EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED DISCIPLINE

A COMMUNITY PLANNING STUDY OF BARANGAY 2 POBLACION

IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF

PINABACDAO, WESTERN SAMAR

___________________________________________________________________

A Case Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course,

ARCH 423: Specialization 1

ROSETE, ARHDIE M.

RUIZ, JAY BRYSON H.

SALVATIERRA, JUSHUA D.

SERVANO, ALLANA MARIE L.

BSAR-4C

June 2022
Viewpoint: Fourth year Architecture Students

Time Context: May-June 2022

Problem Statement

The Municipality of Pinabacdao is a 4th class municipality in

the province of Samar, Philippines. It is considered as the center of rice production in

the said province. The municipality has a land area of 183.06 square kilometers or

70.68 square miles. Pinabacdao is subdivided into 24 barangays accounting to 3.03%

of Samar’s total area.1 Barangay 2 Poblacion is one of the barangays in the

municipality. It is situated at approximately 11.6156, 124.9865, in the island of Samar

and in the proper town of Pinabacdao. At these coordinates, the elevation is estimated

at 15.5 meters or 50.9 feet above mean sea level.

Figure 1 Map showing the location of Barangay 2 Poblacion and its nearby barangay (Google Map)

1
PhilAtlas. (2020, October). philatlas.com. Retrieved from
https://www.philatlas.com/visayas/r08/samar/pinabacdao.html
 Barangay 2 Poblacion as the chosen barangay for this study, has a total surface

area of 127.5 hectares wherein the 58.095 hectares is used for agriculture, 7.646 for

forestry, 3.900 hectares is considered as idle land, 3.93 hectares for residential, while

the remaining 16.100 is for other uses apart from the aforementioned purposes.2 The

land classification of Barangay 2 is coastal and is located in the población of the

municipality.3 With the municipality of Pinabacdao being deemed as the center of rice

production in the province of Samar and being classified as a coastal municipality, it

justifies the fact that the major economic source of barangay 2 Poblacion is agriculture

and fishing.

The chosen barangay for the study lies at the southwest central coast

of Samar Island and crossed along by the Pan-Philippine Highway. Its geographical

location suggests that it is susceptible to hazards brought by natural disasters such as

typhoon, flooding, storm surge, tsunami, liquefaction, rising sea levels, extreme high

tides, and rain-induced landslide which pose particular risks to highways, bridges, and

to the residential.

Apart from the problem mentioned above, barangay 2 Poblacion is also

confronted with other challenges and one of those is the lack of barangay facilities

such as indicated in the inventory of basic service/ facilities found in the barangay

profile of barangay 2 for the year 2020.

2
Inclusive Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2021-2024) of Barangay 2
Poblacion. Under the Category “Demographics and Topography”
3
Barangay Profile (2020) of Barangay 2 Poblacion. Under the Category “Physical Information”
 Barangay Facilities Yes With Access None

Only

Barangay Hall

Multi-Purpose Hall

Barangay Health Station

Satellite Market (Talipapa)

Library and/or Reading Center

Day Care Center

Sports Center (Covered

Court)

Materials Recovery Facility

(MRF)

Solid Waste Management

Collection System

Rainwater Collection System

Water Supply System

Plaza

Planting Materials Distribution

System

Operation of Farm Produce

Collection and Buying Station

Table 1. Inventory of Barangay Facilities. Reference: Barangay Profile (2020) of Barangay 2

The table shows barangay 2’s lack of recreational centers, health stations,

educational facilities, proper waste management system, water supply system, and
planting materials distribution system although it has access to nearby areas that have

those facilities and services, while it also shows the absence of commercial spaces

such as satellite markets and operation of farm produce collection and buying station

of such in barangay 2.

Moreover, the tables below further reveal the inadequacy of basic utilities and

services, as well as establishments and infrastructures in the said barangay which

emphasizes its dire need for serious developmental attention.

Source of Water Supply No. of Household

a. Level II Water System 0

b. Level III Water System 0

Any of the following water facility the

barangay has:

a. Deep Well (Level I) 17

b. Artesian Well (Level I) 0

c. Shallow Well (Level I) 20

d. Commercial Water Refill 0

Source

Table 2. Inventory of Infrastructures and Institutions that provides service for barangay’s basic utilities.
Reference: Inclusive Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2021-2024) of
Barangay 2 Poblacion. Under Category B. “Mga Imprastraktura at Institusyon na Nagbibigay Serbisyo sa
Barangay”

Type of Infrastructure Number

1. Health Facilities

a. Barangay Health Center 0

b. Hospital 0
 c. Maternity Clinic 0

d. Child clinic 0

e. Maternity and Child Clinic 0

f. Private Medical Clinic 0

g. Barangay Drugstore 0

h. Municipality Drugstore 0

i. Private Drugstore 0

j. Quarantine/Isolation Facility 0

2. Educational Facilities

a. Day care center 0

b. Preschool 0

c. Elementary 0

d. Secondary 0

e. Vocational 0

f. College/University 0

Table 3. Inventory of Barangay’s Establishments and Infrastructures. Reference: Inclusive Community-Based

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2021-2024) of Barangay 2 Poblacion. Under Category E. “Mga
Gusali at iba pang Imprastraktura sa Barangay”

Basic Services Number

a. Multi-Purpose Hall 1

b. Barangay Women and Child 1

Protection Desk

c. Police Station/ Civilian 0

Volunteer Organization Post

d. Jail 0

e. Bank 0
 f. Post Office 0

g. Market 0

Table 4. Inventory of Barangay’s Basic Services. Reference: Inclusive Community-Based Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan (2021-2024) of Barangay 2 Poblacion. Under Category F. “Mga Pangunahing
Serbisyong Barangay”

Analyzing the given data, we will come into terms that the most common

problem that confronts the chosen barangay or community of this study are flooding

due to extreme high-tide or typhoon-induced disasters, needfulness for commercial

establishments, health and educational infrastructures, and inadequate basic utilities

and service facilities. Furthermore, proper waste disposal management, rough/uneven

roads, and clogged drainage ways are also some of the concerns that should be given

attention to.

In determining the most efficient, fact-based, and data-driven courses of action

to take in order to come up with a sound and most viable long-term solution to solve

the issues of the chosen community, the study will utilize SWOT analysis which is a

framework used to generate strategic planning techniques through identifying the

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the chosen barangay.

 II

Statement of the Objectives

The presence of the social, economic, and environmental problems such as flooding

caused by extreme high-tide or typhoon-induced catastrophes being the most

prevalent challenge confronting the chosen barangay for this research, as is the need

for commercial businesses, health and educational infrastructures, and insufficient

basic utilities and service facilities are the reasons that motivated the researchers to

conduct this case study. This study would uplift the morale of its end-users which are

the residents of Barangay 2 Poblacion in Pinabacdao, Samar and would also mitigate

or even totally eliminate these mentioned issues in the locality. To aid the researchers

in assessing the problem and generating a feasible solution, the study specifically

aimed to:

1. To discover the internal and external factors that contribute to the present

issues in Barangay 2 Poblacion.

2. To Identify basic strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the

barangay that would lead to fact-based analysis.

3. To formulate array of alternative solutions for every identified area of concerns

and pinpointing the best amongst the possible options.

4. To propose a sound, viable, and long-term solution to address the identified

issues and concerns in the community.

 III

Areas of Consideration

This section of the study particularly discusses the different areas of

consideration through SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat)

analysis

The SWOT analysis provides a systematic approach for analyzing options,

prioritizing actions, making decisions, and focusing efforts for the greatest impact.

Strengths and weaknesses assess the internal and direct factors impacting a

community, while opportunities and threats assess the factors that lie outside of the

control of the community and local leaders but that can impact community

development efforts. (Phillips and Pittman, p. 149-150). In application, SWOT analysis

can be used by community organizers and developers to assess the situation of a

community in order to make informed decisions and prioritize actions with respect to

community development. The SWOT analysis allows for the assessment of the

internal strengths and weaknesses of a community with respect to physical

infrastructure, social infrastructure, economic development infrastructure, and human

infrastructure (as defined by Phillips and Pittman). Additionally, the SWOT analysis

assesses external opportunities and threats, such as businesses in the area that may

provide job opportunities or housing developments which may threaten to raise

property taxes in the neighborhood. A SWOT analysis can therefore help community

developers to determine the strengths on which to build, the weaknesses to avoid or

overcome, and the external positive and negative factors that may enable or impede

community development efforts.

Strengths

Barangay Poblacion 2 has a total area of 127.5 hectares, which 58.095

hectares are used for agriculture; meanwhile 7.645 hectares are timberland; 3.900

hectares is idle land; 3.83 hectares are households; and the rest 16.00 hectares is for

other than mentioned.

The place has a lot of potential assets particularly on its tourism aspect. One of

which is the historical site Quta located in the area which is considered to be the main

tourist attraction in the municipality. The fact that the place is rich in marine resources,

development of the coastal area of the place for eco-tourism could be done to attract

more tourists in the municipality and boost the economy. There are many things to do

here such as kayaking and hiking and also there are so many cottages that be rented

for family outings.

There is a free live band every Friday and Saturday night in Pantalanas

Seaside and BBQ park where many people came here from other barangays and

municipalities.

With the barangay’s quality of place of high tourism value and its proximity to

the town capital and the determination to put the place in the tourism map of

Pinabacdao, tourism will be a major trigger for the development of the barangay.

Weakness

Identified Priority issues and concerns which were the results of the sectoral

studies/analysis revealed the following issues/problems and concerns as the priority

areas:
 Issues and concerns

Flooding when hightide

No proper waste disposal

Lack of basic services

Lack of commercial establishments

Rough roads or uneven road

Clogged Drainage Ways

Table 4. Issues and Concern of Barangay 2

Opportunities

The barangay is a potential eco-tourism on the municipality. It offers its scenic

view of the municipality from the Quta, the alluring municipal waters, and the imposing

mountain ranges which provide a fortress of the Pinabacdaoanon people.

Threats

The place has an extensive network of surface water which increases the

chance of flooding and impaired water quality during heavy rains. At the same time,

hazard map reveal it potential for landslide or soil erosion because of its existing slope

and overall landscape.

 IV

Alternative Courses of Action

Brgy, Poblacion 2 has a small number of population despite its proximity to the

town proper. Although the community engages in primary activities that form the

foundation for any economic development, the absence of infrastructures affects the

quality of life among the people in the community. In addition, there is the lack of

portable water, electricity and good road networks. The people have low purchasing

power and standard of living which hinders the direction of the community to achieve

its potential.

The alternative courses of actions proposed in this study is built on the idea of

Mabugunge (1980) on the perception of rural development as a systematic attempt at

re-organizing and mobilizing the rural masses in order to improve their capacity to

cope effectively with their daily tasks and with the concomitant changes. This is done

through the provision of basic infrastructure to improve rural accessibility and the

participation and perception of the rural people in their own affairs. Self-help in the

content of rural development is therefore the carrying out of developmental and capital

projects in the rural areas through community participation. It is a shift from the earlier

rural development policy which was preoccupied with generation of food and fiber

surpluses to overall formulation of a national rural development strategy with emphasis

on the alleviation of rural poverty and enhancement of the quality of rural life.
Maximizing potential assets in the community (strength):

Tourism

ACA1. Redevelopment of existing tourism sites

ACA2. Development of coastal areas for eco-tourism to attract more tourists

in the municipality.

ACA3. Construction of tourism establishments like hotels and resorts to attract

and accommodate more tourists inside and outside the community.

Assessing the different issues/concerns in the community (weakness):

Flooding during high tide

ACA 1. Construction of seawall along the coastal area.

ACA 2. Planting of mangroves along the coastal lines that will serve as natural

breaker for sea water.

ACA 3. Relocation of establishments in the coastal area

No proper waste disposal

ACA 1. Effective implementation on the solid waste management in the

grassroots of the community such as "purok"/district.

ACA 2. Encourage the residents to have their own compost pit and recycling

bin.

ACA3. Proper education to the community regarding proper waste

management
Lack of Basic Services

Water Source

ACA 1. Addition of jetmatic pumps/water wells in each purok/district

ACA 2. Development of level 2 water system from a source to households

Power Source

ACA 1. Convert street lamps into solar lamps

ACA 2. Addition of existing street lamps

Health

ACA 1. Construction of Botika ng Barangay

ACA 2. Regular clean up drive in the community

Lack of commercial establishments

ACA 1. Coordinate and encourage different NGOs and private sectors to

invest and make business in the area as the Municipality’s CBD.

ACA 2. Improve tax collection to attract potential investors to make business

in the area.

ACA 3. Focus on the MSMEs and give them the support that they need to

make their businesses grow

Rough roads or uneven roads

ACA 1. Development of bad road conditions such as rough and uneven roads

which may cause traffic accidents.

ACA 2. Continuation of road repairs

ACA 3. Raising of the road on third street so that it cannot be reached at high

tide.

Clogged drainage ways

ACA 1. Improvement in drainage canal system to avoid clogging which may

cause flooding.

ACA 2. Regular cleaning of drainage canals

ACA 3. Installing a canal cover to prevent garbage disposal or clogging cause

by garbage

Opportunities

ACA 1. Restoration of existing tourism sites

ACA 2. Construction of tourism establishments that can help the residents by

giving them jobs

ACA 3. Invest on small businesses that can help boost the tourism on the

locality
Coping the different environmental and economic threats in the community:

Prone to landslide

ACA 1. Construction of retention wall

ACA 2. Plant more trees to avoid soil erosion

ACA 3. Maintain as much vegetation as possible on the slope to help retain

the soil.

Prone to Storm surges

ACA 1. Construction of seawall or barriers along coastal areas

ACA 2. Planting of mangroves

ACA 3. Relocation of households built in prohibited zone.

 V.

Analysis

This part of the case study discusses the advantage and disadvantages of each

courses of actions presented in the previous part of the study. It aims to further

evaluate and analyse which alternative courses of action is the most effective and

efficient one as alternative solution to an existing problem of the community as well as

maximizing its asset to achieve sustainable development and at the same time, pave

the way in achieving the goals and objectives set in this study.

Strength

• Tourism

ACA 1. Redevelopment of existing tourism sites.

Advantage:

Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs,

develops the infrastructures of a country, and plants a sense of cultural exchange

between foreigners and citizens.

Redevelopment of the existing tourism site is a huge opportunity. It not only

creates jobs, but also fosters economic development in different areas of the world. It

has many advantages such as boosting the economy and giving the destination a

sense of place. Tourism also helps preserve natural resources and cultural traditions.

Disadvantages:
 The most common problem associated with tourism is deforestation, which

leads to habitat destruction for animals and plants throughout the world. Tourism also

has a negative impact on the local economy as many businesses rely on things like

local tourist visits to make money. Hence, a pandemic or other geopolitical situations

can spell loss of business and livelihood.

There are many disadvantages to tourism, such as the effects on the

environment. Tourists will often cause damage during their visit in an attempt to find a

photo opportunity. The result is that tourists are often responsible for deforestation and

over-exploitation of natural resources. Destroying habitats could lead to extinction of

endangered species, which could have adverse consequences on biodiversity.

Developed countries continue to grow in popularity and can become very crowded.

This has led to changes in people’s attitudes and behaviors, including the development

of commercialism. This new form of capitalism has had a direct impact on how tourism

is conducted.

ACA 2. Development of coastal areas for eco-tourism to attract more tourists in

the municipality

Advantage:

There is one obvious benefit: exposure and awareness. The income generated

from coastal tourism contributes to local GDP and further economic stability. Humans

come to these areas to find havens of peace and leisure. Enunciating how much we

care about these spaces for our mental health and relaxation has the potential to be a

huge catalyst in allowing people to understand why they should also care for them on

a global level. Balancing pleasure with education and advocacy will help boost the
overall awareness about how important coastal areas are to our communities and the

tourists that choose these kinds of destinations for an escape.

Disadvantage:

As consumption and development becomes more demanding to meet the

requests of luxury and the tourism industry, the results are negative impacts on natural

wildlife, plants and land (sand composition, reefs, and so on). Pollution as a result of

tourism can occur in many different forms: in the water, on land, in noise and the air

we breathe. Pollution in the form of sewage, spills and other debris disrupt the food

chains of wildlife and habitat composition and structure.

Animal interaction such as swimming with dolphins disrupts and often harms

the animals, by taking them away from their birthplaces and interrupting the organic

growth of their families. In order to construct more open beaches for tourism, habitats

like mangrove forests and seagrass meadows have been obliterated. This includes

the construction of piers and other similar structures, which are built into marine

biodiversity such as coral reefs. Attractions that involve repetitive boating in fragile

areas causes harm from dropping anchors, which needlessly injures habitats and

marine species. Beaches, which often serve as mating areas and nests for many

species like marine turtles, can become inaccessible due to tourism. A range of

tourism activities directly or indirectly cause coral bleaching, either by forcing the

colored algae in the reefs to leave or by excessive sediment deposits, disrupting native

plants’ abilities to engage in photosynthesis.

ACA3. Construction of tourism establishments like hotels and resorts to attract

and accommodate more tourists inside and outside the community.

Advantage:

Provide a significant source of income for local communities. As a result,

tourism often generates jobs in various fields like the hospitality and agriculture

industries. Tourism also helps to improve the housing market, which will lead to

economic growth and job opportunities in other industries.

Disadvantage:

On top of construction of these facilities, there is also the effect of tourist

attractions and activities. Attractions such as unrestricted fishing (which leads to

overfishing), diving and snorkeling, and boating have destroyed many habitats

because of the interactions with them. Something seemingly insignificant like the

propellers of a boat stirring sediment can be a huge disruption to a marine habitat. The

transportation of materials in order to construct tourism infrastructure is also a big

factor.

ACA 1. Completion on the construction of seawall in the coastal area of Corazon

de Hesus Street.

Advantages:

A seawall provides a high degree of protection against coastal flooding and

erosion. It fixes the boundary between the sea and land which can be beneficial if

important infrastructure or buildings are located on the shoreline. In the case of the
existing incomplete seawall in Brgy. Poblacion 2, this has caused water from the sea

to penetrate since portion of the seawall is open.

Seawalls have a lower space requirement than other coastal defences such as

dikes. Seawalls can be heightened to face sea level rise, which requires

simultaneously a widening of the foundation.

The high level of security provided by a seawall can favour the development of

the hinterland. The crest of the seawall often extends into a stone covered part

providing other functions, e.g. road, promenade or parking places.With the constant

involvement of the people in the community, the completion on the construction of the

existing seawall will contribute and build a resilient community.

Disadvantage:

Artificial structures such as seawalls and jetties can have adverse effects on

the coastal environment. Due to their perpendicular-to-shore placement, jetties can

disturb longshore drift and cause downdrift erosion (As a mitigating action, sand

building up along the jetties can be redistributed elsewhere on the shore.) The longer

the jetty is, the greater impact it has on adjacent areas.

Seawalls often interfere with natural processes such as habitat migration,

causing the reduction of intertidal habitats. However, these effects depend very much

on the main wave and sediment transport direction and the design of the seawall. The

choice of coastal defences will be made according to site-specific conditions and

primary and secondary goals (such as wave protection, road stabilization, space

conservation and mooring capabilities). Where sufficient space is available and no

conflict with other primary or secondary goals exists, green measures (such as beach

nourishments and dune restoration) are often preferred.

Seawalls often do not stop erosion in front of the structure but prevent erosion

of the dunes and hinterland. Vertical seawalls often reflect wave energy instead of

dissipating it, which makes the shoreline more subject to erosion. Many seawalls have

therefore been more recently conceived to integrate slopes.

When seawalls are regularly overtopped, or when this occurs in major storms,

the water can remove soil or sand behind the wall and weaken it. Overtopping water

saturates the soil and increases pressures from the landward side, which can cause

structural collapse. Sea rise level and potential overtopping must be taken into account

in the construction of the seawall. In general, continued erosion can undermine the

foot of the structure and threatened its stability.

Seawalls can have negative impact on the landscape and can reduce the

attractiveness of the landscape. However, seawalls have also been used, more or less

successfully to artificially widen a beach at steep shores to create recreational space.

• No proper waste disposal

ACA 1. Strategic implementation of the solid waste management program in the

grassroots level of the community such as purok/district.

Advantages:

Implementation on the grassroots level such as purok will encourage direct

involvement of the members of the community will strengthen and empower them to
be responsible for the segregation and collection of solid waste specifically for

biodegradable, compostable and reusable waste. The greatest advantage of waste

management is keeping the environment fresh and neat. These waste disposal units

also make the people go disease-free as all the resultant wastes are properly disposed

and taken care of.

By using this method, we can use recycled waste to make quality products

instead of purchasing another products which in return will also contribute to the

amount of waste products at the end. Through this program, it will empower the purok

members to recycle products and make it as a source of livelihood. The resultant of

this program aims for sustainability.

Disadvantages:

Waste management on a large can require a lot of man power and technology

to be carried out successfully. There is the need for planning and implementation of

the many processes and activities involved in the management of waste. Also, a lot of

varieties of waste need to managed and there is the need for different methods of

waste management for the different types of wastes; this means a higher cost for the

management of waste.

The management of wastes and all of the processes involved can lead to a

number of fungal and bacterial infections and diseases on the part of those working in

the waste management sector.

Lack of Basic Services

• Water Source
ACA 1. Addition of jetmatic pumps/water wells in each purok/district

Advantages:

The main advantage of hand pumps is that they are one of the most economical

and simple solutions for providing a collective supply of drinking water in rural areas

and suburban environments. They also help to eliminate the risks of people, and

children in particular, falling into open wells. They also improve the conditions of

hygiene under which water is drawn off, by eliminating the use of buckets of uncertain

cleanliness, thereby limiting diseases associated with contaminated water.

Disadvantages:

The main disadvantage is the required maintenance, the significant physical

exertion required for pumping and the potential difficulty of being supplied with spare

parts which may not be easy to obtain. A pump requires regular maintenance which

must be carried out if the pump is to be used on a sustainable basis. This maintenance

may be provided for several models, which should be preferred by local populations.

If not, maintenance and repair may have a relatively high cost that people should be

fully aware of at the time the choice is made.

ACA 2. Development of level 2 water system or reservoir that will be treated to

supply down to every household in the community

Advantage:

Reservoirs provide flood prevention, inexpensive and no-emissions

hydroelectric power, a water supply for drinking and irrigation and new recreational

opportunities for boaters, fishers and swimmers. Reservoirs have enabled people to

collect water when it was plentiful and save it for dry periods. Reservoirs have been

essential to the establishment of towns. Even where most of their water is obtained by

direct abstraction from a river, reservoirs can still be needed to ensure that, during

drought periods, water is still available without having to over-abstract from rivers and

harm the environment. Reservoirs have kept flood waters back so they could be

released slowly to protect people and property in the flood plain downstream.

Reservoirs can also provide water for hydroelectric power generation. This is a

renewable and sustainable resource. Its generation does not result in carbon dioxide

emissions and it contributes little to global warming. Increasingly, reservoirs are being

used for recreation and conservation and they can enhance the quality of the local

environment and amenity value. This includes fishing, boating, sailing, bird watching,

and walking and cycling around the perimeter.

Disadvantages:

There are several disadvantages of reservoirs. The most obvious is that they

require large amounts of land, often much of it in valleys. This can be good agricultural

land. They can also require the displacement of people and their relocation. Where

possible, sites should be chosen where the minimum number of people are affected.

Any archaeology in the reservoir basin would be lost on submergence so all sites

should be excavated prior to reservoir filling. Major reservoirs require significant

funding, in the order of billions of pounds. There has to be a high level of certainty that

a reservoir and its water supply benefits are truly needed. The reservoir dam will

change the pattern of flows released downstream. Reservoirs also impact on the

surrounding environment. Microclimatic changes may occur through varying humidity

and this may affect crops and biodiversity downstream of the reservoir.

Dams also inhibit migratory fish movements. Fish passes are now constructed

to facilitate passage, although fish pass design and research is only in its infancy, and

the effectiveness of fish passes is very variable. Dams can also inhibit navigation but,

where necessary, ship lifts can be constructed.

• Power Source

ACA 1. Convert street lamps into solar lamps

Advantage:

Solar street lamp has the advantages of stability, long service life, simple

installation, safety, great performance and energy conservation. This kind of light can

be widely installed in urban roads, living districts, factories, tourist attractions and

parking lots. The installation of solar street light is simple and convenient without

complicated new wiring. It only needs a concrete base and a battery pit. The

installation doesn’t need a lot of labor forces, materials and financial resources. The

solar street light converts the sunlight into electricity without electricity consumption. It

produces no pollution and no radiation, which conforms to the present environmental

protection concept. The traditional street light may have hidden safety hazards due to

construction quality, material aging and power supply disorder; while the solar street

light does not utilize the alternating current so that it will not have hidden safety
hazards. Nowadays, most solar modules in the market have stable performance for at

least ten years due to the mature manufacturing technology. They can generate

electricity for twenty-five years or even longer. Regulated by solar charge controller,

the solar street light can adjust the light intensity according to the natural brightness

and people’s demand. In the remote regions, the maintenance cost for traditional

street light is high. However, the solar street light only needs cyclical inspection, thus

the maintenance cost is relatively low.

Disadvantages:

One of the factors is the input cost. The initial investment of solar street light is

large. According to the survey, the total cost of installing a solar street light is three or

four times of the cost of traditional street light with the same efficiency.

ACA 2. Addition of existing street lamps

Advantage:

Street lighting provides a number of important benefits. It can be used to

promote security in urban areas and to increase the quality of life by artificially

extending the hours in which it is light so that activity can take place. Street lighting

also improves safety for drivers, riders, and pedestrians.

Disadvantage:

To start with, most people do not like the ambiance usually produced by the

LEDs with color temperatures of 4000 Kelvins or higher. It is often called prison lighting

or zombie. There is also a major risk from the glare. The other disadvantage is that

the initial cost of the LED street lighting is high and this makes it to take several years
of savings you have made from energy to pay for that. By the Purkinje effect, the dark-

adapted human eye is highly sensitive to green and blue light that is emitted from the

street LED lights in large amounts. This magnifies the effects of light pollution which

is commonly known as sky glow.

Health

ACA 1. Implementation of Botika ng Barangay

Advantage:

Botika ng Barangay (BnB) is a drug outlet managed by a legitimate community

organization, nongovernment organization and/or local government unit. It is a

government-initiated poverty alleviation program to increase access of community

people to affordable medicines. This study determined the contributions of the Botika

ng Barangay to the improvement of family living standards.

Disadvantage:

Cost in implementing and maintaining the projects.

• Rough roads or uneven roads

ACA 1. Development of bad road conditions such as rough and uneven roads

which may cause traffic accidents.

Advantage:

Road improvements decrease transportation costs for goods and people,

improve access to markets, foster economic integration, stimulate competition,

generate agglomeration economies, and offer a number of other 'wider' economic

benefits.

Disadvantage:

It will cause inconvenience to by passers and nearby houses due to

construction.

ACA 2. Continuation of road repairs

Advantage:

Road maintenance is essential in order to preserve the road in its originally

constructed condition, protect adjacent resources and user safety, and provide

efficient, convenient travel along the route.

Disadvantage:

It can cause inconvenience to by passers and cost more money.

ACA 3. Raising of the road on third street so that it cannot be reached at high

tide.

Advantage:

The advantage of raising the road is that it will not be reached by water during

high tide and prevent flooding.

Disadvantage:

It will take so much time and effort on filling the roads and cost more money.
• Prone to landslide

ACA 1. Construction of retention wall

Advantages:

A retaining wall can withstand heavy weights and is functional. It can be installed

quickly and help hold back water or earth for a long period without much maintenance.

They can also help you create space-saving and attractive vertical gardens. Retaining

walls are an excellent way to prevent soil erosion, which can lead to the loss of

valuable topsoil and increase the risk of flooding. A well-placed retaining wall can also

ensure the soil doesn’t erode onto your walkways, driveway, patio, or steps, which can

be difficult to clean and walk on. Retaining walls can also help reduce the potential for

flooding on your property. Unlike fences or other landscaping features, retaining walls

do not require weekly or monthly maintenance to keep them looking their best. Once

installed and properly sealed, a retaining wall will last for many years without needing

any additional work.

Disadvantages:

Retaining walls can be expensive to build depending on the size and type of wall you

choose. Like all structures, retaining walls will need an annual inspection to ensure

they’re in good condition. Sealing and repairing cracks as they occur is essential to

keeping your wall looking its best and performing at its highest level. A poorly

constructed or improperly maintained retaining wall can be dangerous, especially if it

is near a driveway or walkway. Make sure to choose a qualified contractor and follow

all safety instructions during construction to prevent accidents.

ACA 2. Plant more trees to avoid soil erosion

Advantages:

It will hold the soil and prevent soil erosion. Tree roots hold the soil in place and

improve the drainage of the soil. The roots prevent soil compaction and help water

soak into the ground instead of flowing over its surface

Disadvantages:

Trees provide privacy, shade, and a home for animals, but planting them too close to

your home can lead to damage and pest infestations

ACA 3. Maintain as much vegetation as possible on the slope to help retain the

soil.

Advantages:

Roots reinforce the soil, increasing lateral soil sheer strength and cohesion during

saturated conditions. Many slopes can persist beyond their angle of repose and

remain stable as a result of the complex root networks within soil blocks.

Disadvantages:

Planting them too close to your home can lead to damage and pest infestations that

requires maintenance.

• Prone to Storm surges

ACA 1. Construction of seawall or barriers along coastal areas

Advantages:
Seawalls are massive solid structures designed to prevent erosion and storm surge.

Storm surge is an abnormal rise in sea level caused by high winds. They are built on

beaches parallel to the shore prevents the soil from sliding amongst other abilities.

Disadvantages:

Seawalls obstruct the natural inland migration of coastal systems in response to SLR,

therefore causing coastal squeeze. This process causes a reduction in the area of

intertidal habitats such as sandy beaches and saltmarshes because these

environments are trapped between a rising sea level and unmoving, hard defences.

ACA 2. Planting of mangroves

Advantages:

Mangroves are important to people because they help stabilize Florida's coastline

ecosystem and prevent erosion. Mangroves also provide natural infrastructure and

protection to nearby populated areas by preventing erosion and absorbing storm surge

impacts during extreme weather events such as hurricanes

Disadvantages:

The mangrove forests, often in desirable coastal areas, appear to be ugly, foul-

smelling and commercially non-viable. Eliminating mangrove forests also creates

space for housing, industrial parks and commercial infrastructure, like harbors.

ACA 3. Relocation of households built in prohibited zone.

Advantages:
It will protect the residents living in prohibited zone by moving them on a safe place

that is far from danger.

Disadvantages:

The social environment you were familiar may need to be forged again. They will be

driven away from their primary source of work.

 VI

Conclusion

This paper attempts to explore the effectiveness of sustainable rural

development through self-help approach; particularly the assessment of the different

forms of rural development projects earmarked and embarked upon by the members

of the different communities; the evaluation of the extent to which the projects have

impacted on the communities in terms of: employment generation, infrastructural

provision and income generation. Also to attain socially cohesive and stable

communities with viable institutions, sustainable economies and universal access to

social amenities, able to attract skilled and knowledgeable people, equipped to

contribute to their own and the nation’s growth and development. The strategic aim of

the paper is to highlight the great possibilities of self-help programs in to transforming

rural community of Brgy. Poblacion 2, Pinabacdao, Samar into an economically viable

and socially stable and harmonious community that makes a significant contribution

to the nation’s GDP. A successful strategy to achieve integrated sustainable rural

development will reflect the local people actively participating in the origination and

organization of the projects.

In this section, the different alternative courses of actions (ACAs) presented in

the previous part were exained and analyzed in the following way:

1) An inventory of self-help projects earmarked and embarked upon in the

studied area.

2) Evaluation of the projects impact on the communities in the following areas:

(i) Employment generation

 (ii) Urgency of the projects

(iii) Sustainability

Tourism

ACA1. Redevelopment of existing tourism sites

ACA2. Development of coastal areas for eco-tourism to attract more tourists in the

municipality.

ACA3. Construction of tourism establishments like hotels and resorts to attract and

accommodate more tourists inside and outside the community.

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 1 3 6

ACA 2 2 2 2 6

ACA 3 1 3 1 5

Note: The ACAs are ranked according to the areas considered important in

the case

Legend: 1- good

2- better

3- best
Flooding during high tide

ACA 1. Construction of seawall along the coastal area.

ACA 2. Planting of mangroves along the coastal lines that will serve as natural

breaker for sea water.

ACA 3. Relocation of establishments in the coastal area

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 2 8

ACA 2 2 2 3 7

ACA 3 1 1 1 3

No proper waste disposal

ACA 1. Effective implementation on the solid waste management in the grassroots of

the community such as "purok"/district.

ACA 2. Encourage the residents to have their own compost pit and recycling bin.

ACA3. Proper education to the community regarding proper waste management.

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 3 8

ACA 2 1 1 1 3

ACA 3 2 2 2 6
Lack of Basic Services

Water Source

ACA 1. Addition of jetmatic pumps/water wells in each purok/district.

ACA 2. Development of level 2 water system from a source to households

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 2 2 1 5

ACA 2 1 1 2 4

Power Source

ACA 1. Convert street lamps into solar lamps

ACA 2. Addition of existing street lamps

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 2 2 2 6

ACA 2 1 1 1 3

Health

ACA 1. Construction of “Botika ng Barangay”

ACA 2. Regular clean up drive in the community

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 2 2 1 5
 ACA 2 1 1 1 4

Lack of commercial establishments

ACA 1. Coordinate and encourage different NGOs and private sectors to invest and

make business in the area as the Municipality’s CBD.

ACA 2. Improve tax collection to attract potential investors to make business in the

area.

ACA 3. Focus on the MSMEs and give them the support that they need to make their

businesses grow.

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 3 8

ACA 2 1 1 1 3

ACA 3 2 2 2 6

Rough roads or uneven roads

ACA 1. Development of bad road conditions such as rough and uneven roads which

may cause traffic accidents.

ACA 2. Continuation of road repairs

ACA 3. Raising of the road on Third Street so that it cannot be reached at high tide.

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 2 8

ACA 2 2 2 3 7
 ACA 3 1 1 1 3

Clogged drainage ways

ACA 1. Improvement in drainage canal system to avoid clogging which may cause

flooding.

ACA 2. Regular cleaning of drainage canals

ACA 3. Installing a canal cover to prevent garbage disposal or clogging cause by

garbage

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 3 8

ACA 2 1 1 1 3

ACA 3 2 2 2 6

Opportunities

ACA 1. Restoration of existing tourism sites

ACA 2. Construction of tourism establishments that can help the residents by giving

them jobs

ACA 3. Invest on small businesses that can help boost the tourism on the locality

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 1 3 3 7

ACA 2 3 2 1 6

ACA 3 2 1 2 5
Threats

Prone to landslide

ACA 1. Construction of retention wall

ACA 2. Plant more trees to avoid soil erosion

ACA 3. Maintain as much vegetation as possible on the slope to help retain the soil.

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 1 7

ACA 2 2 2 3 7

ACA 3 1 1 2 4

Prone to Storm surges

ACA 1. Construction of seawall or barriers along coastal areas

ACA 2. Planting of mangroves

ACA 3. Relocation of households built in prohibited zone.

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Total

ACA 1 3 3 1 7

ACA 2 2 2 3 7

ACA 3 1 1 2 4
 VII

RECOMMENDATIONS

PANALIPIG: QURA PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION

The barangay is a potential eco-tourism on the municipality. If given the chance

the area can be a great tourist attraction. It offers a great view from our history (Quta)

and the eye pleasing natural sceneries, the alluring municipal waters, and the

imposing mountain ranges which provide a fortress of the Pinabacdaoanon people.

The municipality is very rich in marine resources. There are also a lot of marine

activities that can be done.

In order for us to maximize the potential of the area there are things that we

have to seek and improve. For instance, one of the strength of this area is the Qura,

a historical site, in order for it to become a good asset to the municipality; they must

implement a proper policy to protect it and provide maintenance to preserve the beauty

and story within it. Taking care of this Historical site will help not just the municipality

but also those people who seeks knowledge about history.

INSTALLATION OF STAND-ALONE SOLAR POWERED STREET LAMPS

One of the problems that exist is the lack of basic services such as Power. As

we further progress to being an eco-friendly country, converting the old street lamps

to a solar powered ones is a better option. The solar panel is one of the most important

parts of a solar street light as the solar panel is able to convert solar energy into
electricity that the lamps can use. Additional street lamps are also needed, for some

areas are too dark and will make the people feel unsafe while walking.

PATUBIG SA BARANGAY PROJECT

Due to lack of access of water connection or inaccessibility of piped water, it is

highly recommended to have an additional jetmatic water pumps, a type of shallow

well pump which is an alternative way of collecting water through manual operation to

move groundwater from the aquifer up to the surface, a water source for each purok.

A total of six jetpumps will be given in the barangay which will serve the six purok in

which a total of 878 people will benefit from it. This will give ease to everyone and

lessen the numbers of people falling in line at a single jetpumps to fetch water. In some

instances, falling in a long queue to fetch water creates conflict among people trying

to be ahead on the queue. The addition of jetpumps which will cater every purok will

provide more efficient supply of water while promoting harmonious relationship with

each other.

BOTIKA NG BARANGAY

The lack/inadequate access in medicine is also one of the problems in which

the barangay is facing. Building up a “Botika ng Bayan” is recommended so that

people won’t have to travel far just to buy the medicines that they need. It will be

initiated by government to increase access of community people to affordable

medicines.
REGULAR BARANGAY CLEAN-UP DAY and REQUIRED WASTE SEGREGATION

IN EVERY HOUSEHOLD

As for maintaining the cleanliness of the area, a strategic implementation of

the solid waste management program in the grassroots level of the community such

as purok/district is highly valued. Direct involvement of the members of the community

will strengthen and empower them to be responsible for the segregation and collection

of solid waste specifically for biodegradable, compostable and reusable waste.

Furthermore efforts from different sector of the community is vital in the

implementation of the program. The community leaders such as the barangay captain,

barangay kagawad, and purok officials must take part in taking initiatives in

maintaining the cleanliness of the barangay. This could be done by providing enough

trash bins in the purok. Furthermore, the waste collection of the community must be

properly implemented. Programs such as competition for most clean and green purok

can also be used to encourage the members of the community to collaborate and

cooperate with one another in cleaning their purok. This will create a sense of

bayanihan spirit and strengthen the relationship and uphold values of the community.

Improvement in drainage canal system I highly recommended to avoid clogging

which may cause flooding. It is also important to have a regular cleaning of drainage

canals. In addition, there should be a regular barangay clean-up day. Monitoring and

evaluation of the solid waste management activities should be done to provide

continuity of the program.

BARANGAY ROADS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

Barangay II faces a road issues where some road networks there are difficult

to access access because of the damages. It is advised to continue redeveloping and

improving the bad road conditions as it is a hindrance in development of the area.

Rehabilitated roads improves mobility in the area thus provide an accessibility to

different areas in the barangay.

INVESTMENT IN COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS

One of the problems that the district has is that it lacks commercial

establishments; In this case, developing and maximizing the potential of the area is a

crucial part to attract investors. For this, coordinating and encouraging the NGOs and

Private sectors to build up, invest and make business in this area.
VIII: PLAN OF ACTION

ACTIVITY TIMEFRAME RESPONSIBILITY

Quara preservation and Implement within 6 BLGU

protection
months

Installation of stand-alone Procurement and BLGU and other partner

solar powered street lamps implementation within 6 organizations

months

Patubig sa Barangay implementation within 4-6 BLGU

Project months

Botika ng Barangay 1-2 years of implementation LGU, BLGU, and Health

Workers

Regular Barangay Clean- At least 4 times a BLGU and barangay

Up Day residents
 month

Required waste BLGU and barangay

segregation in every residents

Implement within 3 months
household

Barangay roads 1-2 years of implementation

construction and
BLGU, LGU
maintenance

Investment in commercial 1-4 years of implementation BLGU, LGU, NGO, Private

establishments Sector
References:

Phillips, Rhonda. (2009). Introduction to Community Development.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309179632_Introduction_to_Community_D
evelopment
Tamano, Iroh. (2012). Community Self-Help Projects and Rural Development in
Ohafia Local Government Area.
DILG. (2021). lgu201.dilg.gov.ph. Retrieved from
https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=08&p=60&m=13
PhilAtlas. (2020, October). philatlas.com. Retrieved from
https://www.philatlas.com/visayas/r08/samar/pinabacdao.html
Inclusive Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2021-
2024) of Barangay 2 Poblacion. Under the Category “Demographics and
Topography”
Barangay Profile (2020) of Barangay 2 Poblacion. Under the Category “Physical
Information”
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://jsd-
africa.com/Jsda/Vol14No4-Summer2012B/PDF/Community%2520Self-
Help%2520Projects.Williams%2520Okwara%2520Iroh.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjDnqaP-
JD4AhWMmVYBHafPA7cQFnoECBAQBg&usg=AOvVaw3wgyiSQMjCc35O6Mo0I9
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