Chemistry Formulas
CHAPTER
SOME BASIC CON-
01 CEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
 Matter is substance which has mass and
occupies space, e.g., water, air, box, table, etc.
 State of Matter. Solid, liquid and gaseous state
represent three different states of mater.
Gaseous mater at very high temperatures
contains gaseous ions and free electron and is
referred to as the plasma state, i.e., fourth state
of matter.
 Homogenous. These have uniform
composition throughout, e.g., elements and
compounds. Mixt ure can also be
homogeneous.
 Heterogeneous. These do not have uniform
composition, e.g., mixture of iron fillings and
sulphur powder.
 Element. It is a substance which cannot be
further divided by chemical methods. It is a pure
substance and consists of only one kind of
atoms. They are metals, non-metals and
metalloids (resemble both metal and non-
metal), e.g., F, Al, Ni, Au, Ag are metals. C, S,
N2 , I2 are non-metals. B, Si, As, Sb are
metalloids. They are pure substances.
 Compound. It is a pure substance made up of
two or more elements combined together in
fixed ratio, e.g., NaCl, FeS, CuSO4, H2O, etc.
Its components cannot be separated by simple
physical methods.
(a) Organic compounds. They are
compounds containing carbon and few
other elements like H, N, S, halogens,
phosphorus, oxygen etc. e.g., sugar, urea,
glucose, etc.
(b) Inorganic compounds. They are made up
of two or more elements and obtained form
minerals and ores, e.g., NaCl, KCl,
CaCO3, etc.
 Mixture. It consists of two or more elements
or compounds in any ratio. Its components can
be separated by simple physical methods. It
can be homogeneous (e.g., solution of salt in
water, sugar in water). It can be heterogeneous,
e.g., smoke dust particles in air, air, etc.
Homogeneous mixture is also called solution.
 Separation of Mixtures. Mixtures are
separated into its components depending upon
the property of components in which they differ.
(a) Filtration. It is used to separate suspended
(insoluble) component from a soluble
component which passes into the filtrate
and the insoluble component is left behind
on the filter paper. Soluble component can
be obtained by evaporation.
(b) Simple Distillation. It is used for
separation of miscible liquids which differ
in their boiling points appreciably, e.g.,
benzene and toluene can be separated by
simple distillation.
(c) Fractional Distillation. It is used for
separation of miscible liquids which differ
in their boiling points appreciably, e.g.,
benzene and toluene can be separated by
simple distillation.
 Molecules. They are identifiable units of
matter consisting of two or more atoms of the
same element or of different elements combined
in a definite ratio.
 Atomicity. It is defined as the number of
atoms present in a molecule.
 Monoatomic. They consist of only one
 atom, e.g., He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Na, K,
etc.
 Diatomic. They consist of two atoms, e.g.,
H2, Br2, Cl2, F2, I2, N2, O2, HCl, HBr,
etc.
 Triatomic. They consist of three atoms,
e.g., O3H2O, SO2, CO2 etc.
 Tetra-atomic. They consist of four atoms,
e.g., P4, SO3, NH3 etc.
 Penta-atomic contains five atoms, e.g.,
CH4 CCl4, SiCl4 etc.
 Hexa-atomic contains six atoms, e.g.,
C2H4, H2SO3.
 Hepta-atomic contains seven atoms, e.g.,
H2SO4 .
 Octa-atomic contains eight atoms, e.g., S8
is octa-atomic molecule.
 Mole Concept. A mole is the amount of a
substance that contains as many atoms,
molecules, ions or other particles as there are
atoms in 0.012 kg (or 12g) of the carbon-12
isotope.
The mole of a substance always contains same
number of particles, whatever the substance
may be.
 Avogadro’s Constant. It is defined as number
of entities in 1 mol of substance. It is equal t
6.022 × 1023 particles/mole. It is denoted by
NA.
Avogadro’s number is calculated as follows:
The accurate mass of carbon atom
= 1.992648 ´ 10- 23 g
1 mole of carbon
= 12 g
No. of atoms in 1 mole
12g mol- 1
= - 23
= 6.022137 ´ 10 23
1.992648 ´ 10 g
1 mole of hydrogen contains 6.022 × 1023
molecules.
1 mole of Na contains 6.022 × 1023 sodium
atoms
1 mole of ethyl alcohol contains 6.022 × 1023
molecules of ethyl alcohol
1 mole of C weighs
= 12 g
1 mole of Na weigh
= 23 g
1 mole of C2H5OH weighs
= 46 g
Conversion of particles into moles and Vice-
Versa.
Number of moles of atoms
Number of atoms
=
NA
Number of moles of molecules
Number of molecules
=
NA
Number of atoms = Number of moles of atoms
× NA
 Laws of Chemical Combinations:
(a) Law of Conservation of Mass
(discovered by Lavosier). Matter can
neither be created nor be destroyed.
The total mass of reactants must be equal
to total mass of products. For example
C + O2 ¾ ¾
® CO 2
12g + 32g = 44g
That is why we balance each and every
chemical reaction.
(b) Law of Constant Composition
(discovered by Proust). A compound
prepared by any method contains the same
elements in the fixed ratio by mass, e.g.,
H2O prepared by any method contains
hydrogen and oxygen in the fixed ratio 1 :
8 by mass.
(c) Law of Multiple Proportion (discovered
by Dalton). When two elements combine
to form two or more chemical compounds,
then the weights of one of the elements
 which combine with the fixed weight of
another, bear a simple ratio to one another,
e.g., carbon reacts with oxygen to form
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
In CO, 12 parts by weight of carbon combine
with 16 parts by weight of oxygen.
In CO2, 12 parts by weight of carbon combine
with 32 parts by weight of oxygen.
The ratio between different weights of oxygen
that combine with 12 parts (fixed weight) of
carbon is 16 : 32, i.e., 1 : 2
 Law of Reciprocal Proportion (discovered
by Richter), When two elements combine
separately with a fixed mass of third element,
then the ratio of their masses in which they
combine will be either same or simple multiple
of the ratio in which they combine with each
other, e.g., C and O2 react with S to form CS2
and SO2 whereas carbon reacts with O2 to form
CO 2
32 parts by weight of S combine with 32 parts
 Percentage Composition and Molecular
Formula. To study a compound, first step is to
determine its formula. This can be achieved by
analysing the compound for the amount of the
elements in a given mass of compound. The
results so obtained are expressed as the
percentage composition, i.e., mass percentage
of each element in the compound.
 Molecular Composition. It may be expressed
in three ways:
(i) A formula giving the number of atoms of
each type per molecule.
(ii) Mass of each element per mole of a
compound.
by weight of oxygen in SO2
32 parts by weight of S combine with 6 parts
by weight of carbon in CS2.
The ratio 6 : 32 which is multiple of 12 : 32 in
CO2 .
 Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes.
Whenever gases react, they do so in volume
and hear a simple ratio among themselves and
to the products if they are gascous at same
conditions of temperature and pressure, e.g.,
H 2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ¾ ¾
® 2HCl(g)
1 litre of H2 combines with 1 litre of Cl2 to give
2 L of HCl at same T and P.
 Avogadro’s Law. Equal volumes of all gases
under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure, contain equal number of molecules,
e.g., 22.4 L of every gas at STP (Standard
Temperature and Pressure, i.e., T = 273 K, P
= 1 atm) contain equal number of molecules,
i.e., 6.022 × 1023.
(iii) Mass of each element per 100 g of a
compound (per cent composition).
 Empirical Formula. It is a formula showing
the relative number of atoms in the simplest
ratio, e.g., CH2 O is empirical formula of
C6H12O6 (glucose).
 Molecular Formula. It is a formula in which
exact number of atoms of different elements are
present e.g., C6H6 is molecular formula of
benzene.
 Molecular formula is integral multiple of
empirical formula.
 Steps to calculate Empirical and Molecular  Limiting Reagent. The reactant which is
formulae: entirely consumed when a reaction goes to
1. Write name of elements in first column. completion. It is present in smaller amount than
2. Write percentage composition of element calculated by balanced chemical equation.
in front of it.  Excess Reactant. The reactant which in not
3. Write atomic mass of element in third completely consumed in the reaction is called
column. excess reactant. It is present in larger amount
than calculated by balanced chemical equation.
4. Divide percentage with atomic weight to
get relative number of atoms (calculate upto Modes of Expressing Concentration of Solution:
2 places of decimal)  Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles
5. Divide by least to get simplest ratio. of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
6. If we get any fraction such as 1.50, multiply WB 1000
M= ´
all by 2. If we get 1.33 or 1.66, multiply all M B Volume of solution in ml
by 3 to get simplest ratio. If we get 1.25,
multiply all by 4. Where WB is weight of solute, MB is molar mass
of solute.
7. Write empirical formula.
 Mass Per cent. It is amount of solute present
8. Calculate empirical formula weight. in 100 g of solution.
9. Calculate
Wsolute
Molecular formula weight %= ´ 100
n= Wsolution
Empirical formula weight
 Molality (m). Number of moles of the solute
 Stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is derived from
per 1000 gram of the solvent.
Greek word stoichiometion = element and
matron = measure. It is the area of chemistry in WB 1000
m= ´
which quantities of reactants and products of a M B WA (g )
chemical reaction are determined, e.g.,
where WB is weight of solute, MB is molecular
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) ¾ ¾
® 2NH 3 (g) weight of solute, WA is weight of solvent.
1 molecule 3 molecules 2 molecules  Mole fraction of component. It is defined as
of nitrogen of hydrogen of ammonia
ratio of number of moles of component to the
total number of moles of all the components.
Multiplying the entire equation by 6.022 × 1023, e.g.
1 × 6.022 × 1023 + 3 × 6.022 × 1023 ¾ ¾ ®
23 nA
2 × 6.022 × 10 xA 
nA  nB
molecules of N2 molecules of H2 molecules of
NH3. nB
1 mole of N2 + 3 moles of H2 ¾ ¾ ® 2 moles and x B  n  n x A  x B  1
A B
of NH3.
 Strength of solution. It is defined as amount
Taking molar mass into consideration: of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
2 × 14 = 28 g of N2 + 3 × 2 = 6 g of H2 ¾ ¾
® Strength = M × Molecular wt.,
2 × 17 = 34 g of NH3. where M is molarity.
 Volume of solute Gram atomic mass
 % by strength = ´ 100  Mass of 1 atom =
Volume of solution 6.022 ´ 1023

% by Mass ´ d ´ 10  For dilution M1V1 = M 2 V2

 M=
Molecular wt.
m
 xB = , where xB is mole fraction of
M 1000
m= m+
 , MA
(1000 ´ d - M ´ Molecular wt.)
– solute, m is molality of solute, MA is molecular
where d is density in g cm , M is molarity, m is
molality. M
weight of solvent. x B = Where M
Mass of liquid 1000
 Specific Gravity = M+
Volume of liquid MA
 Molecular wt. = 2 × Vapour Density is molarity if d = 1 g cm–3.
 1 amu = 1.66 × 10–24g WB 1000
23
 6.022 × 10 u = 1g  m= ´ , where WB is weight
M B WA in grams
 Gram atom is defined as atomic weight
of solute, MB is molecular weight of solute, WA
expressed in grams. It contains 6.022 × 1023
is weight of solvent.
atom.

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