be gathered by the researchers, who will then analyze,

prepare, and present it in an understandable way. In this study, the researchers will be

focusing on making an image processing device that can detect the diseases of a cacao. Then

it will be simply specified, examined, and explained to be further discussed in the next

chapter.

Locale and Duration

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Barangay+Mayo

Figure 2: Aerial View of the Research Location

The location of this study is in Brgy. Mayo, City of Mati. And the area that the

researchers chose has numerous Cacao Trees. The research study will begin in February and

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will end in May of 2023 including the preparations of building the cacao disease detector

prototype.

Materials
Arduino Mega

https://images.app.goo.gl/556vDtZ1tvUybrbh8
Figure 3: Arduino Mega

The ATmega2560-based Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board. It has 54

digital I/O pins (of which 15 are PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial

ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a

reset button. It comes with everything you need to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer via USB or power it via an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get

started. Most shields designed for the Uno and previous boards Duemilanove or Diecimila are

compatible with the Mega 2560 board (Arduino S.r.l, 2021).

Servo Motor

https://images.app.goo.gl/xuCUJZGXbxXebTV77
Figure 4: Servo Motor

A servo motor is a kind of motor that has extremely precise rotational capabilities.

This type of motor typically has a control circuit that gives feedback on the motor shaft's

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current position. This feedback enables the servo motors to rotate very precisely. A servo

motor is typically equipped with a gear arrangement that enables us to obtain a very high

torque servo motor in small and lightweight packages. Because of these characteristics, they

are used in a variety of applications such as toy cars, RC helicopters and planes, robotics, and

so on (Apoorve, 2015).

Jumper Wires

https://images.app.goo.gl/mtkKJZdKCXPerzBv6
Figure 5: Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are simply wires with connector pins at each end that can be used to

connect two points without soldering. Jumper wires are commonly used with breadboards

and other prototyping tools to allow for easy circuit changes as needed. It's pretty

straightforward. In fact, it doesn't get any simpler than jumper wires (Hemmings, 2018).

Sim900A Module

https://images.app.goo.gl/2fDvJuYZf67oTu6K6
Figure 6: Sim900A Module

SIM900A is a small and dependable wireless module. This is a complete GSM/GPRS

module in SMT form, with a very powerful single-chip processor incorporating the

AMR926EJ-S core, allowing you to benefit from small dimensions and cost-effective

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solutions. SIM900A Modem is based on SIMCOM's Dual Band GSM/GPRS SIM900A

modem. It operates at frequencies of 900/ 1800 MHz. SIM900A can automatically search

these two bands. AT Commands can also be used to change the frequency bands (Mybotic,

2016).

Board Camera

https://scontent.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.157529/321008176_740830684045878_678840590169118
5
Figure 7: Board Camera

Board cameras, also known as printed circuit board (PCB) cameras, are a type of

small-footprint video camera valued for its general versatility. Manufacturers can sacrifice

components to provide a space-saving design by mounting optical devices and image sensors

directly on a circuit board. The most prominent users of board cameras are cellular phones

and surveillance systems. Board cameras are a type of digital camera that have their optical

recording devices--aperture, lens, and image sensor--directly attached to a printed circuit

board with typical input/output. As such, most board cameras are small in size—registering

just 1 / 3 " in lens diameter. (GlobalSpec, 2023).

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Research Procedure

In developing an image processing device that detects the diseases of cacao with the

ability to send messages to programmed numbers through SMS, the researchers will follow

the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) Model. The model

was introduced by Sarah Falcon (2019). It is a method of change management that

instructional designers and programmers employ.

Analysis Phase

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is regarded as one of the most important crops grown in the

Philippines, with the potential to provide a source of income for both large and small-scale

farmers. However, one of the major challenges confronting the industry today is production

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constraints caused by diseases. Cacao pod rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora and

Witches' Broom caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa are the two most serious

cacao diseases in the country. Previous studies did not delve into a device that sends GSM

notifications, which could be beneficial to cacao farmers. With this, the researchers will

design and develop an effective image processing device that detects cacao diseases and

sends GSM notifications to farmers' programmed phone numbers. The resources that the

researchers will use to develop an effective image processing device that detects cacao

diseases are the following: Arduino Mega, Servo Motor, Jumper Wires, and Sim900A

Module.

Design Phase

The system's design will be planned and sketched out at this stage. Each structural

component will then be mounted at its designated locations. The researchers will begin

building the device after finishing the layout. The construction of the prototype's body will be

followed by the installation of the webcam, and finally the other sensors, including the

Arduino Uno, will be installed inside the device.

Development Phase

We first attach the camera of the servo motors to the foundation. Then we will

program the machine to send data to the website called teachablesmachine.withgoogle.com,

which will analyze the data and send the results to the machine, then it will be linked to the

GSM module. We will also apply an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which is a

Fully featured, expandable, free integrated development environment with constructed

designer, editor, debugger, analyzer, and Git tools for developing modern cross-platform

applications in your preferred language. Everything will be linked to an Arduino Mega.

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Implementation Phase

The prototype's main objective is to utilize an image processor to identify the diseases

of theobroma cacao. One of its purposes is to send an SMS notification with accurate data to

the programmed phone numbers instead of sending messages through the internet, which was

not the goal of the previous studies. By messaging the farmers, the prototype will let them

know how many cacaos are affected by the disease and what type of disease it is.

Evaluation Phase

After passing the validation test for the programmed and integrated required

functions, the device will be prepared for a dry run test in which functionalities will be

evaluated, including its ability to detect cacao diseases and its GSM notification system.

Moreover, this stage of the device’s development is critical because the researchers may need

to repeat the process if certain critical functions fail.

End Phase

This phase indicates that the device will be prepared and ready for the proper conduct

of the study once the evaluation phase has been successfully completed.

Research Instrument

The researchers intended to develop a device capable of detecting Theobroma Cacao

diseases and transmitting disease detection notifications to farmers. The device will be tested

using the instruments (Theobroma Cacao Trees) to gather data through trial and error, which

will test the device's ability to detect Theobroma Cacao diseases and send instant and

accurate messages to the selected farmers' programmed numbers. On each testing day, the

researchers would test and record the data that would be placed on each table at the same

time.

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Data Gathering Procedures

Every week, the cacao fruits will be scanned by the image processing device for

Theobroma Cacao. The data will then be collected by the robot, which will automatically

send SMS notifications to the farmers. The device's ability to detect cacao diseases will be

assessed. Furthermore, the farmers will be given an ISO 9126 evaluation sheet to help them

determine whether the device is effective or not.

Statistical Tools

The researchers will use a descriptive type analysis, which focuses on describing the

results of the observation. The functionalities of the device for Theobroma cacao disease

detection with GSM notification functionality will be tested every day for two weeks, which

will be the basis for testing whether there is a message sent.

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