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Managing Sustainability in Electricity Generation

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DOI: 10.1109/IEEM45057.2020.9309994

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 Managing Sustainability in Electricity Generation
M. J. B. Kabeyi1 and O. A. Olanrewaju2
1, 2
Industrial Engineering Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban South Africa
22064693@dut4life.ac.za1 , oludolapoo@dut.ac.za2
Abstract - This study looked energy sustainability and
sustainable development and measures necessary to ensure
that electricity generation is sustainable. Current literature
in form of published journal articles and conference
proceedings as well as scientific and technical reports on the
area of sustainable energy and development was examined.
It was noted that there can be no development without
energy and there can never be sustainable development
without sustainable energy. There is need to sustainably
exploit the energy resources to meet current energy needs
and those of future generations in an environmentally
friendly manner while noting that about 35% of the
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions come from energy
related activities in power generation. Technological
advances which include smart grids and decentralization of
generation as well as energy carrier technologies are rapidly
providing electricity access options available beyond the
traditional grid. The study showed that electrification of the
global energy mix, electrification of the transport sector,
energy efficiency measures and enhanced use of low carbon
and renewable energy resources for electricity will play a
significant role in the future sustainable energy transition.
Additionally to realize energy sustainability effective
measures include increased use of solar and wind for grid
electricity, use of sustainable energy carriers like hydrogen,
development and adoption of energy efficiency measures,
limiting environmental impact of energy use including
carbon sequestration and enhancing socioeconomic
acceptability through community involvement and social
acceptability, economic affordability and equity, lifestyles,
land use and aesthetics. Whereas renewable energy is a
solution to sustainable energy and electricity, current
technology and limitation make it necessary to have an
optimized mix of renewable and low carbon nonrenewable
for sustainable grid electricity.
Keywords - Renewable energy, Sustainability, Sustainable
electricity, Barriers to sustainable energy, sustainable
development.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is a very important input for socio-economic
development of all Nations and stimulates economic
growth, but with a risk of serious environmental impact
and consequences if not managed well [1]. This is because
energy production, processing and use is related to climate
change and other environmental concerns like air
pollution, depletion of ozone layer, destruction of forests,
and emission of radioactive and other dangerous solid and
gaseous wastes to the ecosystem [2, 3]. Access to
sustainable and modern renewable energy has a role to
play in poverty eradication, improvement of health and
978-1-5386-7220-4/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
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provision of basic human needs. The use of renewable
energy sources will help mitigate climate change.
Renewable technologies are considered as clean with less
wastes and less environmental impact compared to
conventional and non-renewable energy sources [4].
According [5], a sustainable energy system has to take into
consideration the limits of resource supply and
environmental impact in form of greenhouse gas emissions
by maximizing use of renewable sources of energy [5].
Unfortunately, many renewable energy sources are
unreliable supply, low conversion efficiency, seasonal
variability and unpredictability. Energy production is
responsible for over two-thirds of combined greenhouse
gas emissions and over 80% of CO and thus, any effort
to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change is
encouraged [2, 6]. For energy and electricity to be
sustainable, it is required to meet the needs of current and
future energy needs, facilitate environmental conservation
or protection, and enable fare or equal access by all people
and should be acceptable to all stakeholders in the energy
transition.
The objective of this study to examine the key factors
sustainability concerns in electricity generation and energy
use for sustainable development. The study covers
research previously reported on energy sustainability and
sustainable development and formulates pragmatic
concepts with practical sustainable energy options.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
About 2.8 billion people which is about 40% of the
world population use solid fuels like wood, agricultural
waste and animal waste for cooking and heating, while
about 1.2 billion people have no access to electricity, of
these 95% are in sub-Saharan Africa and developing
countries in Asia [7,8]. According to [7] one in five of the
world population do not have access to electricity of whom
about two thirds will have access by 2030. It is important
to note, that the energy sector is necessary for any
development and growth of the economy of all countries
[9]. The continuous growth of world economy and
population and ever increasing energy demand have led to
continued and increasing use of fossil fuels like coal, oil,
natural gas whose use is associated with problems like
greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil fuels
reserves, geopolitical, social and political conflicts over
resources and increased price and supply instability. These
scenarios have created unsustainable situations and threats
to mankind and his environment [10, 11]. Management of
energy mix and energy efficiency play key roles is
530
 Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE IEEM
managing greenhouse gas emissions from power
generation. Meeting the long-term climate objectives of
the Paris Agreement requires urgently tackling energy-
related greenhouse gas emissions especially the use of
renewable energy. However the consumption of renewable
energy also needs to be sustainable for them to remain
renewable [10]. It is necessary for countries to individually
and collectively define and implement desirable energy
policies for accelerated clean energy transitions that are
enabled by real-world solutions, supported by analysis,
and built on data [12].
III. SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
A. Sustainability
Sustainability comes down to the kind of future we are
leaving for the next generation. The degree to which
sustainability and sustainable development can be realized
by countries is different for different countries because of
variation in wealth, size, living standards, political
systems and culture from country to country [2]. For
sustainability to grow routes requires that individuals must
play a major role in developing conducive and enabling
environmental and social circumstances. The current and
future generations must create solutions and adapt if
sustainability has to be realized [13]. Companies are
expected to be accountable for the performance of their
entire supply chain and for an evolving set of sustainability
issues. With this, sustainability requires responsibility and
provides an opportunity to harness human creativity and
develop measures to protect and enhance our shared
environment, respect, and empower all people and build
enduring wealth for all, for today and future
[14].Sustainability programs try to bridge the gap between
laws and the fundamentals of good business practice, such
as avoidance of exploitative practices and enhanced
transparency. For business operations to be successful in
the future, they must consider social, environmental, and
supply issues wherever they operate, and in addition
wherever their suppliers and their customers operate. An
organization's focus on sustainability results in improved
corporate reputation, higher brand equity, better risk
management, and increased access to capital, and is vital
to attracting and retaining top talent [15]. Therefore
sustainability has an individual and institutional dimension
integrated.
B. Principles of Sustainability
According to [16], there are four principles of
sustainability namely futurity, environmental, equity and
participation principles.
i.) Futurity principle
The futurity principle is concerned with meeting the
needs of present and future generations equitably
[17].According to [16] renewable energy may not sustain
the levels of energy demand in developed countries. All
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renewable energy scenarios involve reducing energy
demand through energy efficiency measures.
(ii) Environmental Principle
This principle reflects the notion that sustainability
must be measured against the ability of the atmosphere to
absorb the consequences of human activity. With this
principle in mind, more weight is assigned to eco-
conservation than to the present or future generations of
human beings. Comparison has to be made between the
atmospheric emissions from renewable energy and fossil
fuel technologies where renewable energy technologies
are usually superior even though they also have challenges
[16].
(iii) The equity principle
In this principle, it is argued that the world resources
should be shared far more equitably. This scenario or
transformation can only be achieved if energy efficient
technologies are available for heavy users like developed
countries. With same energy efficient technologies, the
equity principle can be achieved if the rich industrialized
countries are prepared to reduce their consumption to a
level that is acceptable to all [16]. Therefore equity
principle calls for heavy users of natural resources to invest
more in conservation options and technologies.
(iv) The participation principles
This principle came up in the 1992 Rio Earth Summit
sustainability debate in which it was acknowledged that all
stakeholders should be involved in change process. This
was enshrined in Principle 10 of the Rio declaration.
Therefore any sustainable energy transition should
incorporate consultation and participation by all
stakeholders [16].
C. Sustainability in Energy and Electricity Generation
It is not possible to realize development without energy
resources, and it is also not possible to realize sustainable
development without sustainable energy exploitation [23].
Energy sustainability involves sustainable use of energy
resources which comprises of systems, processes, and
technologies adopted at harvesting, conversion, handling
and consumption [2]. There is need to develop appropriate
energy options in place conventional and nonrenewable
sources like natural gas, coal, oil, uranium [21]. Many
energy and sustainability projects tend to have long-term
non-financial benefits like increased productivity, talent
attraction and retention, improved worker health, quality
products and services [22]. Therefore sustainable
development strategies should incorporate sustainable
energy and electricity options and solutions. In their study
on modelling of electricity supply for Tanzania under
multiple scenarios, [29] observed that hydropower, coal,
natural gas, coal and geothermal energy constitute least
cost energy supply options for electricity generation in all
 Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE IEEM
the four scenarios they considered namely, business as
usual, high economic growth, low economic growth and
weather. The findings of this study imply that sustainable
electricity generation has to factor in some non-renewable
energy sources based on resource availability and cost.
Increased adoption of software and other technology to
collect, manage and analyze energy and sustainability data
makes it easier to share and control data across companies
and help in developing optimal energy mixes [22].
D. Sustainability of Electricity/energy Projects
Sustainability as connected to desirable or acceptable
long-term conditions, is applied in many fields including
project management [3]. As projects, power plants and
other energy projects should manage and control time,
scope and budget and should be socially and
environmentally sustainable. Sustainability requires that
energy project planners be aware the impact of the
projects on the environment. There is need to evaluate the
risks related to labor practices, human rights, fair business
dealings, and consumer issues. Projects should integrate
sustainability practices and guide organizations towards
sustainability. [22, 14]. Socially sustainable projects
requires reflection on organizational , structure, culture
and processes, human capital and personnel policies and
procedures, both inside the firm and throughout the value
chain. Achieving environmental sustainability requires a
thorough evaluation of capital facilities, resource
exploitation, procurement practices, contract management,
and prevailing industry standards. A Guide to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)
suggests that project environmental scan is necessary to
understand their business sphere [23, 24]. Project planners
and managers should take responsibility for the results of
the project, including the sustainability factors [31,
30].Therefore incorporating sustainability into energy and
electricity projects will help minimize the complexity of
projects, risks, project failure and interruptions, and above
all will enhance project success.
E. Dimensions of Sustainability
(i) Environmental Sustainability
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing
mankind today as its potential consequences continue to
threaten the global environmental stability in various ways
which include global warming, rising sea levels, floods,
stronger storms, more frequent storms, droughts, heat
waves, locust invasions, among others[9]. This is because
the climate has changed as manifested by global warming,
the rise in sea level, heat waves, increased flooding,
stronger and more frequent waves, and draught 25, 26].
The United Nations Framework Convention on climate
change defines climate change as being attributed directly
or indirectly to human activities that alter the composition
of the atmosphere which then creates variation in natural
climate as observed over a period of time. There is
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evidence that the climate has been changing since the
beginning of creation but the current rate is alarming with
several consequences.
Carbon emissions grew by an average of 1.7% between
1990 and 2000. In another student it was observed that the
growth of carbon emissions averaged 1.4 ppm before 1995
and increased to 2.0 ppm thereafter [10], and increased to
average of 3.1% between 2000 and 2010 because rapid
economic growth realized and increased use of coal in the
energy mix [34, 35] . Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
due to human activity have been changing the climatic
patterns of planet earth. The main carbon dioxide (CO2),
which represents 76% of total GHG emissions has
increased in atmospheric concentration from ~277 ppm in
1750 to 397 ppm in 2014, representing an increase of about
43%. In 2015, CO2 levels reached peaks of over 400 ppm
in March and December [3, 32].
The energy supply sector is the largest emitter of
greenhouse emissions [10, 25, 26]. In 2010, the energy
supply sector contributed 35% of total anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions. Combustion of fossil fuels like
coal, heavy fuel oil and natural gas in power generation
results in carbon emission which significantly contribute
to global warming [25]. The environment or ecology
dimension is concerned with preservation of the
environment and habitats, and particularly pays attention
to understanding impacts of waste disposal, reducing
usage of the earth’s resources, and climate change
mitigation. Globally, predicted increase in energy demand
and continuous use of fossil fuels in power generation will
lead to 62% increase in CO2 emissions between 2011 and
2050 with 2/3 of these emissions coming from China and
India [25, 30]. To avoid the dramatic consequences of
global warming, the IPCC recommends that greenhouse
gas emissions must be reduced by 50-80% by the year
2050 [25]. It is desirable to maintain temperature rise of
1.5 to 2oC above preindustrial level which translates to
400ppm to 450 ppm of CO2 equivalence [24].
(ii) Economic Sustainability
Economical sustainable implies financial stability and
progress for projects or energy systems. Inventors and
companies need guarantee of cash flow sufficient to ensure
liquidity while producing a persistent above average return
to their shareholders [25]. For economic sustainability to
be realized, policies should not retard economic progress
or development or affluence [30]. With economic
sustainability human beings and investors in general
globally are able to maintain their independence and have
access to the required resources, financial and others, to
meet their needs. Economic systems remain intact while
activities and processes are accessible to all to secure their
livelihood [13]. Therefore an economically sustainable
system needs to produce goods and services on continual
basis so as to manage debts, ensure sectorial balance with
stable agricultural and industrial production [5]. Energy is
big business, for instance, on the 2015 Fortune 500
 Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE IEEM
companies, 4 of the top eight of these companies were
energy companies namely Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Phillips
66, and General Electric. So much of the global economy
is energy and it affects our jobs, our incomes, and our
personal economics. This implies that sustainable energy
solutions should make economic to investors, consumers
and other stakeholders in the energy systems.
(iii) Social Sustainability of energy systems
Social sustainability is concerned with social justice
and refers to understanding and respect of good labor
practices, differences in production standards, and the
recognition of diverse parties with an emphasis on
equitability as it relates to people For organizations, social
sustainability is ability to endure; meet urgent need for
personal and practice of institutional responsibility for the
sake of greater good. It lays emphasis on care and attention
for the world’s most vulnerable. According to [3, 31] any
attempts to achieve financial gains for the few while
ignoring the needs of the majority is no longer acceptable,
reasonable, productive or justifiable. Socially sustainable
systems add value to the communities within which they
operate by increasing the human capital of individual
partners as well as furthering the societal capital of these
communities. They manage social capital in such a way
that stakeholders can understand its motivations and hence
broadly agree with the company’s value system [31].
There are two types of social sustainability namely social
capital and societal capital. Social capital is concerned
with quality of public services like good education system,
infrastructure or supporting culture, like enterprising
culture. Human culture is primarily concerned skills,
motivation and loyalty of employees and business partners
in their own capacity [14, 31,]. Therefore a socially
sustainable energy system is characterized by equity,
enable sufficient supply of social services like health and
education, gender equity and politically provide stability,
accountability and participation in governance [25].
(iv) Political Sustainability
Politics is concerned with the way people govern
themselves in society as a community, nation or group of
nations and even the entire mankind on various aspects of
life. Politics is also important in the dynamics of energy
development internationally, government subsidies have
helped the development of new technology for solar and
wind power. For example, governments subsidize the oil
and nuclear power industries. Politics plays a role in the
coal industry which has survived and thrived in the US
because of exemptions from federal pollution regulations.
The US government also subsidizes pipelines and support
military actions in the Middle-East as part of ensuring a
continuing supply of gasoline. Energy has also been a
leading focus of most political tensions between countries.
Oil in the Middle-East, OPEC, gas pipelines out of Russia,
countries fighting for oil resources in the South China Sea.
These tensions shape the decisions all countries make
about their energy resources [12]. Governments realize
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their energy goals and objectives through government
instruments like taxes, policy formulation, and legislations
on environmental protection to create the right
environment for desired energy actions and results.
Regional and global coalition of governments have
continued to play a leading role in defining the path for a
sustainable energy transition for example it took the
support and lack of support of governments to define the
progress of the Kyoto protocol and now the Paris
agreement. Therefore global politics and international
cooperation should be used to promote a sustainable
energy future.
IV. CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINBLE ELECTRICITY
/ENERGY
The energy transition from nonrenewable to renewable
sources continue to face challenges or barriers. This
barriers may vary from one country to another and from
one energy resource to another depending on the level of
technology required, cost policy initiatives in place. These
challenges include poor governance, technical limitations,
cost or affordability and organizational resistance [3, 10].
Realization of sustainable energy encounters several
challenges [26]. These challenges include;
A. Natural barriers: These barriers are beyond human
control or influence include availability of feasible
geothermal resources, wind, solar, and others. These
varies from one country to another or one region to
another [3, 25, 26].
B. Economic and financial barriers: These barriers
include risks and cost of investment like low
predictability, uncertainty over return on investment
which limits the financial support and mechanisms in the
form of grants and loans for sustainable energy
technologies especially the risky and expensive[3, 26,].
C. Institutional and regulatory barrier: Electricity
generation projects requires a number of legal and
regulatory conditions and instruments, which may vary
from one country to another, or region to another. These
regulatory requirements by government departments may
be uncoordinated causing delays and frustration to
investors in [21].
D. Social barriers: They include possible resistance such
projects by the local authorities and communities due to
due to perceived risks to the environment, health and
exploitation or other community specific reasons. [25,
31].
E. Human resource barriers: Some sustainable
technologies require highly trained and skilled manpower
for research, manufacture and development as well as
system operation and maintenance [3, 22].
F. Infrastructure challenge: Deployment of some
renewable and low carbon technologies require
specialized and costly infrastructure like smart grids for
variable renewables and decentralized generation, drilling
 Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE IEEM
rigs and survey tools, modelling and simulation
technology for geothermal energy [3].
G. Technological Barriers: Technology remains a barrier
for massive deployment of renewables like solar, wind,
and geothermal [25, 25].
H. Lack of economies of scale: The unit costs generally
reduce with size and in some cases economical scales of
generation are predetermined to ensure economic
sustainability. This includes low carbon technology like
nuclear whose economic size may be too much for
existing demand especially in developing countries [3,
22].
V. PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND
ELECTRICITY
De-carbonization of grid electricity is a leading option
in the effort to minimize greenhouse gas emission and
related consequence of climate change [30, 33]. The
challenge of sustainable energy includes crucial enabling
roles for governments, international organizations,
multilateral financial institutions, and civil society
including local communities, business and industry, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), and consumers.
Partnerships will be required, based on integrated and
cooperative approaches and drawing on practical
experience. A common denominator across all sectors and
regions is setting the necessary framework conditions and
ensuring that public institutions work effectively and
efficiently with the rest of society to achieve sustainable
development. There are various measures and strategies
needed to realize sustainability in electricity and other
energy systems [2,9]. They include;
i.) Make markets work well by reducing price
distortions like encouraging competition in energy
generation, transmission, and distribution and remove
monopolies in a regulated electricity market.
ii.) Increase the contribution of the abundant but
unsteady renewable like solar, wind and hydro by wider
adoption of decentralized generation which requires
investment and development of the intelligent smart grid
systems.
iii.) Improve access to reliable and affordable
commercial energy supply by a combination of both off
grid and on grid technology solutions option which
requires investment in modern energy carrier’s
technology like advanced battery storage systems.
iv.) Improve socio-economic acceptance of
energy/electricity projects through adequate stakeholder
participation in generation, distribution and consumption
of sustainable energy resources. This calls for social
acceptance, social value programs, and economic
affordability of energy products and services.
v.) Mobilizing local and international additional
investments in sustainable energy by attracting investors,
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financiers, technology transfer and research into new
ways and technology in sustainable energy.
vi.) Promotion of energy efficiency through
technology and attitude change. This include cogeneration
tri-generation and energy saving and conservation options
and technologies.
vii.) Change to smokeless cars by promotion of
electric car technology, which can be realized with
development of smart grids and advances, and energy
storage technology and decarbonize the grid.
viii.) Seamless integration of transmission, and
distribution grids across different countries and regions to
facilitate renewable and cost effective electricity from
different suppliers and countries for benefit of all not
endowed with green energy and economies of generation.
ix.) Develop a global coalition of state and non-state
actors to realize synergy in the global transition. Through
constructive and beneficial partnerships of the global
community, sustainable energy solutions can be shared
for the benefit of all.
x.) Since renewable energy alone may not satisfy the
existing and ever-growing energy needs, technology can
be used to optimize the contribution of both renewable
and renewable energy for sustainable energy/electricity
mix in terms of price/cost, stability, quality and
availability.
xi.) Maximize the development and use of energy
careers and renewable energy by converting to
appropriate carriers like chemical fuel cells, coal
gasification, and coke production and non-conventional
chemical fuels like hydrogen, methanol and ammonia.
xii.) Increase research and training and development
of clean energy technologies for acceleration of
technological innovation at every stage of the energy
supply chain.
xiii.) Electrification of the global energy mix which
will lead to de-carbonization of energy by putting in in
place policies that will enable electricity to make
economies more competitive, improve quality of life and
eliminate or reduce dependence of primary energy
sources like wood fuel and charcoal, coal, and direct
consumption of fossil fuels in industrial and domestic
processes.
xiv.) Adopt modern de-carbonization measures like
exhaust gas cleaning in fossil fuel power plants and
carbon sequestration which is the process of capturing and
storing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
VI. CONCLUSION
The concept of energy sustainability is application of
the general definitions of sustainability to energy systems.
Energy sustainability requires the provision of energy in
its various forms in a sustainable manner, which requires
that energy services should be affordable in cost or price,
with no negative environmental impact, and should be
 Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE IEEM
acceptable to society and its people. Energy is a powerful
tool for sustainable development, but for this to be
realized, major policy changes within the overall
facilitating framework must be effected. This demonstrates
that energy is a critical security product and service which
must be managed with care to guarantee political and
social stability and is a powerful tool for sustainable
development globally. Sustainable and renewable modern
energy contributes to alleviation of poverty through and
better health and facilitates provision of basic human
needs. Energy access is a very important dimension of
energy sustainability and for it to be guaranteed in an
environmentally friendly manner, it is only renewable
energy whose availability is unlimited can give many
global citizen access to clean energy and electricity, but its
supply is erratic and often unreliable which is a serious
sustainability concern.
To realize energy sustainability, various measures
and approaches need to be put place including enhanced
use of sustainable energy sources mainly abundant solar
and wind, use of sustainable energy carriers, development
and adoption of energy efficiency measures, managing the
reducing environmental impact of energy use and
enhancing socioeconomic acceptability through
community involvement and social acceptability,
economic affordability and equity, lifestyles, land use and
aesthetics. Energy sustainability significantly contributes
to overall sustainability because of pervasiveness of
energy use, and its important role in economic
development and enhancing living standards, and its
impact on the environment. With sustainable electricity,
the dream of a smokeless car will be realized through used
of electric cars. Ultimately, there is no meaningful
development without energy resources and services and
there is no sustainable development without sustainable
energy of which electricity generation and distribution
from renewable energy and enhanced application of
modern technology like the smart grid and modern energy
carriers promise to be the main solution to sustainable
energy as they will facilitate use of abundant renewables
like solar and wind and the electric car. Therefore
sustainability in energy is a function of technology, policy
and socio-economic measures which must be adopted
simultaneously in a globalized system of governance.
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