 Contents :

 Galactose breakdown
 Lactose synthesis

By : Savath Sovannak
 The major dietary source of galactose is lactose
(galactosyl 𝛽-1,4 glucose) obtained from milk and
milk products.
 Importance of UDP-galactose:
 Synthesis of lactose (=milk sugar)
 Synthesis of glycolipids
 Synthesis of glycoproteins and proteoglycans
 Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.
 Conversion of galactose into glucose :
 Phosphorylation : Galactokinase
phosphorylate galactose to galactose-1-P
 Uridine diphosphate-galactose formation :
o Galactose-1-P + UDP-glucose  form
UDP-galactose + Glucose-1P
o By enzyme : Galactose-1-phosphate
uridyltransferase (GALT)
 UDP-galactose is reversible converted to
UDP-glucose by enzyme UDP-hexose 4-
epimerase

By : Savath Sovannak
By : Savath Sovannak
 Contents :
 Breast anatomy
 Breast development
 Milk composition
 Lactose synthesis
 Maintain of milk production and secretion

By : Savath Sovannak
 Both males and females have breasts
 General structure:
 Mammary gland
 Interlobular mammary stroma
 Nipple-areolar complex
o Mammary papilla (nipple)
o Areola
 Mammary gland :
 15- 25 lobes that separate by interlobular
mammary stroma
o Each lobe contains numerous lobules
o Each lobule contains numerous alveoli
(acini) that contain :
• Epithelial cell  milk production
• Myoepithelial cell  milk ejaculation
 Duct system : transport milk to nipple
 Terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) is
functional unit of breast : Lobule (Alveoli,
myoepithelial, intralobular terminal duct,
connective tissue) + Extralobular terminal duct
By : Savath Sovannak
By : Savath Sovannak
By : Savath Sovannak
 lactose (milk sugar) is made by lactating (milk-producing) mammary glands
 Lactose is synthesized in the Golgi by lactose synthase ( UDP-galactose: glucose galactosyltransferase),
which transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to glucose, releasing UDP
 lactose synthase ( UDP-galactose: glucose galactosyltransferase) is composed of two proteins, A and B
 Protein A : 𝜷-D-galactosyltransferase
o Found in a number of body tissues.
o In tissues other than the lactating mammary gland, this enzyme transfers galactose from
UDP-galactose to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine  producing N-acetyllactosamine
 Protein B : 𝛼- lactalbumin
o Found only in lactating mammary glands
o its synthesis is stimulated by the peptide hormone prolactin
o Protein B from complex with protein A  decreasing the Km for glucose) so
that lactose, rather than N-acetyllactosamine, is produced

By : Savath Sovannak
By : Savath Sovannak