Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006

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Innovation and Green Development

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Review Article

Renewable energy present status and future potentials in India: An overview

Subhashish Dey *, Anduri Sreenivasulu, G.T.N. Veerendra, K. Venkateswara Rao,
P.S.S. Anjaneya Babu
Civil Engineering Department, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Energy is ability or capacity to do work. The renewable energy sources are non-conventional and environmental
Renewable energy friendly in nature. The renewable energy technology is a direct substitute of recent technology. With the help of
Fossil fuels renewable energy we can save more energy, make better environment by the replacement of fossil fuels. In the
Sustainable development and environment
last two to three decades the environmental related problems are more created therefore the application of
renewable energy technology is highly applicable for better environmental conditions. As the world population
increases therefore the energy consumptions are also increases day by day so that we need to move alternative
source of energy. Accounting for different types of renewable energy, this study evaluates the energy mix evo-
lution in relation to a country's development level (proxied by real GDP per capita). Indian renewable energy
sector is the fourth most attractive renewable energy market in the world. The Government of India is committed
to increase the use of clean energy sources and is already undertaking various large-scale sustainable power
projects and promoting green energy highly. The relation between renewable energy and sustainable develop-
ment and their future scopes are broadly discussed in this paper. The estimated results asserted that renewable
energy output, energy efficiency, economic growth and carbon emissions are the significant factors of renewable
energy consumption. Further, this study suggests increased investment in renewable energy output, the energy
efficiency sector and environmentally related technological innovation to encourage renewable energy
consumption.

1. Introduction
With the increasing of population, the energy source demands are
also increases. The amount of energy requirement is different between
the countries around the world. The developed country need more en-
ergy compare to developing country. The present people are most
concern about renewable energy sources because it is pollution free,
simply available and less costly and more amounts exist in the earth. In
renewable energy technology we have to use the natural source of energy
for example, solar radiation energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biomass
energy and geothermal energy etc. This energy sources are environ-
mental friendly in nature. In Fig. 1 shown that the various renewable
energy sources. The last two decades people are most concern about the
clean energy sources for sustainable development purposes. They are
many factors contribute to the achievement of sustainable development.
The most important is climate change due to the renewable energy
sources. The main opportunities are getting from the use of renewable
energy sources are social and economical development, more energy
security, climate change reduction and improving environmental and
health energy (Panwar et al., 2011; Williams, 2000).
The energy sector is one of the important key for economic devel-
opment; they are a strong relationship between the economical growth
and more energy consumption. The various countries have different
levels of renewable energy sources exist. The development countries
are additional resembling to applied renewable energy technology for
getting job opportunity. In present situation people are more dependent
upon the fossil fuel energy sources. It is generally costly and environ-
mental damaging in nature. The availability of fossil fuels is generally
limited amount therefore it is necessary to focus the other energy
sources. With promising ideas related to sustainable houses, some of
those ideas are varied from the selection of renewable and non-toxic
construction materials to reuse of wastes, and from the recycling of
gray water in the irrigation or flushing water to use of solar cells for
warming and charging of electric cars (Huang & McElroy, 2014; Paul,

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shubhashish.rs.civ13@itbhu.ac.in (S. Dey).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2022.100006
Received 17 August 2022; Received in revised form 2 October 2022; Accepted 13 October 2022
Available online 17 November 2022
2949-7531/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Business School, Zhengzhou University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 1. Various resources of renewable energy sectors (Adedoyin et al., 2020;
Gurung and Oh, 2013; Zeng et al., 2017).
1993). Sustainable materials are that materials intrinsically nature and
renewable, or able to be reuse, recycle and recovery continuously and
should be environmentally friendly, widely available and less energy to
extract. The renewable and natural materials are broadly applied in the
energy and environmental domains such as biomass-derived mem-
branes, bioplastics and products derived from plants (biodiesel, alter-
native pesticide, nanomaterials and natural products, etc.) The flow
chart of renewable energy generations and storage are shown in Fig. 2.
The solar energy has been highly applied as a renewable, clean, safe,
costless and promising approach to settle the environmental damaging
and energy conversion. Wind power is expected to increase the most
absolute generation terms among all the renewable energy. Relying on
this resource, green photo catalytic nanomaterials, as a promising
candidate, can be used for, but not limited to, hydrogen production,
degradation of organic pollutants, CO2 reduction, organic trans-
formation, sensors and so on. Renewable electricity has been broadly
used while demand has fallen for other applications of renewable en-
ergy (Lewis et al., 2015; Ruggero, 2007).
Renewable energy use increased 3% in 2020 as demand for all other
fuels declined. The primary driver was an almost 7% growth in electricity
Fig. 2. Flow chart of renewable energy generation and storage (Bibi & Li, 2022; Mathews & Reinert, 2014; Wang et al., 2018).
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Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
generation from renewable sources. Long-term contracts, priority access
to the grid, and continuous installation of new plants underpinned
renewable growth despite lower electricity demand, supply chain chal-
lenges, and construction delays in many parts of the world. Accordingly,
the share of renewable in global electricity generation jumped to 29% in
2020, up from 27% in 2019. Bioenergy use in industry grew 3%, but was
largely offset by a decline in biofuels as lower oil demand also reduced
the use of blended biofuels. Renewable electricity generation in 2021 is
set to expand by more than 8% to reach 8300 TWh, the fastest year-on-
year growth since the 1970s. Solar PV and wind are set to contribute
two-thirds of renewable growth. China alone should account for almost
half of the global increase in renewable electricity in 2021, followed by
the United States, the European Union and India. Wind is set for the
largest increase in renewable generation, growing by 275 TWh, or almost
17%, which is significantly greater than 2020 levels. Policy deadlines in
China and the United States drove developers to complete a record
amount of capacity late in the fourth quarter of 2020, leading to notable
increases in generation already from the first two months of 2021. Over
the course of 2021, China is expected to generate 600 TWh and the
United States 400 TWh, together representing more than half of global
wind output. While China will remain the largest photovoltaic (PV)
market, expansion will continue in the United States with ongoing policy
support at the federal and state level. Having experienced a significant
decline in new solar PV capacity additions in 2020 as a result of Covid-
related delays, India's PV market is expected to recover rapidly in
2021, while increases in generation in Brazil and Viet Nam are driven by
strong policy supports for distributed solar PV applications. Globally,
solar PV electricity generation is expected to increase by 145 TWh,
almost 18% to approach 1000 TWh in 2021. We expect hydropower
generation to increase further in 2021 through a combination of eco-
nomic recovery and new capacity additions from large projects in China.
Energy from waste electricity projects in Asia will drive growth of bio-
energy, thanks to incentives. Increases in electricity generation from all
renewable sources should push the share of renewable in the electricity
generation mix to an all-time high of 30% in 2021. Combined with
S. Dey et al.
nuclear, low-carbon sources of generation well and truly exceed output
from the world's coal plants in 2021.
2. Renewable energy sources
Renewable energy is an alternative to the traditional energy that re-
lies on fossil fuels, and it tends to be much less harmful to the environ-
ment. There are several opportunities to make an impact on improving
the environment through the choice of a greener energy solution. The
energy allows consumers to choose green energy options that help you
reduce your footprint with energy offsets. Add just green to your elec-
tricity or natural gas plan to lower your impact today. The renewable
power is booming, as innovation brings down costs and starts to deliver
on the promise of a clean energy future. The various sources of renewable
energies section in the world is represent in Fig. 3. American solar and
wind generation are breaking records and being integrated into the na-
tional electricity grid without compromising reliability. Since the In-
dustrial Revolution, the energy mix of most countries across the world
has become dominated by fossil fuels. This has major implications for the
global climate, as well as for human health. Three-quarters of global
greenhouse gas emissions result from the burning of fossil fuels for en-
ergy. And fossil fuels are responsible for large amounts of local air
pollution – a health problem that leads to at least 5 million premature
deaths each year. To reduce CO2 emissions and local air pollution, the
world needs to rapidly shift towards low-carbon sources of energy –
nuclear and renewable technologies. Renewable energy will play a key
role in the decarbonization of our energy systems in the coming decades
(Dincer & Rosen, 1999; Meereboer et al., 2020).
Fossil fuels are not a renewable source of energy because they are not
infinite. Plus, they release carbon dioxide into our atmosphere which
contributes to climate change and global warming. Burning wood instead
of coal is slightly better but its complex. On the one hand, wood is a
renewable resource – provided it comes from sustainably managed for-
ests. Wood pellets and compressed briquettes are made from by-products
of the wood processing industry and so arguably its recycling waste.
Compressed biomass fuels produce more energy than logs too. On the
other hand, burning wood (whether it be raw timber or processed waste)
releases particles into our atmosphere. In this interactive chart we see the
share of primary energy consumption that came from renewable tech-
nologies the combination of hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, wave,
tidal and modern biofuels. In 2019, around 11% of global primary energy
came from renewable technologies. Globally we see that hydropower is
by far the largest modern renewable source. But we also see wind and
solar power are both growing rapidly. Electricity forms only one
component of energy consumption. Hydroelectric power has been one of
our oldest and largest sources of low-carbon energy. The weighted
average of various renewable energy sources in Israel represent in Fig. 4.
Hydroelectric generation at scale dates back more than a century, and is
Fig. 3. Various sources of renewable energy sections in the worlds (Bayar & Gavriletea, 2019; Maji et al., 2019).
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Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
still our largest renewable source – excluding traditional biomass, it still
accounts for more than 60% of renewable generation. But the scale of
hydroelectric power generation varies significantly across the world.
Wind generation at scale compared to hydropower, for example – is a
relatively modern renewable energy source but is growing quickly in
many countries across the world. Energy output is a function of power
(installed capacity) multiplied by the time of generation. Energy gener-
ation is therefore a function of how much wind capacity is installed.
2.1. Solar energy
Sunlight is one of our planet's most abundant and freely available
energy resources. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth's
surface in 1 h is more than the planet's total energy requirements for a
whole year. Although it sounds like a perfect renewable energy source,
the amount of solar energy we can use varies according to the time of day
and the season of the year as well as geographical location. In the UK,
solar energy is an increasingly popular way to supplement your energy
usage. The solar energy is solar radiation energy, it contains radiation
and heat. In this technology we include solar heating, photovoltaic, solar
thermal energy and artificial photosynthesis. It is one of the important
sources of renewable energy and broadly characterized either active or
passive solar energy. In active we include photovoltaic systems,
concentrated solar power and solar water heating. The passive solar
techniques is shown in Fig. 5(A), it include building orientation, thermal
biomass and natural circulation of air. The earth received 174,000 TW
(terawatts) of solar radiation, it absorb by earth's land surface, oceans,
rivers etc (Omer, 2007). The total solar energy absorb by earth's atmo-
sphere, ocean and land masses approximately 385,000 EJ (exa-joules)
per year. The country's solar installed capacity was 48.556 GW as of
November 30, 2021. The solar energy is highly used in water heating,
cooking process and electricity production as photovoltaic cell etc
(Elliott, 2000).
2.2. Wind energy
Wind is a plentiful source of clean energy. Wind farms are an increas-
ingly familiar sight in the UK with wind power making an ever-increasing
contribution to the National Grid. To harness electricity from wind energy,
turbines are used to drive generators which then feed electricity into the
National Grid. Although domestic or ‘off-grid’ generation systems are
available, not every property is suitable for a domestic wind turbine. Find
out more about wind energy on our wind power page. The wind energy is
generally derived from air flow using turbine. The wind energy is trans-
formed mechanical energy from turbine into electric energy. Wind energy
is another cleaned energy source. Wind is actually a form of solar energy.
Winds are caused by the heating of atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of
Earth, and Earth's surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines and
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 4. Weighted average value of various renewable energy sources in Israel (Amjith & Bavanish, 2022; Mukhtarov et al., 2022; Wang, Yen-Ku, et al., 2022b).
Fig. 5. Renewable energy sources (A) solar energy panel above the house and (B) wind energy generation (Pappas, 2017; Patel & Srivastava, 2019).
the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across
the grid. The world largest wind mill is generally placed in china its present
capacity is 6000 MW. The total wind power production in the world is
534.5 TWh (Pappas, 2017). Wind power installations in India reached
2.07 GW in the financial year (FY) 2019–20, a 31% increase as compared to
1.58 GW in the FY 2018–19. The electricity production from wind power is
shown in Fig. 1 highly variable at different time scale: hourly, daily or
seasonally. The environmental effect form wind energy compared to fossil
fuels is normally lower amounts (Ragaert et al., 2017; Wustenhagen et al.,
2007).
2.3. Tidal energy
As a renewable energy resource, hydro power is one of the most
commercially developed. By building a dam or barrier, a large reservoir
can be used to create a controlled flow of water that will drive a turbine,
generating electricity. This energy source can often be more reliable than
solar or wind power (especially if it's tidal rather than river) and also al-
lows electricity to be stored for use when demand reaches a peak. Like
wind energy, in certain situations hydro can be more viable as a com-
mercial energy source (dependant on type and compared to other sources
of energy) but depending very much on the type of property, it can be used
for domestic, ‘off-grid’ generation. This is another form of hydro energy
that uses twice-daily tidal currents to drive turbine generators. Although
tidal flow unlike some other hydro energy sources isn't constant, it is
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Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
highly predictable and can therefore compensate for the periods when the
tide current is low. The tidal energy is a generally form of hydropower, it
convert the energy obtained from ocean tide to electrical energy. The tidal
energy shown in Fig. 6(A) is obtained from earths oceanic tides. This is one
of the cheaper, easily available and environmental friendly energy. The
tidal stream is generally used to convert kinetic energy of moving water to
power turbines. Tidal energy has the potential to offer the power those we
need from fossil fuels. Powerful tides only happen normally 10 h out of
each day, this means the tidal energy storage capacity must be developed.
Tidal can be harnessed in three different ways; tidal streams, barrages and
lagoons. The tidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy generation. It
is a renewable form of energy that converts the natural rise and fall of the
tides into electricity. According to the estimates of the Indian government,
the country has a potential of 8000 MW of tidal energy. Tidal power
surrounds gravitational hydropower, which uses the movement of water to
push the turbine to generate electricity (Himri et al., 2009; Midilli et al.,
2006).
2.4. Geothermal energy
By harnessing the natural heat below the earth's surface, geothermal
energy can be used to heat homes directly or to generate electricity.
Although it harnesses a power directly below our feet, geothermal energy is
of negligible importance in the UK compared to countries such as Iceland,
where geothermal heat is much more freely available. Geothermal energy is
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 6. Renewable energy sources (A) tidal energy sources in sea and (B) geothermal energy uses for electricity generation (Lewis et al., 2015; Ruggero, 2007).
thermal geological energy; it is generated and stored into the earth. The
geothermal energy is generally depends upon the geothermal gradient,
which is generally depends upon the difference in temperature between the
core of planet and its surfaces. The earth's internal heat is generated from
the radioactive decays as shown in Fig. 6(B). The geothermal energy is one
of the lower costs, easily available, sustainable, trust worthy and cleans
energy. The Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station in the Singrauli district of
Madhya Pradesh, with an installed capacity of 4,760 MW, is currently the
biggest thermal power plant in India. The International Geothermal Asso-
ciation (IGA) has showed total 10,715 MW of geothermal power is pro-
duced by 24 countries in the world (Ruggero, 2007). The geothermal
energy is one of the renewable energy sources. The earths internal heat
content of 1031 J. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because
heat is continuously produced inside the earth. People use geothermal heat
for bathing, to heat buildings, and to generate electricity. The geothermal
field, however, the temperature of geothermal reservoir or the
fluid pressure in the reservoir may decrease over time as fluids are pro-
duced and energy is extracted (Demkine et al., 2009; Dincer, 1999).
2.5. Biomass energy
This is the conversion of solid fuel made from plant materials into
electricity. Although fundamentally, biomass involves burning organic
materials to produce electricity, and nowadays this is a much cleaner,
more energy-efficient process. By converting agricultural, industrial and
domestic waste into solid, liquid and gas fuel, biomass generates power at
a much lower economic and environmental cost. The biomass is organic
matter derived from the leaving materials or organisms. Biomass con-
tains stored chemical energy from the sun. Plants produce biomass
through photosynthesis. Biomass can be burned directly for heating
purposes and converted into renewable liquid and gaseous fuels through
Fig. 7. Renewable energy (A) biomass energy sources (Palmgren et al., 1999) and (B) hydrogen energy production electricity (Baghali et al., 2021; Scott et al., 2004).
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Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
various processes. The biomass can transform into usable forms of energy
like CH4 gas or ethanol or biodiesels. The annually total biomass pro-
duced in the world is around 100 billions. The environmental impact
from the production of biomass energy is produced air pollutant like CO,
CO2, NOx and particulate matter lower comparison to fossil fuels. As per
present study the availability of biomass in India is estimated nearly 750
million metric tonnes per year. The thermo chemical conversion of
biomass includes pyrolysis and gasification. Both are thermal decompo-
sition processes in which biomass feedstock materials are heated in
closed, pressurized vessels called gasifies at high temperatures. The
various sources of biomass energy are shown in Fig. 7(A). They depend in
the process temperatures and amount of oxygen present during the
conversion process (Bilgen et al., 2004; Wang, Dong, et al., 2022a).
2.6. Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen energy is a key role for energy generation and replacing
fossil fuels. It is gaining more attention in the future energy source. This is
a simple and clean energy source. The hydrogen gas is currently pro-
duced from oil, natural gas and coal. The hydrogen gas also produced
from biomass by gasification and fast pyrolysis process. The hydrogen gas
is normally used for production electricity as shown in Fig. 7(B). The H2
fuel energy contents in terms of mass 120.7 MJ/kg. Globally 95% of
hydrogen is produced by hydrocarbon and 4% produced from electrolysis
of water (Scott et al., 2004). Hydrogen technologies have practiced cycles
of more expectations followed by disillusion. Hydrogen is expected to
play a key role as an energy carrier in future energy systems of the world.
As fossil-fuel supplies become increases therefore the environmental
pollution is also increases, hydrogen is likely to become the major
chemical energy carrier. When most of the world's energy sources
become non-fossil based, hydrogen and electricity are expected to be the
S. Dey et al.
two dominant energy carriers for the provision of end-use services. A
transition era will bridge the gap between today's fossil-fuel economy and
hydrogen economy, in which the non-fossil-derived hydrogen will be
used to extend the lifetime of world's fossil fuels by upgrading the heavy
oils. In future the hydrogen energy demand is gradually increased
(Farhad et al., 2008; Ji et al., 2020).
2.7. Nuclear energy
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity.
Nuclear power generation is shown in Fig. 8 can be obtained from nu-
clear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the
vast majority of electricity produces from nuclear power by the nuclear
fission of uranium and plutonium in the nuclear power plants. Nuclear
energy alongside hydropower is one of our oldest low-carbon energy
technologies. Nuclear power generation has been around since the
1960s, but saw massive growth globally in the 1970s, 80s and 90s. In the
interactive Fig. 8 shown how global nuclear generation has changed over
the past half-century. Following fast growth during the 1970s–1990s,
global generation has slowed significantly. In fact, we see a sharp dip in
nuclear output following the Fukushima tsunami in Japan in 2011. Nu-
clear energy comes from splitting atoms in a reactor to heat water into the
steam, turn a turbine and generate electricity. Nuclear power produced a
total of 43 TWh in 2020–21, contributing 3.11% of total power genera-
tion in India (1382 TWh). The 10 more reactors are under construction
with a combined generation capacity of 8000 MW. In October 2010,
India drew up a plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63 GW in 2032,
all without carbon emissions because reactors use uranium, not fossil
fuels. These plants are always on: well-operated to avoid interruptions
and built to with stand extreme weather.
To address the climate problems, we must embrace a carbon-free future
and commit to more nuclear energy with wind and solar power to a
brighter future. The global trend in nuclear energy generation masks the
large differences in what role it plays at the country level. Some countries
get no energy at all from nuclear or are aiming to eliminate it completely
whilst others get the majority of their power from it. This interactive chart
shows the amount of nuclear energy generated by country. We see that
France, USA, China, Russia and Canada all produce relatively large
amounts of nuclear power applications. The amount of primary energy
that would be requires producing the same amount of energy if it came
from fossil fuels. In 2019, just over 4% of global primary energy came from
nuclear power.
Electricity forms only one component of energy consumption. Since
transport and heating tend to be harder to decarbonize they are more
reliant on oil and gas, nuclear and renewable tend to have a higher share
in the electricity mix versus the total energy mix. Globally, around 10%
of our electricity comes from nuclear and it's shown in Fig. 9. But some
countries rely on it heavily: it provides more than 70% of electricity in
France, and more than 40% in Sweden. Unfortunately, the global
Fig. 8. Nuclear energy is the source of renewable energy for production of electricity (Grover & Chandra, 2004).
6
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
electricity mix is still dominated by fossil fuels: coal, oil, and gas account
for around 60%. If we want to stop climate change we have a great op-
portunity in front of us: we can transition away from them to nuclear and
renewable, and also reduce deaths from accidents and air pollution as a
side effect. Replacing nuclear energy with fossil fuels kills people. This is
likely to be the case in the recent example of Germany. Most of Germany's
energy deficit from scrapping nuclear was filled by increased coal pro-
duction – which is, as we just saw, the most polluting source with the
largest health impacts.
3. Renewable energy sources in India
India has an enormous renewable energy sources. This is the first
country around the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy
sources in early 1980s. In India the renewable energy capacity is
(excluding the large hydro) has reached 33.8 GW. In these renewable
energy sources 66% comes from wind, solar energy participative 4.59%
along with biomass and small biomass. In every year 55 million tonnes of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 billion liters of sewage generated in
urban area of India. It is estimated that waste generated in India will
increase at the per capita rate 33% annually. India has a lots of renewable
energy sources are available and it discussed in Table 1. The availability
of renewable energy sources is different from each state in India. Tamil
Nadu is one of the largest sources of wind energy in India (Baghali et al.,
2021; Ewunie et al., 2021). As of December 31, 2021, the total installed
capacity for renewable energy in India is 151.4 GW. The following is the
breakup of total installed capacity for Renewable, as of December 31,
2021. Government of India has set targets to reduce India's total pro-
jected carbon emission by 1 billion tonnes by 2030, reduce the carbon
intensity of the nation's economy by less than 45% by the end of the
decade, achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 and expand India's
renewable energy installed capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
The development for analysis of wind power in India was begun in the
1990s as discussed in Table 2, and it increased per year. Today the wind
power capacity in India was 20149.50 MW. The Indian government has
set the target of adding 18.5 GW of renewable energy sources to gener-
ating 11 GW is wind energy. In 2009 India has launched Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Mission to generate 1000 MW to 20,000 MW solar
power energies for production of electricity. The daily average solar
power plant generation capacity in India 0.25 kWh/m2 of used land area
and total solar electricity production capacity in India 1700–1900 kWh/
kWp (kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak) (Chen et al., 2009; Dahiya et al.,
2020). The 45 solar parks of aggregate capacity 37 GW have been
approved in India. Total solar parks in Pavagada is 2 GW, Kurnool is
1 GW and Bhadla-II is 648 MW included in top 5 operational solar parks
of 7 GW capacity in the country. The world's largest renewable energy
park of 30 GW capacity solar-wind hybrid project is under installation in
Gujarat. India offers a great opportunity for investments in renewable
energy sector; $196.98 billion worth of projects underway in India. The
S. Dey et al. Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006

Fig. 9. Generation of electricity by the application of nuclear power generation in year 2021.

Table 1 Table 3
Total renewable energy source in India (Ji et al., 2020; Panwar et al., 2011). State wise installed solar power plant (Koch et al., 2007; Luckow et al., 2010).
Sources Total installed capacity (MW) State wise MWp

Wind power 22,465.03 Andhra Pradesh 279.44

Solar energy 3063.68 Gujarat 1000.05
Small hydro power 3990.83 Karnataka 104.22
Biomass power 1365.20 Madhya Pradesh 673.58
Bagasse power generation 2800.35 Punjab 200.32
Wade to power 107.58 Rajasthan 1199.70
Total 33,791.74 Tamil Nadu 157.98
Uttar Pradesh 71.26

Table 2
State wise wind energy generating in India (Monroy & Hernandez, 2008; Neu-
doerffer et al., 2001). Table 4
Tidal energy potential in India (Galloway et al., 2017; Güney & Kaygusuz, 2010).
State wise Wind power
Region State Total Potential (MW)
Tamil Nadu 7162.18 MW
Maharashtra 3021.85 MW Gulf of Cambay Gujrat 7000
Gujrat 3174.58 MW Gulf kutch Gujrat 1200
Karnataka 2135.50 MW Ganges Delta, Sunderban West Bengal 100
Rajasthan 2684.85 MW
Madhya Pradesh 386 MW
Andhra Pradesh 447.65 MW
programs and a liberal environment to attract foreign investments to
Kerala 35.10 MW
West Bengal 1.10 MW ramp up the country in the renewable energy market at a rapid rate. It is
anticipated that the renewable energy sector can create a large number of
domestic jobs over the following years. This paper aims to present sig-
India ranked third globally for total renewable power capacity additions nificant achievements, prospects, projections, generation of electricity, as
with 15.4 GW in 2021, following China (136 GW) and the US (43 GW). well as challenges and investment and employment opportunities due to
The Green Hydrogen Mission has expected outcome of generating the development of renewable energy in India (Galloway et al., 2017;
4.1 million tonnes of annual Green Hydrogen production. Ikhlayel, 2018).
The solar energy is converted into electrical energy with the help of The ministry of renewable energy provides financial support up to
photovoltaic's cells and its capacity in India according to state wise dis- 50% of the cost to the state Government implementers' agency for the
cussed in Table 3 i.e. 7860 MW up to October 2020. Tides are generated development of tidal energy project. The cost of establishment of wind
by gravitational forces of the sun and the moon on the earth's waters. energy generation machine is high but the operating cost is also low. In
Tidal energy is a good source of renewable energy, in India total potential India has a huge coastline with the gulfs and estuaries where the tides are
of tidal energy was 40,000 MW. In January 2018 Gujrat establishing strong enough to move turbines for the production of electricity.
310 MW and West Bengal Ganga delta has a 120 MW tidal power project Geothermal energy is considered sustainable and renewable source of
as discussed in Table 4. According to study it is estimated that India has energy. In India first geothermal energy power plant was established in
used 8000 MW tidal energy. In this also include 7000 MW in the Gulf of Chhattisgarh Balrampur district under the connection of National Ther-
Cambay, 1200 MW in the Gulf of Kutch. Sustainable development is mal Power Corporation (NTPC) and Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy
possible by use of sustainable energy and by ensuring access to afford- Development Agency (CREDA). The Geothermal energy successful
able, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for citizens. Strong gov- applied both the domestic and industrial energy requirement. Around
ernment support and the increasingly opportune economic situation have 6.5% total energy productions in the world with the help of geothermal
pushed India to be one of the top leaders in the world's most attractive energy (Jose & Ramakrishna, 2021; U.S. Environment protection agency
renewable energy markets. The government has designed policies, (EPA), 2014).

7
S. Dey et al. Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006

According to a World Energy Council prediction, global electricity Table 5

demand will peak in 2030. India is one of the largest coal consumers in State wise biomass power/cogeneration projects (Abbasi et al., 2011; Asuma-
the world and imports costly fossil fuel. Close to 74% of the energy de- du-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016).
mand is supplied by coal and oil. According to a report from the Center State Power generation (in MW)
for monitoring Indian economy, the country imported 171 million tonnes Andhra Pradesh 363.25
of coal in 2013–2014, 215 million tonnes in 2014–2015, Bihar 9.50
207 million tonnes in 2015–2016, 195 million tonnes in 2016–2017 and Chhattisgarh 231.90
213 million tonnes in 2017–2018. Therefore, there is an urgent need to Gujarat 0.50
Haryana 35.80
find alternate sources for generating electricity. In this way, the country
Karnataka 365.18
will have a rapid and global transition to renewable energy technologies Madhya Pradesh 1.00
to achieve sustainable growth and avoid catastrophic climate change. Maharashtra 403.00
Renewable energy sources play a vital role in securing sustainable energy Punjab 74.50
with lower emissions. The production of geothermal energy is shown in Rajasthan 73.30
Tamil Nadu 488.20
Fig. 10. The heat is carried out with the help of fluid circulation, either Uttarakhand 10.00
through magma conduits, hot springs or hydrothermal circulation. The Uttar Pradesh 592.50
environmental impact of geothermal energy is lower compared to fossil West Bengal 16.00
fuels. In economical wise the geothermal energy required no fuel, the Total 2664.63
initial capital cost is high but the operating cost is low. Biomass energy is
generated in the firm for working purposes. Around 32% of total primary
energy used in the country is generally derived from biomass and 70% of generation set up to installed 1000 MW. The hydrogen based power
the country's population is generally needs this type of energy. The generation is clean energy and pollution frees. In recent years, the country
biogas comprises of 60–65% CH4, 35–40% CO2, 0.5–1.0% H2S, rests of has developed a sustainable path for its energy supply. Awareness of
H2O vapors etc. It is colorless, non toxic and flammable gas. The ignition saving energy has been promoted among citizens to increase the use of
temperature 650–750
C, density 1.214 kg/m3 and calorific value 20 MJ/ solar, wind, biomass, waste, and hydropower energies. It is evident that
m3. India government invests for biomass power generation 600 crore clean energy is less harmful and often cheaper. India is aiming to attain
every year for generating more than 5000 million units (Isaac & Daniel, 175 GW of renewable energy which would consist of 100 GW from solar
2006; United Nations, 2020). The current available biomass energy in energy, 10 GW from bio-power, 60 GW from wind power, and 5 GW from
India was approximately 640 million metric tonnes per annum as dis- small hydropower plants by the year 2022. Investors have promised to
cussed in Table 5. Biogas is an often overlooked and neglected aspect of achieve more than 270 GW, which is significantly above the ambitious
renewable energy in India. While solar, wind and hydropower are targets. The promises are as follows: 58 GW by foreign companies, 191 GW
measured discussion in the country, they are not the only options by private companies, 18 GW by private sectors, and 5 GW by the Indian
available. Biogas is a lesser known but highly important option to foster Railways. Recent estimates show that in 2047, solar potential will be more
sustainable development in agriculture-based economies, such as India. than 750 GW and wind potential will be 410 GW. To reach the ambitious
Biogas in India has been around for a long time. In the 1970's the country targets of generating 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022, it is essential
began a program called the National Biogas and Manure Management that the government creates 330,000 new jobs and livelihood opportu-
Program (NBMMP) to deal with the same problem a gas shortage. The nities. A mixture of push policies and pull mechanisms, accompanied by
country did a great deal of research and implemented a wide variety of particular strategies should promote the development of renewable energy
ideas to help their people become more self-sufficient, regardless of the technologies (Palmgren et al., 1999; Prabhakara, 1997).
availability of traditional gasoline and other fossil fuel based products. The H2 gas is storage in pressurized cylinder/tanks. In power gener-
Comparatively, India's production of biogas is quite small. It only pro- ation, hydrogen is one of the leading options for storing renewable en-
duces about 2.07 billion m3/year of biogas, while it's estimated that it ergy, and hydrogen and ammonia can be used in gas turbines to increase
could produce as much as 48 billion m3/year (Brundle et al., 1977; Singh power system flexibility. Thermal processes for hydrogen production
& Kumar, 2011). typically involve steam reforming, a high-temperature process in which
The hydrogen energy is normally used in transportation sector for steam reacts with a hydrocarbon fuel to produce hydrogen. Many hy-
running a vehicle. It provides long term solution to meet growing energy drocarbon fuels can be reformed to produce hydrogen, including natural
demand in India while ensuring energy security. It demonstrate one mil- gas, diesel, renewable liquid fuels, gasified coal or gasified biomass. India
lions hydrogen vehicles, it includes 700,000 two wheelers and 50,000 has a largely indigenous nuclear power programmed. In Fig. 11 shown
three wheelers. In the other side the green energy initiatives for power that the Indian government is committed to growing its nuclear power

Fig. 10. The generation of geothermal energy for energy resources (Ruggero, 2007).

8
S. Dey et al.
capacity as part of its massive infrastructure development programmed.
The government has set ambitious targets to grow nuclear capacity.
Because India is outside the nuclear non-proliferation treaty due to its
weapons programmed, it was for 34 year highly excluded from trade in
nuclear plant and materials, which hampered its development of civil
nuclear energy until 2020. Due to earlier trade bans and lack of indige-
nous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to
exploit its reserves of thorium. Since 2021, a fundamental in-
compatibility between India's civil liability law and international con-
ventions limits foreign technology provision. In March 2018, the
government stated that nuclear capacity would fall well short of its
63 GWe target and that the total nuclear capacity is likely to be about
22.5 GWe by the year 2031 (Grover & Chandra, 2004; Kakodkar &
Grover, 2004).
Total energy generation in India by coal is 1163 TWh (73%); hydro
151 TWh (10%); natural gas 73.6 TWh (5%); wind 64.3 TWh (4%);
biofuels and waste 45.4 TWh (2.9%); solar 39.7 TWh (2.5%); nuclear
37.8 TWh (2.4%); and oil 7.8 TWh (0.5%). India currently has 22 oper-
ational reactors with a combined capacity of 6780 MW. One reactor,
KAPP-3, has 700 MW of capacity and was integrated with the grid in
January. There are also ten reactors with a total of 8 GW capacity in
various stages of development. These include a 500 MW prototype fast
breeder reactor (PFBR) being implemented by Bharatiya Nabhikiya
Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI), a completely-owned government enterprise.
An energy source is a necessary element of socio-economic development.
The increasing economic growth of developing nations in the last de-
cades has caused an accelerated increase in energy consumption. This
trend is anticipated to grow. A prediction of future power consumption is
essential for the investigation of adequate environmental and economic
policies. Likewise, an outlook to future power consumption helps to
determine future investments in renewable energy. Energy supply and
security have not only increased the essential issues for the development
of human society but also for their global political and economic patterns.
Hence, international comparisons are helpful to identify past, present,
and future power consumption (Bhabha & Prasad, 1958; Islam et al.,
2022) (see Table 6).
A three-stage programmed is being pursued to develop nuclear power
in India consistent with our unique resource position of limited uranium
and large thorium reserves. The first stage of this programmed is based
on pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) for optimum use of the
available uranium resources. The plutonium recovered from the spent
fuel will facilitate use of our large thorium reserves for power production
in subsequent stages of the programmed. The Nuclear Power Corporation
has launched construction of two 500 MWe PHWR units at Tarapur –
TAPP 3 and 4 – in October 1998. The design and engineering of Madras
Atomic Power Station (MAPS, 2  220 MWe) was taken up by Power
Projects Engineering Division (PPED), while RAPS was still under
Fig. 11. Generation of nuclear energy from various nuclear plants in India (Jinshah et al., 2022).
9
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
Table 6
India's nuclear power capacity projects year wise (Grover & Chandra, 2004;
Jinshah et al., 2022).
S.N. Project Capacity Time of
(MW) completion
1. NPCIL's generation capacity 4780 Operational
(As on April 1, 2014)
2. Kudankulam Unit 1 1000 Operational
3. Kudankulam Unit 2 1000 2015–16
4. Kakrapar (Gujrat) Units 3 & 4 2*700 2017–18
5. RAPP (Rajasthan) Units 7 & 8 2*700 2018–19
6. Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) Prototype Fast 500 March 2015
Breeder Reactor
construction. Though the basic modules of the MAPS design were iden-
tical to those in RAPS, certain new design features were introduced. For
the design of Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS, 2  220 MWe), PPED/
NPB decided to start, literally with a clean slate (Jinshah et al., 2022;
Pradhan et al., 2022). The redesign, which covered almost all the sys-
tems, was carried out based on the experience gained in construction,
transportation of heavy equipment and operation of reactors in Indian
power grids. Prominent amongst these are the vapor suppression and
double containment concepts. Another important design feature included
was a closed loop process water system, to prevent any accidental release
of activity to the ultimate heat sink in case of tube failure in any heat
exchanger. These features have been advanced further in subsequent
power plants and have becomes a unique hall mark of Indian PHWRs as
shown in Fig. 12. Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy,
comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished.
As world population increases, so does the demand for energy in order to
electricity in our homes, businesses and communities are also
increases. Innovation and expansion of renewable energy sources is a key
to maintaining the sustainable level of energy and protect our planet
from climate change. Renewable energy sources make up 26% of the
world's electricity production today, but according to the International
Energy Agency (IEA) its share is expected to reach 30% by 2024. The
renewable energy and wave energy is predictable and it's easy to estimate
the amount of energy that will be generated. The production energies
that create no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduce
some types of air pollution (Gupta et al., 2000; Shuhaili et al., 2013).
The renewable sector suffers notable obstacles. Some of them are
inherent in every renewable technology; others are the outcome of a
skewed regulative structure and marketplace. The renewable energy
market requires explicit policies and legal procedures to enhance the
attention of investors. There is a delay in the authorization of private
sector projects because of a lack of clear policies. The country should take
measures to attract private investors. Inadequate technology and the
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 12. Percentages of energy generations from renewable and conventional source of energy.
absence of infrastructure required to establish renewable technologies
should be overcome by R&D. The government should allow more funds
to support research and innovation activities in this sector. Awareness of
renewable energy among communities should be fostered, and a signif-
icant focus on their socio-cultural practices should be considered. Gov-
ernments should support investments in the expansion of renewable
energy to speed up the commercialization of such technologies. The In-
dian government should declare a well-established fiscal assistance plan,
such as the provision of credit, deduction on loans, and tariffs. To
accomplish a reliable system, it is strongly suggested that renewable must
be used in a hybrid configuration of two or more resources along with
conventional source and storage devices. Regulatory authorities should
formulate the necessary standards and regulations for hybrid systems.
Making investments economically possible with effective policies and tax
incentives will result in social benefits above and beyond the economic
advantages. The government is building more renewable energy power
plants that will require a workforce (Arora & Prasad, 2016; Gupta et al.,
2000; Jinshah et al., 2022; Scott et al., 2004; Shuhaili et al., 2013).
4. Environmental issues
Environmental issues are harmful of the human performances on the
biophysical environment. Environmental protection is a practice of pro-
tecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or
governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and
humans. A concern for environmental protection has recurred in various
forms, in different parts of the world, throughout history. Our environ-
ment faces several problems, and many of these seem to be worsening
with time, bringing us into a time of a true environmental crisis. It is more
important to raise awareness of the presence of these issues, as well as
Fig. 13. The global warming and acid rain effects on the environmental issues (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016; Hilton & Duddy, 2009).
10
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
what can be done to reduce their negative impact. In the environmental
issues the most important form of global pollution are discussed below.
4.1. Global warming
In Fig. 13 the emission of greenhouse gases due to human activity
causes global warming, which in turn causes an increase in temperature
that they leads to rising the sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, flash
floods and desertification. With the increases of population the number
of vehicles and industries increases and its increases the CO2 gas emis-
sions so that the earth average surface temperature also increases. The
main reason of global warming is greenhouse gas effect. Human activity
since the industrial revolution has raised the amount of greenhouse gases
in the environment. Due to the global warming the earth temperature is
increased and the ice of Antarctica polar starts melting so that the sea
level also increases. For controlling the global warming it is necessary
that control the air pollutant emissions from vehicles and industries.
Environmental asset neglect is also an important environmental concern.
Fossil fuel utilization brings about the discharge of greenhouse gasses,
which causes environmental change (Arora & Prasad, 2016; Scott et al.,
2004).
4.2. Acid precipitation
The acid rain is another form of precipitation; it is generally acidic in
nature. The main causes of acid rain by emissions of SO2 and NOX from
various types of industrial activity. These air pollutants react with water
molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Due to the acid rains the
deterioration of steel structure, erosion of stone statue and feed in
painting. The acid deposition is generally two types i) Wet deposition ii)
S. Dey et al.
Dry deposition. In the wet deposition, the deposition of acids is generally
formed of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.) and in the dry deposition the
acid deposition also occurs in the absence of precipitation. The adverse
effects of acid rains are the surface water is acidic in nature, it damage the
fishes and other aquatic life. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At
lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Some acidic lakes have no fish. The
nutrients presence in soils is damage, the vegetable decays and the
human health is also detritus. The ecological effects of acid rain are most
clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes and marshes
where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. As it flows through the
soil, acidic rain water can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and
then flow into streams and lakes. Some types of plants and animals are
able to tolerate the acidic waters and moderate amounts of aluminum.
Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas affected by the acid
rainfall (Schlamadinger, 1997; Thompson & Duggirala, 2009).
4.3. Ozone layer depletion
The ozone is a deep layer in earth atmosphere it contains three mole-
cule oxygen atoms. The ozone layer is generally found in earth upper at-
mosphere is called stratosphere. The ozonosphere is generally found
15–35 km from earth surface. This type of environment existed on earth
over 3000 million years ago. The ozone layer absorbs UV radiation from
the Sun rays. The UV radiation is responsible for skin cancer, eye and
throat irritation etc. The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Halons, CH3CCl3
(Methyl chloroform), CCl4 (Carbon tetrachloride), HCFCs (hydro-chloro-
fluorocarbons), and methyl bromide are generally used in air conditions
and it causes ozone layer depletion. When chlorine and bromine atoms
come into contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they destroy ozone
molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules
before it is removed from the stratosphere. Ozone can be destroyed more
quickly than it is naturally created. The ozone hole is generally found in
upper atmosphere due to the CFCs. The ozone level are lowest during
November, December and highest in summer. In current scenario India is
not affected by ozone layer depletion. The major effects of ozone layer
depletion are human, plants and animal health degradation, climate
change and air quality declines and highly effects on aquatic organisms
present in ponds, lakes and rivers (Steurer & Martinuzzi, 2007; Torres--
Duque et al., 2008). In Fig. 14, the ozone layer depletion, gradual thinning
of earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of
chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from in-
dustry and other human activities. The thinning is most pronounced in the
polar-regions, especially over Antarctica. Ozone depletion is a major
environmental problem because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV)
radiation that reaches Earth's surface, which increases the rate of skin
cancer, eye cataracts and genetic and immune system damage. Human
activities have a significant effect on the global concentration and distri-
bution of stratospheric ozone since before the 1980s. The largest decreases
Fig. 14. Ozone layer depletion and recovery of ozone layers for adsorption of harmful UV rays (Neudoerffer et al., 2001; Olsen, 2007).
11
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
in ozone took place in the high latitudes (toward the poles), and smallest
decreases occurred in the lower latitudes (the tropics) (Rovere et al., 2010;
Smith & Ezzati, 2005).
In addition, the atmospheric measurements show that the depletion
of the ozone layer and increased the amount of UV radiation reaching the
earth's surface. During the early 2020s, scientists expected that the
stratospheric ozone levels would continue to increase slowly over sub-
sequent decades. The increases in ozone would be slow because of the
long residence times of CFCs and other halocarbons in the atmosphere.
Total ozone levels, as well as the distribution of ozone in the troposphere
and stratosphere, would also depend on other changes in atmospheric
composition—for example, changes in levels of carbon dioxide (which
affects temperatures in both the troposphere and the stratosphere),
methane (which affects the levels of reactive hydrogen oxides in the
troposphere and stratosphere that can react with ozone), and nitrous
oxide (which affects levels of nitrogen oxides in the stratosphere that can
react with ozone). Exposure to solar UVB radiation has been shown to
affect both orientation and motility in phytoplankton, resulting in
reduced survival rates for these organisms. Atmospheric ozone absorbs
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, particularly harmful UVB-type
rays. Exposure to UVB radiation is associated with the more risk of
skin cancer and cataracts, as well as damage to plants and marine eco-
systems (Olsen, 2007; Pearce et al., 1996).
4.4. Climate change
The climate changes are applies to transform in the usual weather
conditions. The reason of climate change causes are many factors like solar
radiation reaches on the earth surfaces, volcanic eruptions, biotic processes
etc. Certain human activity caused global warming. The glacier is consid-
ered more sensitive for climate change. The change in vegetation cover may
cause changed in climate. In India the climate is both diverse and changing.
The effects of rising temperature on earth surface effects on the changing
average temperature, monsoon timing and rainfall effects. The impact of
climate change divided into two parts adaption and mitigation. The effects
of climate change span the physical environment, ecosystems and human
societies. They also include the economical and social changes which stem
from living in a hotter world. Human-caused climate change is one of the
major threats to the sustainability. The physical impacts of climate change
are already visible, including extreme weather conditions, glacier retreat,
changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g. flowering of plants), sea level
rise and declines in Arctic sea ice. The ocean has taken up between 20% and
30% of human-induced atmospheric carbon dioxide since the 2020s,
leading to ocean acidification. Climate change has impacted ecosystems
and humans. The more weather events, leads to negative effects on human
health. Climate change has also contributed to the desertification and land
degradation in many regions of the world. The increasing temperatures,
changing precipitation patterns and the increase in more events threaten
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 15. Climate change effects on the environments and human beings (Demkine et al., 2009; Ren et al., 2019).
development because of negative effects on the economic growth in
developing countries. The future impact of climate change depends on the
extent to which nations implement prevention efforts, reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and adapt to inevitable climate change effects. In Fig. 15 the
climate change is having serious impacts on the world's water systems
through more flooding and droughts. Warmer air can hold a higher water
content, which makes rainfall patterns more highly. Global warming is
likely to be the greatest cause of species growth in this century. Many of the
world's threatened species live in areas that will be severely affected by
climate change. And climate change is happening too quickly for many
species to adapt (Monroy & Hernandez, 2008; Neudoerffer et al., 2001).
Climate change is observed in the Polar Regions. The earth's north and
south extremities are crucial for regulating our planet's climate and are
particularly vulnerable to the impacts of global warming, which has global
consequences. The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on
earth, accounting for around 90% of all fresh water on the earth's surface
and spanning almost 14 million sq km. This ice plays a vitally important
role in influencing the world's climate, reflecting back the sun's energy and
helping to regulate global temperatures (Rovere et al., 2010; Smith &
Ezzati, 2005).
Oceans are vital ‘carbon sinks’, meaning that they absorb huge
amounts of carbon dioxide, preventing it from reaching the upper at-
mosphere. Increased water temperatures and higher carbon dioxide
concentrations than normal, which make oceans more acidic, are already
having an impact on oceans. Oceans are already experiencing large-scale
changes at a warming of 1
C, with critical thresholds expected to be
reached at 1.5
C and above. Forests are vitally important as they soak up
carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas responsible for global warming,
and help regulate the world's climate. They're also home to countless
plant and animal species. When large areas of forest are destroyed it's
dangerous for the local species and communities that depending on them.
Dying trees emit their stores of carbon dioxide, adding to atmospheric
greenhouse gases and setting us on a course for continue global warming.
Much of the policy debate concerning climate change mitigation has
been framed by projections for the twenty-first century. The focus on a
limited time window obscures some of the problems associated with
Fig. 16. Energy based optimal energy model.
12
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
climate change (Koch et al., 2007; Luckow et al., 2010). Policy decisions
made in the next few decades will have profound impacts on the global
climate, ecosystems and human societies, not just for this century, but for
the next millennia, as near-term climate change policies significantly
affect long-term climate change impacts. The range in temperature pro-
jections partly reflects the choice of emissions scenario, and degree of
“climate sensitivity”. The climate sensitivity reflects uncertainty in the
response of climate system to past and future greenhouse gas emissions.
One of the scientific methods uses to predict the effects of human-caused
climate change is to investigate past natural changes in climate. Climate
change destabilizes the earth's temperature equilibrium and has
far-reaching effects on human beings and the environment. During the
course of global warming, the energy balance and thus the temperature
of earth change, due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases,
which has a significant impact on the humans and environment (Güney &
Kaygusuz, 2010; Hilton & Duddy, 2009).
5. Energy conservation and energy efficiency
The energy resources and their utilization are related to sustainable
development. They are strong relationship between energy efficiency
and environment impact. The improving in energy sources reduced in
energy losses. In present conditions the world main objects on environ-
mental problems like energy efficiency policy for substituted of the fossil
fuels. Energy conservation can be as simple as turning off lights or ap-
pliances when you do not need them. With the growth of economy, the
demand for energy has grown substantially. Further, the high level of
energy intensity in some of the sectors is a matter of concern. In such a
scenario efficient use of energy resources and their conservation assume
tremendous significance and are essential for curtailment of wasteful
consumption and sustainable development (Galloway et al., 2017; Ikh-
layel, 2018; Jose & Ramakrishna, 2021; U.S. Environment protection
agency (EPA), 2014). Recognizing the fact that efficient use of energy
and its conservation is the least-cost option to meet the increasing energy
demand as discussed in Fig. 16, the Government of India has enacted the
Energy Conservation Act, 2019 and established the Bureau of Energy
S. Dey et al.
Efficiency in March 2020. The Act provides for institutionalizing and
strengthening delivery mechanism for energy efficiency services in the
country and provides the much-needed coordination between the various
entities. Energy saving is a national cause and all of us will have to join
hands and make all our efforts in making India an energy efficient
economy and society so that not only remain competitive within our own
market but also are able to compete in the international market (Brundle
et al., 1977; Isaac & Daniel, 2006; Singh & Kumar, 2011; United Nations,
2020).
The energy resources are mostly needed for society development. They
are various parameters are essential to achievement a sustainable devel-
opment in a society. In these parameters includes the public awareness,
innovation energy strategy, Financing and monitoring all the evaluation
tools in the energy modeling and provides good ecological strategy. Using
less energy through efficiency measures is good for the economy of country.
By reducing the amount of energy required for certain tasks, energy effi-
ciency is also good for the planet. It can help to reduce the air and water
pollution caused by certain types of energy generation and avoids negative
impacts on the critical ecosystems—such as the obstacles a new hydro-
electric dam could impose on the migrating salmon. Energy efficiency has
more impact on your personal finances. Both energy efficiency and energy
conservation have the same goal: to save energy and the same impact
(Abbasi et al., 2011; Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016).
5.1. Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and
optimal use of these resources minimize the environmental impacts,
produce minimum secondary wastes and are sustainable based on current
and future economic and societal needs. Sun is the source of all energies.
The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Sunlight and heat are
transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways.
Some of these transformations result in renewable energy flows such as
biomass and wind energy. Renewable energy technologies provide an
excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and
reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy
sources. Renewable technology is a clean source of energy and it supply
14% of the total energy demands (Bhabha & Prasad, 1958; Grover &
Fig. 17. Applications of biogas plants for production of electricity (Zhang et al., 2022).
13
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
Chandra, 2004; Kakodkar & Grover, 2004). In the sustainable develop-
ment to measure the environmental impacts on human activity. The
excessive use of fossil fuels caused global warming by CO2 gas emissions.
The increasing level of fossil fuels caused climate change. The industry
contributes 37% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions. From the
period 2000 to 2020, CO2 emissions grew at an average rate 1.7% per year
and faster growth rate CO2 emissions at 2.2% per year by 2020. The CO2
levels have increased 31% in the past 200 year. The increasing concen-
tration of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, CFCs, N2O and O3 in the
atmosphere is acting to trap heat radiated from earth's surface and raising
the surface temperature of earth. The global surface temperature has
increased by 0.4–0.8
C in the last century above base line 14
C. The
increasing global temperature ultimately increases the sea levels at an
annual rate 1–2 mm over the last century (Islam et al., 2022; Jinshah et al.,
2022; Pradhan et al., 2022). Renewable energy resources will play an
important role in the world's future. The energy resources have been split
into three categories: fossil fuels, renewable resources and nuclear re-
sources. Renewable energy sources are those resources which can be used
to produce energy again and again, e.g. solar energy, wind energy,
biomass energy, geothermal energy, etc. and are also often called alter-
native sources of energy. Renewable energy sources that meet domestic
energy requirements have the potential to provide energy services with
almost zero emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The
power ministry report shows that India generated 122.10 TWh and out of
the total electricity produced, renewables generated 16.30 TWh as on the
August 31, 2018. India cares for the planet and has taken a ground
breaking journey in renewable energy through the last 4 years (Gupta
et al., 2000; Shuhaili et al., 2013).
Renewable energy system development will make it possible to resolve
the presently most crucial tasks like improving energy supply reliability
and organic fuel economy as shown in Fig. 17; solving problems of local
energy and water supply; increasing the standard of living and level of
employment of the local population; ensuring sustainable development
of the remote areas in the desert and mountain zones; implementation of
obligations of the countries with regard to fulfilling the international
agreements relating to environmental protection. In Fig. 18 shows that the
development and implementations of renewable energy project in rural
areas can create job opportunities and thus minimizing migration towards
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 18. Renewable and nonrenewable energy conversions and transfer into electricity productions (Elliott, 2000; Wustenhagen et al., 2007).
the urban areas. The renewable energy is one of the best options to meet in
the rural areas. The small scale energy demands are reliable, affordable
and environmental friendly nature (Arora & Prasad, 2016; Ayoub &
Abdullah, 2012; Scott et al., 2004).
Climate change is one of the primary concerns for humanity in the
21st century. The potentially most important environmental problem
relating to energy is global climate change (global warming or the
greenhouse effect). The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases
such as CO2, CH4, CFCs, Halons, N2O, ozone and per oxy acetyl nitrate in
the atmosphere is acting to trap heat radiated from earth's surface and is
raising the surface temperature of earth. The sun emits energy at a rate of
3.8  1023 kW, of which, approximately 1.8  1014 kW is intercepted by
the earth. There is a huge scope to utilize available solar energy for
thermal applications such as cooking, water heating and crop drying, etc.
Of the renewable energy technologies applied to electricity generation,
wind energy ranks second only to hydroelectric in terms of installed
capacity and is experiencing rapid growth. The Technology Development
and Innovation Policy (TDIP) released on the October 6, 2017 was
endeavored to promote research, development and demonstration (RD &
D) in the renewable energy sector (Koh & Ghazoul, 2008; Schlamadinger,
1997; Thompson & Duggirala, 2009).
In Fig. 19 shown that the thermal energy conversion system into the
environments for production of electricity. India is one of the most
promising countries for wind power generation in the world. The pro-
duction of biogas through anaerobic digestion offers significant advan-
tages over other forms of bioenergy production. It has been evaluated as
one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally beneficial tech-
nology for bioenergy production. For the production of biogas it is
possible to use several different raw materials and digestion
Fig. 19. Renewable thermal energy conversion system into the environments (Dincer, 1999; Himri et al., 2009).
14
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
technologies. The various fields of application for the biogas and digested
product result in great differences in the environmental performance
among the potential biogas systems. Among the raw materials are
organic waste from households and the food industry, produced energy
crops and agricultural waste products, such as crop residues and manure
(Steurer & Martinuzzi, 2007; Torres-Duque et al., 2008). Hydrogen is
expected to play a key role in the world's energy generation in future by
replacing fossil fuels. Hydrogen is gaining more attention as an encour-
aging future energy. Its conversion to heat or power is simple and clean.
When burnt with oxygen, hydrogen generates no pollutants, only water,
which can return to nature. However, hydrogen, the most common
chemical element on the planet, does not exist in nature in its elemental
form. It has to be separated from chemical compounds, by electrolysis
from water or by chemical processes from hydrocarbons or other
hydrogen carriers (Rovere et al., 2010; Smith & Ezzati, 2005).
Pyrolysis of biomass → H2 þ CO2 þ CO þ Hydrocarbon gases
Catalytic steam reforming of biomass → H2 þ CO2 þ CO þ Hydrocarbon
gases
Gasification of biomass → H2 þ CO2 þ CO þ N2
The electricity for the electrolysis may come eventually from clean
renewable sources such as solar radiation, kinetic energy of wind and
water, or geothermal heat. Therefore, hydrogen may become an impor-
tant link between renewable physical energy and chemical energy car-
riers. A comprehensive literature survey of major renewable energy
S. Dey et al.
gadgets for domestic and industrial applications such as solar water
heaters, solar cookers, dryers, wind energy, biogas technology, biomass
gasifies, improved cook stoves and biodiesel was made. This review gives
an overview of the development and scope of CO2 mitigation for clean
and sustainable development. The use of solar drying in the agricultural
products has good potential for energy conservation in the developing
nations (Pearce et al., 1996; Rovere et al., 2010). For the protection of
environment, social development and economics benefits can be getting
by using renewable energy sources, because there is no requirement of
fuel. Renewable energy source will be the best option for minimizing
pollution, increasing economy, energy security and job opportunities;
also poverty will be reduced because mostly poor people rely on the
natural resources. In addition, the renewable energy projects have
facilitated the communities by establishing trusts fund that to invest the
money earned by selling electricity in local economy. Renewable energy
projects have also contributed in improving environmental impacts such
as reduction of CO2 gas, awakening community about the climate
change. This study observed very small impacts in improvement of life
standard, social bonds creation and community development. They also
observed that the renewable energy projects are complex to install and
are local environmental conditions (Olsen, 2007; Pearce et al., 1996).
5.2. Compares the costs associate with renewable energy sources and
non-renewable energy sources
Renewable are now significantly undercutting fossil fuels as the world's
cheapest source of energy. Of the wind, solar and other renewable that
came on stream in 2020, nearly two-thirds 62% were cheaper than the
cheapest new fossil fuel, according to the International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA). The cost of renewable technologies like wind and solar is
falling significantly. This is fueling the rise of renewable as the world's
cheapest source of energy. The cost of large-scale solar projects has
plunged 85% in a decade. Retiring costly coal plants would also cut around
three giga tonnes of CO2 a year. The cheaper renewable energy available in
developed and developing countries a compelling reason to phase out coal
while meeting the growing energy demands (Monroy & Hernandez, 2008;
Neudoerffer et al., 2001). Retiring costly coal plants would also reduces
the emission of CO2 a year and 20% of the reduction in emissions needed
by 2030 to avert climate catastrophe. Emerging economies will save up to
$156 billion over the lifespan of the renewable projects added in 2020
alone. The solar power is one of the cheapest electricity productions in
history. These technologies are cheaper than coal and gas in mostly the
major countries. This predicts that emerging and developing economies
will need to increase their annual clean energy investment by more than
seven times from less than $150 billion in 2020 to over $1 trillion by 2030
to put the world on track to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 (Koch et al.,
2007; Luckow et al., 2010).
6. Challenges of renewable energy sources for energy production
in India
The renewable energy is becoming an important part of the mix of
energy production in various parts of India. Renewable energy still faces
major hurdles to wider adoption. Some are associated with various
renewable energy technologies, and others are due to the modern re-
alities of the marketplace, regulations and infrastructure.
6.1. Cost of production
The most important and well-known difficulty to renewable energy
adoption right now is cost, in particular, the costs associated with
building and installing facilities like solar or wind farms. In renewable
sources of energy, solar and winds are quite cheaper to operate as
compared to “fuels”. The majority of cost for renewable energy
application is in their installation. The installation costs can make
lenders more prone to seeing renewable as high-risk, which has the
15
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
effect of driving up borrowing rates and making it more difficult to
justify the investment. Incidentally, for fossil fuel plants, rising fuel
costs can be passed onto consumers, who mostly accept the large price
swings as a fact of life (Güney & Kaygusuz, 2010; Hilton & Duddy,
2009).
6.2. Energy transmission
To sufficiently leverage renewable sources, a great deal of new
transmission infrastructure is required. Over the course of the 20th
century, power transmission infrastructure was built with large fossil fuel
plants and nuclear plants in mind. E.g. the off-shore wind farms are some
of the best hopes for sources of renewable energy.
6.3. Barriers to entry
With non-renewable energy being well-established, the utilities
behind these legacy systems hold immense market power, and this pre-
sents a powerful barrier for renewable energy. Solar, wind, and other
renewable sources of energy have to vie with deeper pockets, established
infrastructure and decades of experience and policy. Start-ups must deal
with even bigger barriers to entry as they must contend with massive
market players. To show their value, start-ups must show an ability to
scale, as investors typically demand large amounts of energy production,
which can be challenging. Higher investment in clean energy from gov-
ernments, via subsidies and other measures, could level the playing field
(Abbasi et al., 2011; Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016).
6.4. Availability of power
One of the biggest concerns in the field of renewable energy is power
generation depending on natural resources that are uncontrollable by
humans. For example, solar powered electricity is generated only when
sunshine is available and turns off at night; wind energy also depends on
the availability of wind, so if the wind speed is very low, the turbine will
not turn, and this result in zero power flow to the grid.
6.5. Power quality issues
Consistently high power quality is needed to ensure stability and high
efficiency of the network. The quality of power supply allows the system
to work well with high reliability and lower costs. The poor power
quality can have major adverse effects on the power grid as well as in-
dustrial processes. It can lead to high costs and equipment failure. The RD
& D intended to evaluate resources, progress in technology, commer-
cialization, and the presentation of renewable energy technologies across
the country. It aimed to produce renewable power devices and systems
domestically.
6.6. Resource location
Most renewable energy plants that share their energy with the grid
require large areas of space. In most cases, renewable energy sources are
dictated by location which can be off-putting to users. Firstly, some
renewable energy sources are simply not available in different regions.
Secondly, the distance between the renewable energy source and the grid
is a major aspect in term of cost and efficiency. In addition to this,
renewable energy sources depend on weather, climate and geographical
location (Ayoub & Abdullah, 2012; Koh & Ghazoul, 2008).
6.7. Information barrier
While this area is improving, there is a lack of information and
awareness about the benefits and need of renewable energy. Investment
and capital allowances have been made available for the implementation
of renewable energies. There is a clear need for government agencies to
S. Dey et al.
assist and advice applicants and potential recipients how to go about
applying for renewable energy incentives.
6.8. Politics
Multi-billion-dollar industries tend to wield massive political influ-
ence, and the non-renewable energy industry is no exception. In most
countries, the legacy power industry is backed by subsidies, tax breaks,
incentives and regulatory loopholes. Whilst these advantages have
probably increase production, they've also diverted resources that may
have helped the expansion of renewable energy.
6.9. Oversupply of renewable energy
In recent year, governments and private companies around the globe
have ramped up the production of solar panels. However, even with a
growing industry, the large uptick in panel production created an over-
supply situation. Since the supply is currently so much higher than de-
mand, companies are scaling back their long-term investments and even
going out of business. Investors have lost millions as a result. The over-
supply situation of today could significantly hamstring the solar energy
technology of tomorrow. This could have the knock-on effect of dis-
rupting its long-term adoption (Gulagi et al., 2017; Patel & Kumar,
2017).
7. Renewable energy policy of India
India's dependence on imported energy resources and the inconsistent
reform of the energy sector are challenges to satisfying rising demand. In
Fig. 20, the 2019 edition of BP's energy outlook projected India's energy
consumption rising by 156% between 2017 and 2040. It predicts that the
country's energy mix will evolve slowly to 2040, with fossil fuels ac-
counting for 79% of demand in 2040, down from 92% in 2017. In actual
terms, between 2017 and 2040, primary energy consumption from fossil
fuels is expected to increase by 120%. There is an acute demand for more
reliable power supplies, though early in 2019. India was set to achieve
100% household electricity connection. The government's 12th five-year
plan for 2012–18 targeted the addition of 94 GWe over the period,
costing $247 billion. By 2032 the plan called for total installed capacity
of 700 GWe to meet 7–9% GDP growth, with 63 GWe nuclear (Patel &
Srivastava, 2019; Zabeltitz, 1994). The OECD's International Energy
Agency predicts that India will need some $1.6 trillion investment in
power generation, transmission and distribution to 2035. In March 2018,
the government stated that nuclear capacity would fall well short of its
63 GWe target and that the total nuclear capacity is likely to be about
22.5 GWe by the year 2031. India has five electricity grids – Northern,
Fig. 20. Renewable energy production and application in India announced by the government of India (Bilgen et al., 2004; Farhad et al., 2008; Kakodkar &
Grover, 2004).
16
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
Eastern, North-Eastern, Southern and Western. All of them are inter-
connected to some extent, except the southern grid. All are run by the
state-owned Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCI), which operates
more than 95,000 circuit km of transmission lines. In July 2020 the
Northern grid failed with 35,669 MWe load in the early morning, and the
following day it plus parts of two other grids failed again so that over
600 million people in 28 states were without power for up to a day. The
evaluation of standards and resources, processes, materials, components,
products, services, and sub-systems was carried out through RD&D. A
development of the market, efficiency improvements, cost reductions,
and a promotion of commercialization (scalability and bankability) were
achieved through RD&D. Likewise, the percentage of renewable energy
in the total electricity mix made it self-sustainable, industrially compet-
itive and profitable through RD&D. The RD&D also supported technology
development and demonstration in wind, solar, wind–solar hybrid, bio-
fuel, biogas, hydrogen fuel cells and geothermal energies. The Impacting
Research Innovation and Technology (IMPRINT) program seeks to
develop engineering and technology (prototype/process development)
on a national scale. IMPRINT is steered by the Indian Institute of Tech-
nologies (IITs) and Indian Institute of science (IISCs) (Charles, Kumar,
et al., 2019a; Pappas, 2017).
A KPMG report in 2018 said that the transmission and distribution
(T&D) losses were worth more than $6 billion per year. A 2020 report
showed that the losses as $12.6 billion per year. A 2018 estimate shows
big differences among the states, with some very high, and a national
average of 27% T&D loss, well above the target 15% set in 2016 when the
average figure was 34%. Much of this was attributed to theft. Installed
transmission capacity was only about 13% of generation capacity. In
Fig. 20 shown Since 2015 India has made more energy capacity additions
and efficiency upgrades to its transmission grid to reduce technical losses
getting power to the load centers. In 2018, the National Load Dispatch
Centre began supervising regional load dispatch centers, scheduling and
dispatching electricity and monitoring operations of the national grid
(Blondeel & Van, 2018; Kumar, 2016).
By the end of 2018, the country's five regional grids were inter-
connected for synchronous operation with greater efficiency. India has
also more than doubled the extent and capacity of high-voltage, direct-
current (HVDC) lines since 2018, with fewer losses over long distances
than AC lines. India's priority is economic growth and to alleviate
poverty. The importance of coal means that CO2 emission reduction is not
a high priority, and the government declined to set targets ahead of the
21st Conference of the parties on climate change held in Delhi in 2018.
The environment minister in September 2018 said it would be 30 year
before India would be likely to see a decrease in CO2 emissions (Charles,
Arunsi, et al., 2019b; Sholapurkar & Mahajan, 2015). In Fig. 21 repre-
sents that the India's fuel condition, with shortage of fossil fuels, is
S. Dey et al.
Fig. 21. Future prospective of conventional and non-conventional energy sources in India (Pearce et al., 1996; Rovere et al., 2010; Smith & Ezzati, 2005).
driving the nuclear investment for electricity and 25% nuclear contri-
bution is the ambition for 2050, when 1094 GWe of base-load capacity is
expected to be required. Almost as much investment in the grid system as
in the power plants is necessary. The size and growth of a country's
population significantly affects the demand for energy. With
1.406 billion citizens, India is ranked second, of the most populous
countries as of January 2022. The growth of India's energy consumption
will be the fastest among all significant economies by 2040, with coal
meeting most of this demand followed by renewable energy. Renewable
energy became the second most significant source of domestic power
production, overtaking gas and then oil, by 2020. The demand for
renewable energy in India will have a tremendous growth of 256 Mtoe in
2040 from 17 Mtoe in 2016, with an annual increase of 12%. India
consumed around 17 Mtoe of renewable energy in 2016, and this will be
256 Mtoe in 2040. It is probable that India's energy consumption will
grow fastest among all major economies by 2040, with coal contributing
most in meeting this demand followed by renewable (Harrison & Kostka,
2014; Olabi & Abdelkareem, 2022; Shukl, 2017).
In Fig. 22 shows that the percentage shares of renewable energy
consumption in 2016 was 2% and is predicted to increase by 13% by
2040. In 2018, the total energy demand was 1,212,134 GWh, and the
availability was 1,203,567 GWh, i.e., a deficit of 0.7%. According to the
Load generation and Balance Report (2016–2017) of the Central Elec-
tricity Authority of India (CEAI), the electrical energy demand for
2021–2022 is anticipated to be at least 1915 TWh (terawatt hours), with
a peak electricity demand of 298 GW. Increasing urbanization and rising
income levels are responsible for an increased demand for electrical
appliances, i.e., an increased demand for electricity in the residential
sector. The estimated potential of wind power in the country during 2015
was found to be 20,000 MW (20 GW), solar energy was 5  1015 kWh/pa,
bioenergy was 17,000 MW, biogas generation was 8000 MW and small
Fig. 22. Renewable energy produces new capacity clean energy sources of India (Bilgen et al., 2004; Neudoerffer et al., 2001).
17
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
hydropower was 10,000 MW (Khare et al., 2013; Schmid, 2012). For
2018, the renewable potential was estimated at 85,000 MW with wind
4500 MW, solar 35 MW, biomass/bioenergy 25,000 MW and small hy-
dropower of 15,000 MW. According to the annual report of the Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for 2018–2019, the estimated
potential of wind power was 302.251 GW (at 100-m mast height), of
small hydropower 19.749 GW, biomass power 17.536 GW, biogas
cogeneration 5 GW, waste to energy (WTE) 2.554 GW, and solar energy
748.990 GW. The estimated total renewable potential amounted to
1096.080 GW. Renewable energy (small hydropower, wind, biomass,
WTE and solar) accounted for an approximate 21% share of the cumu-
lative installed power capacity and the remaining 78.791% originated
from other conventional sources (coal, gas diesel, nuclear, and large
hydropower). The top private companies in the field of non-conventional
energy generation are Tata Power Solar, Suzlon, and ReNew Power. Tata
Power Solar System Limited is the most significant integrated solar power
players in the country, Suzlon realizes wind energy projects and Renew
Power Ventures operate with solar and wind power (Blenkinsopp et al.,
2013; Kandp & Garg, 1998). The installed capacity of cumulative
renewable energy (state wise) out of the total installed capacity of 74,
081.66 MW, where Karnataka ranks first with 12,953.24 MW (17.485%),
Tamil Nadu second with 11,934.38 MW (16%), Maharashtra third with
9283.78 MW (12.532%), Gujarat fourth with 10.641 MW (10.641%),
and Rajasthan fifth with 7573.86 MW (10.224%). These five states cover
almost 66.991% of the installed capacity of total renewable energy power
in India (Rehman & Hussain, 2017; Wang et al., 2014).
In Fig. 23 shows that the other prominent states are Andhra Pradesh
(9.829%), Madhya Pradesh (5.819%), Telangana (5.137%) and Uttar Pra-
desh (3.879%). These nine states cover almost 91.655%. This sector is the
fourth most attractive renewable energy market in the world. As in October
2020, India ranked fifth in installed renewable energy capacity. The
S. Dey et al.
government is building more renewable energy power plants that will
require a workforce. The increasing investments in the renewable energy
sector have the potential to provide more jobs than any other fossil fuel
industry. Local businesses and renewable energy sectors will benefit from
this change, as income will increase significantly (Arto, 2016; Khare, 2013).
7.1. Various steps taken by governments to adopt sustainable measurement
The socio-economic sustainability has emerged the common goal of the
policy makers globally. There have been several campaigns and programs
all of which are intended to promote sustainability. Governments must put
up implementable strategies that are all encompassing across the various
sociopolitical classes and different industry levels. The global warming and
climate change pose severe challenges to sustainability and this is attrib-
uted to social and economic root causes. It is reported that 60% of green-
house gas emissions globally produce from the economic source. The
International Federation of Global and Green Information Communication
Technology (IFGICT), is to practice and achieve eco-friendly deployment
and use of ICT in the society (Bandyopadhyay, 2017; Naidu, 1996). In
Fig. 24 shows that the developed countries often exploit these gaps while
dealing with the developing nations. Due to indebtedness to the developed
nations, many developing nations lack the willpower to reject such
exploitation. Like developing countries, the majority of developing coun-
tries have policies, legislation, guidelines, etc. associated with environ-
mental protection. India doubled its renewable power capacity in the last 4
year. The cumulative renewable power capacity in 2017–2018 reached 35,
500 MW and rose to 70,000 MW in 2020–2021. India stands in the fourth
and sixth position regarding the cumulative installed capacity in the wind
and solar sector, respectively. Furthermore, its cumulative installed
Fig. 23. India renewable energy sector wise electricity production from various industries (Koch et al., 2007; Patel & Kumar, 2017).
Fig. 24. India progress on its renewable energy target in the future energy production (Amjith & Bavanish, 2022; Ren et al., 2019; Wang, Yen-Ku, et al., 2022b).
18
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
renewable energy capacity stands in fifth position globally as of the
December 31, 2018. The cumulative renewable energy capacity target for
2022 is given as 175 GW. There is tremendous growth in solar power. The
cumulative installed solar capacity increased by more than eight times in
the last 4 year from 2.630 GW (2017–2018) to 22 GW (2020–2021). As of
the December 31, 2020, the installed capacity amounted to 25.2122 GW.
The country published competitive bidding guidelines for the production of
renewable power. It also discovered the lowest tariff and transparent bid-
ding method and resulted in a notable decrease in per unit cost of renew-
able energy. The cumulative installed capacity of wind power increased by
1.6 times in the last 4 year. In 2017–2018, it amounted to 21 GW, from
2020 to 2021 it amounted to 34 GW, and as of December 31, 2020, it
reached 35.138 GW (Kumar & Pal, 2018; Ministry of New and Renewable,
2017). Thirty-four companies (most significant global and domestic wind
power players) competed in the “expression of interest” (EoI) floated on the
plan to set up India's first mega offshore wind farm with a capacity of 1 GW.
Total 682 MW small hydropower projects were installed during the last 4
year along with 600 watermills (mechanical applications) and 132 projects
still under development. Solar street lights were more than doubled. Solar
home lighting systems have been improved by around 1.5 times. More than
2,575,000 solar lamps have been distributed to students. From 2017 to
2018 to 2020–2021, more than 2.5 lakh (0.25 million) biogas plants were
set up for cooking in rural homes to enable families by providing them
access to clean fuel (Anonymous; Anonymous, 2018a; Anonymous, 2018b;
Dawn et al., 2019).
Expressions of interest (EoI) were invited for installing solar
photovoltaic manufacturing capacities associated with the guaranteed
off-take of 20 GW. The renewable sector has become considerably more
attractive for foreign and domestic investors, and the country expects to
S. Dey et al.
attract up to USD 80 billion in the next 4 year from 2018 to 2019 to
2021–2022. Bidding for 115 GW renewable energy projects up to
March 2020 was announced. Technology validation and demonstration
projects and other innovative projects with regard to renewable
received a financial assistance of 50% of the project cost (Anonymous,
2017; Nesamalar et al., 2017; Radenahmad et al., 2020; Mishra et al.,
2015). The State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) achieved a
favorable and neutral/off-putting effect in the growth of the renewable
power sector through their RPO regulations in consultation with the
MNRE. The cell will operate along with the Central Electricity Regu-
latory Commission (CERC) and SERCs to obtain monthly statements on
RPO compliance. Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index is
based on the attractiveness of renewable energy investment and
deployment opportunities. RECAI is based on macro vitals such as
economic stability, investment climate, energy imperatives such as
security and supply, clean energy gap and affordability. It also includes
policy enablement such as political stability and support for renewable.
Its emphasis lies on project delivery parameters such as energy market
access, infrastructure and distributed generation, finance, cost and
availability and transaction liquidity (Choragudi, 2013; Li et al., 2019;
Olabi & Abdelkareem, 2022; Ren et al., 2019).
In Fig. 25 shows the government is building more renewable energy
power plants that will require a workforce. The increasing investments in
the renewable energy sector have the potential to provide more jobs than
any other fossil fuel industry. The regulatory framework and procedures
are different for every state because they define the respective RPOs
(Renewable Purchase Obligations) and this creates a higher risk of in-
vestments in this sector. Additionally, the policies are applicable for just
5 year, and the generated risk for investments in this sector is apparent. In
2019–2020, transmission lines were installed under the green energy
corridor project by the PGCIL, with 1900 circuit km targeted in
Fig. 25. India cumulative installed power capacity for production of energy (Grover & Chandra, 2004; Kakodkar & Grover, 2004).
Fig. 26. India reaches renewable energy production target for clean energy sources (Monroy & Hernandez, 2008; Patel & Kumar, 2017).
19
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
2018–2019. The implementation of the green energy corridor project
explicitly meant to connect renewable energy plants to the national grid.
The budget allocation of INR 6 billion for 2019–2020 should be increased
to higher values (Amjith & Bavanish, 2022; Mukhtarov et al., 2022; Olabi
et al., 2020; Wang, Yen-Ku, et al., 2022b). The government should pro-
vide enough budgets for the clean energy sector. China's annual budget
for renewable energy is 128 times higher than India's. In 2018, China
spent USD 126.6 billion (INR 9 lakh crore) compared to India's USD
10.9 billion (INR 75500 crore). In Fig. 26 shows that the government
should concentrate on R&D and provide a surplus fund for R&D. In 2017,
the budget allotted was an INR 445 crore, which was reduced to an INR
272.85 crore in 2018. In 2019–2020, the initial allocation was an INR
144 crore that was reduced to an INR 81 crore during the revised esti-
mates. It is observed that the price of electricity production using
renewable technologies is higher than that for conventional generation
technologies, but is likely to fall with increasing experience in the tech-
niques involved. The ministry along with financial and technical in-
stitutions has helped India in the promotion of renewable energy and
diversification of its energy mix. The country is engaged in expanding the
use of clean energy sources and has already undertaken several
large-scale sustainable energy projects to ensure the massive growth of
green energy resources (Cergibozan, 2022; Miao et al., 2022; Singh,
_
2022; Zhang et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022; Inal et al., 2022).
India's announcement that it aims to reach net zero emissions by 2070
and to meet fifty percent of its electricity requirements from renewable
energy sources by 2030 is a hugely significant moment for the global
fight against climate change. India is pioneering a new model of eco-
nomic development that could avoid the carbon-intensive approaches
that many countries have pursued in the past and provide a blueprint for
other developing economies. The scale of transformation in India is
stunning. Its economic growth has been among the highest in the world
S. Dey et al.
over the past two decades, lifting of millions of people out of poverty.
Coal and oil have so far served as bedrocks of India's industrial growth
and modernization, giving a rising number of Indian people access to
modern energy services (Bekun et al., 2020; Chapel, 2022; Ehigiamusoe
& Dogan, 2022; Sharma et al., 2022). This includes adding new elec-
tricity connections for 50 million citizens each year over the past decade.
India's sheer size and its huge scope for growth means that its energy
demand is set to grow by more than that of any other country in the
coming decades. In a pathway to net zero emissions by 2070, we estimate
that the most of the growth in energy demand this decade would already
have to be met with low-carbon energy sources. It therefore makes sense
that Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced more ambitious tar-
gets for 2030, including installing 500 GW of renewable energy capacity,
reducing the emissions intensity of its economy by 45%, and reducing a
billion tonnes of CO2. Owing to technological developments, steady
policy support and vibrant private sector solar power plants are cheaper
to build than coal ones (Alper & Oguz, 2016; Bibi & Li, 2022; Radmehr
et al., 2021; Vural, 2021).
Renewable electricity is growing at a faster rate in India than any
other major economy, with new capacity additions on track to double by
2026. The country is also one of the world's largest producers of modern
bioenergy and has big ambitions to scale up its use across the economy.
India already has a numerous policy measures in place that if fully
implemented could address some of these challenges by accelerating the
shift to cleaner and more efficient technologies. A transition to clean
energy is a huge economic opportunity. India is particularly well placed
to become a global leader in renewable batteries and green hydrogen.
These and other low-carbon technologies could create a market worth up
to $80 billion in India by 2030 (Bayar & Gavriletea, 2019; Maji et al.,
2019; Mathews & Reinert, 2014; Wang et al., 2018). Support from the
international community is essential to help shift India's development
onto a low-carbon path. Achieving net zero is not just about reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. India's energy transition needs to benefit its
citizens, and well-designed policies can limit the potential trade-offs
between affordability, security and sustainability. Green hydrogen will
play a major role in achieving the net zero and decarbonizing the
hard-to-abate sectors. India aims to become a global hub for green
hydrogen production and exports. India could easily create
5 million tonnes green hydrogen demand thereby replacing gray
hydrogen in the refineries and fertilizer sector. As a large developing
economy with over 1.3 billion people, India's climate adaptation and
mitigation ambitions are not just transformational for India but for the
entire planet. NITI Aayog and IEA are committed to work together to
enable India to grow, industrialize and provide a better quality of life to
its citizens without the need to carbonize (Adedoyin et al., 2020; Gurung
& Oh, 2013; Zeng et al., 2017).
8. Conclusions
The conventional energy resources like oil, gas and coal are very
important for the improvement in economical conditions of the country.
In this study, the renewable energy strategy for sustainable development
is key parameters for development. The renewable energy is a beneficial
for environmental and health. The energy resources and their utilization
are related to sustainable development. In energy technology storing of
natural resources (fossil and nuclear) are focused to shifting renewable
energy technology like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy,
geothermal energy, hydrogen energy and biomass energy. All the factors
like emission of greenhouse gases, availability of resources, land re-
quirements, water consumption, social impacts and price of power
generated are taken into consideration for the classification of renewable
energy sources. Renewable energy will account for 55% of the total
installed power capacity by 2030. It is expected that by 2040, around
49% of the total electricity will be generated by renewable energy as
more efficient batteries will be used to store electricity, which will
further cut the solar energy cost by 66% as compared to the current cost.
20
Innovation and Green Development 1 (2022) 100006
In addition, the renewable energy has the potential to create many
employment opportunities at all levels, especially in rural areas. The
Government of India wants to develop a ‘green city’ in every state of the
country, powered by renewable energy. The technological innovations of
the emerging economies are mainly directed towards the economic sus-
tainability while ignoring the environmental recovery. Therefore, the
technological innovation dampens renewable energy consumption in
these economies. Interestingly, existing studies have shown that envi-
ronmental regulation and technological innovation can influence the
energy demand in developed and emerging economies.
Funding statement
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in
the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Data availability statement
The statements in the paper are properly cited in the manuscript and
no additional data is available.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
All authors of this research paper have directly participated in the
planning, execution, or analysis of this study.
All authors of this paper have read and approved the final version
submitted.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful for the support from all the faculty members
and lab in charges of Civil Engineering Department, Gudlavalleru Engi-
neering College, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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