Science10 Q4-

Module 4 MATTER AND ITS INTERACTIONS

Lesson 3 Categories of Biomolecules

What I Need To Know

In this particular lesson, you will learn about major classes of biomolecules.

Competency: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22)
Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate biomolecules from each other in terms of their structure and function.

What’s In
You have learned that biomolecules undergone reactions or processes, hydrolysis
and dehydration, to produce necessary nutrients for cellular activities of organisms. In this
lesson, you will be introduced to the major biomolecules essential to life.

What’s New
Food gives the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Different types of food
provide different nutrients for energy, growth and repair. Many of these nutrients are
biological macromolecules or large molecules. There are four major classes of
biomolemocules, namely: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

What Is It
Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are vital energy source for the
cell and provide structural support to plant cells, fungi and all of the arthropods.
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides and
polysaccharides.Glucose, galactose and fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas
common disaccharides include lactose, maltose and sucrose. Starch and glycogen,
examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals,
respectively.
Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature.
Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats are a stored form
of energy and are also known as triacylglycerol or triglycerides. Fats are made up of fatty
acids and either glycerol or sphingosine. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated.

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Phospholipids make up the matrix of membranes. They have a glycerol or sphingosine
backbone to which two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-cotaining group are attached.
Steroids are another class of lipids. Their basic structure has four fused carbon rings.
Cholesterol is a type of steroid and is an important constituent of the plasma membrane,
where it helps to maintain the fluid nature of the membrane.
Proteins are a class of macromolecules that perform a diverse range of functions for
the cell: providing structural support, acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones, and many
other roles. The monomers of proteins are amino acids. Each amino acid has a central
carbon that is linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and an R group.
There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids, each of which differs in the R group. Each
amino acid in a polypeptide chain is linked to another amino acid by a peptide bond. A long
chain of amino acids is known as a polypepetide.
Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such
as cell division and protein synthesis. Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and
RNA. DNA carries the genetic blueprint of the cell and is passed on from parents to offspring.
It has a double-helical structure, with two strands running in opposite directions, connected
by hzdrogen bonds, and complementary to each other. RNA is usually single-stranded and is
made of ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and phosphate group. RNA is involved in protein
synthesis and its regulation.

What’s More
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Analyze each questions carefully and choose the letter of the
correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is not a major source of protein?
a. fish b. egg c. milk d. vegetable
2. Which of the following contains the most lipids?
a. banana b. champorado c. olive oil d. cheese
3. Which of the following is a correct pair?
a. glucose:disaccharides c. starch:polysaccharides
b. sucrose:monosaccharides d. triglyceride:polysaccharides
4. Which is a correct pair of protein and function?
a. enzymes: speed up reactions in the body and eventually used up in the process
b. collage: provides strength and flexibility to connective tissues
c. actn and myosin: supplies amino acids to baby mammals
d. hemoglobin: helps regulate blood sugar levels
5. Which of the following sugars are the component of maltose?
a. glucose and galactose c. glucose and fructose
b. fructose and galactose d. glucose and glucose

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 What I Have Learned
Fill in the table with the necessary information to complete the concept about the
structure and functions of classes of biomolecules.

ELEMENT
BIOMOLECULES MONOMERS FUNCTIONS
CONTENT
Carbohydrates C, H, O
Protein C, H, O, N, S
Lipid C, H, O
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

What I Can Do
Answer the question briefly and concisely.
Why is it important to have a healthy and well-balanced diet?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Science 10

Republic of the Philippines

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 Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF BOHOL

SCIENCE 10: QUARTER 4-MATTER SCORE:

MODULE 4: CATEGORIES OF BIOMOLECULES
STUDENT’S ANSWER SHEET

Name: ________________________________ Barangay: ______________ Epifania D. Guarin

Grade & Section: _______________________ Purok: ________________ Science Teacher
09977384595

Lesson 3

What’s More
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What I Have Learned

ELEMENT
BIOMOLECULES MONOMERS FUNCTIONS
CONTENT
Carbohydrates C, H, O
Protein C, H, O, N, S
Lipid C, H, O
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

What I Can Do
Answer the question briefly and concisely.
Why is it important to have a healthy and well-balanced diet?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________