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Quantum Mechanics l20
Quantum Mechanics l20
MECHANICS
TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM
• Quantum numbers 𝑠 and 𝑚! are used to describe spin angular momentum. For
" "
example, W bosons have 𝑠 = 1 and 𝑚! = −1,0, +1. Electrons have 𝑠 = # and 𝑚! = ± #.
• The total angular momentum 𝑱 is the vector sum of orbital angular momentum 𝑳 and
spin angular momentum 𝑺:
𝑱=𝑳+𝑺
• The quantum numbers 𝑗 and 𝑚$ are used to describe total angular momentum such
that:
𝑱 = 𝑗 𝑗+1 ℏ
𝐽% = ℏ𝑚$
" &
• Note that 𝑗 may take values 𝑗 = 0, # , 1, # , 2, …
TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM
• The actual values of 𝑗 depend on the orbital and spin angular momentum
quantum numbers 𝑙 and 𝑠 as follows:
𝑗 = 𝑙 + 𝑠 , 𝑙 + 𝑠 − 1 ,…, 𝑙 − 𝑠
! #
• For example, when 𝑙 = 1 (p-orbital) and 𝑠 = , 𝑗 can take values 𝑗 = and 𝑗 =
" "
! ! !
. When 𝑙 = 0 (s-orbital) and 𝑠 = , then 𝑗 = only.
" " "
• 𝑔! ≈ 2 is the spin gyromagnetic ratio of the electron. The total magnetic moment is
𝑒 𝑱
𝝁𝑱 = −𝑔 𝑱 = −𝑔𝜇)
2𝑚( ℏ
TOTAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS
1 1 1 1
+1 −0 0+1 +2 2+1
𝑔 =1+ 2 2 =2
1 1
2 2 2+1
TOTAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS
• Now consider an atom with only orbital angular momentum, where 𝑠 = 0 and
so 𝑗 = 𝑙:
𝑙 𝑙 +1 −𝑙 𝑙+1 +0 0+1
𝑔 =1+ =1
2 𝑙 𝑙 +1
(()*+*,) 𝑒ℏ
𝜇$,& = 2.79 𝑚# = 2.79𝜇/ 𝑚#
2𝑚.