HUM_002

21 Century
st

Literature from
the Philippines
and the World
Ms. Shiela May M. Gaviola
Course Outline: First Quarter
I. Introduction to Literature & History of Philippine
Literature in English
-Definition of Literature
-History & Characteristics of Philippine Literature
-Authors from Different Region

II. Philippine Literature – Short Story

-Element of Short Story
-Feminism
-Text: Dead Stars by: Paz Marquez Benitez

III. Philippine Literature – Poetry

-Elements of Poetry
-Contextual Analysis
-Text: To the Man I Married by: Angela Manalang Gloria

IV. Philippine Literature – Play

-Elements of Play
-Marxism
-Text: New Yorker in Tondo by: Marcelino Agana, Jr.
Course Outline: Second Quarter
I. World Literature – Asian Literature
-History of Asian Literature
-Characteristics of Asian Literature
-Literary Work: Your Name (Anime)

II. African Literature

-History of Africa
-Characteristics of African Literature

III. World Literature – American Literature

-History of North America Literature
-Characteristics of America
-Speech & its Elements
What is Literature?
Literature
-Latin word “litera” which means letter.
-French phrase “bellesletters” which means beautiful writing
-story of a person
Philippine Literary History from Pre-colonial to
Contemporary Period
Why literature is important?
-through literature, we are being offered the privilege to
experience the things we read
-also being literate about our history
Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-connection of -focuses on how -deals with the
people to natural we communicate characteristics of
environments -language the culture

Pre-Colonial Period (_BC – 1564)

Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-daily life -works of mouth -folk narratives,
activities of -recited poem folk speeches &
people -baybayin was the folk songs show
housework, earliest form of the culture &
farming, fishing, handwriting tradition of the
& hunting people
Spanish Period (1565-1872)
Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-Christianity made -the language is -Religious
a great impact on Spanish & literature:
faith, education & Tagalog Senakulo &
government -Balagtas tradition pasyon
(figurative) is the -Non-religious:
known writing awit & korido
style -Doctrina
Christiana was
written by Fr.
Juan de Plasencia

The Revolutionary Period (1872-1898)

Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-Literature sought -language shifter Propaganda
in the government from Spanish to Literature
& in the church Tagalog -political essays
-patriotism of the -political novels
Filipinos (maka- (Noli me Tangere
bayan) & El
Filibusterismo)
American Period (1898 – 1941)
Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-free public -Tagalog was -literary works
education chosen as the were highly
basis of the influenced
national language -prolific Filipino
-English as writers went into
medium of all forms of
instruction in all writing like; news,
schools reporting, poetry,
etc.

Japanese Period (1941 – 1945)

Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-flowering years -language used in -haiku, tanaga &
of Tagalog short writing is mostly Filipino drama
story Tagalog have flourished
-writing is in during the
simple language Japanese
& free verse occupation

Late 20th Century (Martial Law)

Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-publication & -the language -many young
mass media outfit used is generally people became
were shut down Filipino & activists to ask for
 English changes in the
government

21st Century (Contemporary Period)

Geographic Linguistic Ethnic
Dimension Dimension Dimension
-abundance of -the flowering of -graphic novels,
information the literature in one-shot stories,
offered through various language documentaries, &
workshop in the continue to blogs
country & abroad flourish
-writing evokes
introspection &
humor

Characteristics of Philippine Literature

1. Oral tradition has served as its first foundation
2. Philippines literature refers to all literature written from the
varieties of language
3. Writings clearly depict the love for the country & the
longing for independence
4. Common themes are love, patriotism, & social awareness

Philippine Literature in English During the American

Regina
The Re-Orientation Period (1898 – 1910)
-English were used as the medium of instruction in public
schools
The Imitation Period (1910 – 1924)
-writers imitate the styles of American & British models
Self-Discovery & Growth (1925 – 1941)
-Filipino writers acquired the mastery of English writing
-Free Press gave incentives to worthwhile contribution
 PE_003
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION &
HEALTH 3
 PHILO_001
INTRODUCTI
ON TO
PHILOSOPHY
OF HUMAN
PERSON
Ms. Ma. Christine Delamar
Course Outline
Week 1 - Orientation
Week 2 & 3 - Doing Philosophy
Week 4 - Methods of Philosophizing
Week 5 - Logic & Critical Thinking
Week 6 - Prelim
Week 7 - Fallacies
Week 8 & 9 - Human Person as Embodied Spirit
Week 10 - Completion
Week 11 - Finals
LESSON 1: DOING PHILOSOPHY
Pilosopo
-someone whose answers makes sense but delivers it in an
unusual manner
Philosophy
-Philo = love, Sophia= wisdom
Philo + Sophia= “Love of Wisdom”
-always associated with wisdom & truth
-the science that by natural light of reason studies the first
causes or highest principles of all things
A. Science
-called science because the investigation is systematic
-follows certain steps, or it employs certain procedures
-an organized body of knowledge
B. Natural Light of Reason
-philosophy explores things, without using any other
laboratory or investigate tools
-do not based on supernatural revelation (theology)
C. Study of All Things
-set a distinction between philosophy & other sciences, all
other sciences concern only with particular object of
investigation
-philosophy is not one dimensional or partial
-studies human beings, society, religion, language & God
among other concern
D. First cause or highest Principle
 Principle of Identity
 Whatever it is, is; whatever is not, not; everything is
its own being, & not being is not
 Principle of Non-Contradiction
 It is impossible for a thing to be & not to be at the
same time, and at the same aspect
 Principle of Excluded Middle
 A thing is either is or is not; everything must be
either be or not be between being & not being there
is no middle ground
 Principle of Sufficient Reason
 No thing exists without sufficient reason for its
being & existence
Branches of Philosophy
Philosophy
-the study of fundamental questions about existence,
knowledge, ethics, aesthetics, & logic
Metaphysics
-studies the nature of reality
-asks questions like: What is the nature of existence? What is
the relationship between mind & body? Does God exist?
-concerned with the fundamental nature of reality itself
Epistemology
-studies knowledge
-asks questions: What can we know? How do we know what
we know? What is the nature of truth?
-concerned with the nature, scope, & its limits of human
knowledge
Ethics
-studies morality
-asks questions like: What is right or wrong? How should we
live our lives? What is the nature of good & evil?
-concerned with the principle & values that guide human
behavior
Aesthetics
-studies beauty & art
-asks questions lie: What is beauty? What is art? What is the
relationship between beauty & truth?
-concerned with the nature & appreciation of beauty in all its
forms
Logic
-studies reasoning & argumentation
-asks questions like: What makes an argument valid? How
can we distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning?
-concerned with the principles of correct reasoning &
argumentation
Conclusion
-all the five branches are important areas of study that help us
understand the world around us, our place in it, & how we
should live our lives. By exploring these branches of
philosophy, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves
& the world we live in
 SH_004
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
Ms. Princess R. Raquel
Research
-to search again
-imperical
 Deeper answer
-the process of looking for the information again
-from the middle French term “recherche”, means the art of
looking closely
-follow step-by-step process of investigation
-characterized as scientific, experimental & inductive

Characteristics of Research
1. Accuracy
-provide correct & accurate data
-honesty & appropriately documented

2. Objectiveness
-evidences based on theories, generalizations, projections or
conclusions

3. Timeliness
-topic has to be original, modern & important to society

4. Relevance
-instrumental in improving society
-solves problems affecting to society

5. Clarity
-must be able to express its central point or discovery
6. Systematic
-takes place in organize

Variables
-characteristics that can have different values or traits that
may vary across research
-trait & value

Attributes
-important elements of a variable
-value assigned to a specific variable

1. Dependence
-refer to how the variable is considered in a cause-and effect
relationship

2. Mutually exclusive
-this means that a participant or respondent cannot possess
two attributes of a variable

IV – cannot be change, came from dictionary

- manipulative
DV- cannot be seen in dictionary

Kinds of Variable
1. Continuous Variable
-have an infinite number of values and may vary wide among
the research participants
2. Discrete Variables
-have specific limits to their value

3. Categorical Variables
-these cannot be expressed in numbers but are given in non-
quantitative descriptive terms
 SH_005
FILIPINO SA
PILING
LARANGAN
Bb. Angelle Espineli
Ano ang pagsulat?
-isang kakayahan naglalarawan ng wasto at naaangkop na
gamit ng wika
-“Eksplorasyon, pagtuklas sa kahulugan, pagtuklas sa porma
at ang manunulaat ay gumagawa nang pabalik-balik sa bawat
panahon nang kanyang matuklasan kung ano ang kanyang
sinusulat at kung ano ang kanyang isusulat at kung paano
niya iyon maipahayag nang mahusay.” (Donald Murray)

Iba’t-ibang Dahilan ng Pagsulat

1. Libangan
2. Pangangailangan
3. Pagbabahagi ng kaalaman
4. Magmulat ng kaisipan at katotohanan sa kanyang mga
mambabasa
5. Maaaring batay ang kanyang mga sulatin sa kanyang
karanasan, sentimyento, o mula sa kanyang mga nabasang
akda at mga gumawang pananaliksik

Kadalasan ang mga personal na sanaysay, tula, maikling

kwento, journal/talaarawan o diary na uri ng panitikan ang
madalas na maisusulat ng tao.

Sa mga ganitong uri ng sulatin, mas angkop na gamitin ang

pagkamalikhain ng tao sa paglalarawan at paglalahad ng
sitwasyon o tagpong nais ipakita ng nagsusulat.
Ang mga ito ay tinuturing din nating malikhaing sulatin
personal na mga sulatin.

Mahalaga ang pagsusulat ng iba’t-ibang panitikan, sab inga

sa kritikal na sanaysay ni Añonuevo (2006)
“Nakapagsasalita tayo nang maayos at malinaw dahil sa
panitikan, dahil ang mga konsepto natin ay hindi maibubukod
sa mga salita, maibubulaslas natin ang ating loob sa maririkit
na pananalita, na magbibigay hulihan sa retrato, sayaw,
pelikula at pintura.”

Akademikong Sulatin
-mabusising pangangalap ng impormasyon o datos na
kinakailangan sa isang tiyak na paksa.
Halimbawa:
1. Abstract
2. Bionote
3. Posisyong Papel

Ayon kay Karen Gosik (2004), ang sumusulat ang

mahahalagang konsepto ng akademikong pagsulat
1. Ginagawa ng mga iskolar at para sa iskolar
2. Nakalaan sa mga paksa at mga tanong pinag-uusapan ng
interesante sa akademikong komunidad
3. Nararapat na maglahad ng importanteng argumento
Samakatuwid ang akademikong sulatin ay lunsaran upang
lalong lumawak ang kaalaman sa tinutuklas niyang larangan
at mabigyang-bihis ang kahit anumang paksa

Mga Gamit o Hulwaran (modelo) sa Akademikong

Sulatin
1. Etimolohiya
Maaari suriin ang:
-pinagmulan nga mga mahahalagang terminolohiya
-kahulugan ayon sa konteksto
-bigyan ng bagong bihis ito

2. Sanhi at Bunga
-paglalahad ng mga dahilan at epekto ng naturang pangyayari

3. Problema at Solusyon
-paglalahad ng mga posibleng solusyon

4. Kalakasan at Kahinaan
Pagpapakita ng:
-positiboat negatibong katangian
-bentahe at disbentahe ng paksang pinag-usapan

5. Order o Pagkakasunod-sunod
-maaaring timeline (petsa/panahon) ng kasaysayan o kaya
nama’y pagpapakita ng isang proseso kung papaano
gagawain ang isang bagay

6. Paghahambing
-pagkakatulad at pagkakaiba

7. Enumerasyon
-pag-iisa isa ayon sa kategorya o klasipikasyon

Katangian
1. Pormal ang tono
2. Sumusunod sa tradisyunal na kumbensiyon sa
pagbabantas, grammar, at baybay
3. Ordanisado at lohikal ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga
ideya
4. Hindi maligoy ang paksa
5. Pinapahahalagahan ang kawastuhan ng mga impormasyon
6. Gumagamit ng mga simpleng salita
7. Hitik sa impormasyon
8. Bunga ng masinop na pananaliksik
Pagsulat ng Abstrak
Abstrak
-mula sa Latin abstracum na ang kahulugan ay maikling buod
ng artikulo o ulat
-siksik na bersiyon ng mismong papel
-ipinaaalam nito sa mga mambabasa ang paksa at kung ano
ang aasahan nila sa pagbabasa ng isinulat na artikulo o ulat
Dalawang Uri ng Abstrak
Deskriptibo Impormatibo
Inilalarawan nito ang Ipinapahayag nito ang
pangunahing ideya ng papel mahahalagang ideya ng
papel
Kaligiran, layunin at tuon ng -Binubuod dito ang
papel o artikulo kaligiran, layunin, tuon,
metodolohiya, resulta at
kongklusyon ng papel
Kung ito ay papel- Maikli ito, karaniwang 10%
papanaliksik, hindi na ng haba ng buong papel
isinasama ang pamamaraang
ginamit
-Ginagamit sa mga papel sa Ginagamit sa larangan ng
humanidades at agham agham at inhinyeriya o sa
panlippunaan at sa mga ulat ng mga pag-uulat ng
sanaysay sa sikolohiya mga pag-aaral sa sikolohiya

Mga Katangian ng Mahusay na Abstrak

1. 200 – 250 salita
2. Payak. Gumagamit ng mga simpleng pangungusap
3. Walang impormasyong hindi nababanggit sa papel
4. Nauunawaan ng pangkalahatan
Hakbang sa Pagsulat
1. Basahing muli ang buong papel
-isaalang-alang ang gagawing abstrak
-hanapin ang mga ito: layunin, pamamaraan, sakop, resulta,
kongklusyon, rekomendasyon, o iba pang bahaging kailangan
sa uri ng abstrak na isusulat
2. Isulat ang unang draft o burador ng papel
-huwag kopyahin ang mga pangungusap
3. Irebisa ang unang draft o burador upang maiwasto ang
anumang kahinaan o organisasyon
4. I-proofread ang pinal na kopya
Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Paggawa ng Abstrak
(Akademikong Sulatin)
1. Ang akademikong sulatin ay isang intelektwal na pagsulat
2. Makatutulong ito sa pagpapataas ng kaalaman sa iba’t-
ibang larangan
3. Ito ay para rin sa makabuluhang pagsasalaysay na
sumasalamin sa kultura, karanasan, reaksyon, opinion base sa
manunulat
4. Ginagamit din tio upang makapagbatid ng mga
impormasyon at saloobin
Bahagi ng Abstrak
1. Introduksyon o panimula nilalaman nito ay:
A. Pamagat ng pag-aaral
B. Pananaliksik
C. Uri ng Lathalain
D. Paaralan

2. Problema o Suliranin
3. Iskop ng pag-aaral
-lawak
4. Pamamaraan o metodolohiya ng pag-aaral
5. Samari ng natuklasan, konklusyon at rekomendasyon
 STEM_003
BASIC
CALCULUS
Ms. Via Jean Estolloso
LESSON 1: ANGLE & ITS MEASURE
Angle
-figure formed by rotating a ray around a specific point called
the vertex
-the initial position called the initial side, & its final position,
the terminal side
An angle is labeled in three ways:
1. One capital letter, if the vertex is not shared by two or
more angles;
2. Three capital letters, with the vertex placed in the middle;
or
3. One Greek letter (lowercase)
Angles in Standard Position
-an angle is in standard position if the angle follows the
following conditions:
1. The vertex is at the origin
2. The initial side lies on the positive x-axis
Positive & Negatives Angles
Positive Angle
-formed if there is a counterclockwise rotation from the initial
side to the terminal side
Negative Angle
-formed if there is a clockwise rotation from the initial side to
the terminal side
Unit Circle
-a circle that fulfils the following conditions:
1. The center is at the origin, or at (0,0)
2. The radius of the circle is 1.
One entire revolution of the angle measures 360 ° or 2 π
radians. Using this relationship & simplifying by dividing
both units by 2, converting degree measures to radians & vice
versa makes use of the equation
180 °=πrad

Degree to Radians & vice versa

To convert x degrees to radians, we use
x° ( π180°
rad
)
To convert y radians to degrees, we use
y rad ( π180°
rad )

Exercises on Degrees to Radians

Express the following angles in degrees to its respective
radian measure.

( π rad )
1. 120 °120 °=120 ° 180° 2. 500 ° 500 °=500 ° 180° ( π rad )
120 π 2π 500 π 25 π
¿ rad¿ rad ¿ rad¿ rad
180 3 180 9

( π rad )
3. −30 °−30 °=−30 ° 180 °
4. −400°

¿
−30 π π
rad¿− rad
−400° =−400 ° ( π180°
rad
)
180 6
 −400 π 20 π
¿ rad¿− rad
180 9

5. 1000 °1000 °=1000 ° 180° ( π rad )

1000 π 50 π
¿ rad¿ rad
180 9

Exercise on Radians to Degrees

Express the following angles in radians to its respective
degree measure.
π π π
1. 4 rad 4 rad= 4 rad π rad ( 180 ° ) 7π 7π 7π 180°
2. 3 rad 3 rad= 3 rad π rad( )
180° 1260°
¿ ¿ 45 ° ¿ ¿ 420 °
4 3
−3 π −7 π
3. 4 rad 4. 12 rad
−3 π
4
rad=
−3 π
4
rad (
180°
π rad ) −7 π
12
rad=
−7 π
12
rad (180 °
π rad )
540° 1260°
¿ ¿−135° ¿ ¿−105°
4 12
 STEM_004
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
Mr. Lawrence Niel Antonio Ignacio

LESSON 1: MATTER & ITS PROPERTIES

Matter
-anything that has mass & volume
Mass
-amount of matter present in an object
-not affected by gravity
Volume
-the space that it occupies
-Mass & volume is not directly proportional
Matter & Energy
Energy of matter is responsible for all the transformation that
it undergoes
Physical Change
-changes in appearance, state or properties but not in
composition
Chemical Change
-change in appearance as well as composition of substance is
changes resulting in one or more new substance
Origin of Matter
Organic Matter Inorganic Matter
-comes from the living -comes from non-living
things things
-contain C-H bond

Fundamental States of Matter

3 Main states or phrase of matter
States Particle Shape Volume Heat Density
of Arrangement Expansion
 Matter
Solid -tightly pack D D S E H
together (very E E L X
compressed) I
F F I P
-due to high G
compression, I I G A
particles vibrate N N H N H
in a fixed I I T S
position but they T T I
cannot move
around or slide
E E O
past each other N
Liquid -close contact to I D S E M
each other, but N E L X
not as a close as E
D F I P
the particles in D
solid E I G A
-arrangement of F N H N I
particles is not I I T S U
rigid & orderly N T I M
-particles slides
past each other
I E O
allowing the T N
liquid to move E
freely
Gas -particle in gases
are well separated
I I H E L
with no regular N N I X O
arrangement D D G P
W
-move freely at E E H A
high speeds,
therefore a gas can F F N
expand to fill my I I S
volume N N I
-easily compressed
into a smaller I I O
volume when T T N
pressure is E E
increase
Phase Change
-change from one state of matter to another
-physical changes because they do not affect the chemical
make-up of a substance
EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC
CHARGE CHARGE

-energy is released -energy is absorbed

Plasma
-ionized gases (undergo ionization)
-are like gases but ionized
-the particles of plasma are electrically charged
-losing and gaining electrons
1. Collision of gas particles will be more frequent
2. Gas particles will be ionized

Exothermi Endothermi
c Change c Change
Freezing Melting
(liquid- (solid-liquid
solid)
Evaporation
Condensation (liquid-gas)
(gas-liquid)
Sublimation
Deposition (solid-gas)
(gas-solid)
Bose-Einstein Condensate
-cloud of basons (a type of elementary particle of matter) in
cooled temperatures very close to absolute zero (T= 0k, -
273.15° K )
-at absolute zero temperature the particles stop moving
therefore nothing can be colder than this temperature
Properties of Matter
-traits and characteristics can be observed or measure such as
an object, density, color, mass, volume
The properties of matter can be classified into physical &
chemical
1. Chemical Properties
-characteristics of matter that can be observed with an
accompanying change in the chemical composition of a
substance.
A. Combustibility
-does the material burn? Does it support combustion?
B. Stability
- does the substance decompose easily or with difficulty?
C. Relative Activity
-is the material more or less active than other members of its
chemical family?
D. Response to test reactions
-does it react with test substances like litmus paper?
E. Ionization
-to what degree does it break into charges particles called
ions when in solution with water.
2. Physical Properties
A. those that can be observed by the senses without changing
the composition & identity of a substance.
Ex. Color, odor, taste, texture, hardness, shape, state, &
electrical conductivity
B. The other groups of physical properties are those which
can be measure like density, specific gravity, boiling point,
freezing point, melting point, solubility & viscous
All measurable properties of matter fall into one of two
additional categories:
Extensive Properties Intensive Properties
-properties that depend on -properties that do not
how much matter (amount depend on how much matter
of matte) is being considered is being considered
-these properties will change -these properties will not
if the amount of matter change even if the amount
changes of matter changes
-include mass, weight, & -include pressure,
volume, are directly temperature, color, density,
dependent on & vary in boiling point, melting point
value with the amount of
substance

Remember:
Only extensive properties are affected when you increase the
amount of matter being considered
Intensive properties will not change/will remain the same no
matter how much matter is being added

Properties
of Matter

Are these properties determined

No without changing the identity of the Yes
substance?

Chemical Properties Physical Properties

How does the

substance reaction Does the property
to the presence of depend on amount of
substance?
-Air
-Acid
-Base
-Water No Yes
-Other chemicals

Intensive
Property Extensive
-Color Property
-Melting point -Mass
-Volume
-boiling point -Length
-Density -Shape
Classification of Matter
-matter can be classified based on its composition

Matter

Pure
Mixture
Substance

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Pure Substance
-has only one component
-an unchanging or specific composition
-anything that cannot be broken down through physical
means
Element
-simplest type of matter that is compose of only one kind of
atom
-cannot be changes into a simpler form of matter by any
chemical reactions
Compound
-composed of two or more elements combined chemically in
definite proportions
-particles in a compound are held together by a force
attraction called chemical bond
Mixture
-two or more substance that combined physically
Homogenous Mixture
-uniform composition
-particles are well mixed or thoroughly mingled
-exists in single phase
-with uniform appearance, & same properties & composition
throughout a sample
Heterogeneous Mixture
-non-uniform composition
-mixtures whose components can be physically identified or
distinguished, not evenly distributed in a sample
-sometimes form layer
Separating Technique
-separate two substances that is physically combined
Magnetic Separation
-takes advantage of physical properties of magnetism to
separate solids
Filtration
-takes advantage of the physical property of state of matter
-a screen lets the liquid particles through, but traps the solid
particles
-can be also used to separate solid particles of different sizes
Decantation
-process of pouring off a liquid leaving another liquid or solid
behind
-takes advantage of differences in density
Distillation
-the separation of a mixture of liquids based on the physical
property of boiling point
Evaporation
-vaporizing a liquid & leaving the dissolved solid behind
-used to separate salt solutions
Centrifugation
-a process of separating mixtures by applying centripetal
forces to a mixture using a centrifuge machine
-circular motion helps denser components sink to the bottom
faster
Crystallization
-a method to separate a soluble solid from its solution based
from the different solubility of solid in water at 25 degrees
Celsius
Generally, the solubility of most of solids increases as the
temperatures increases. Therefore, when a so-called saturated
solution is cooled, the solubility of the solid substances will
decreases & the excess solid will crystallize
Chromatography
-a process utilizing the strategy that lets the mixture flow
over a material that retains some component more so
different components flow over the material at different
speeds
-it has two components; the mobile phase & the stationary
phase
 STEM_005
GENERAL
PHYSICS
Mr. Gabriel Armas
LESSON 1: MEASUREMENT
Significant Figures
-number of digits in a value, often a measurement, that
contribute to the degree of accuracy of the value
Determine the Number
1. All non-zero digits are always significant
ex. 1.39
Three significant figures
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are considered significant
ex. 1 302 002
Significant figure
3. Zeroes before the first nonzero digit are not significant,
these are called leading zeroes
ex. 0.00 221
Not significant figure
4. If there is a decimal point in the number, all trailing zeroes
are significant
ex. 72 032. 200
Significant figure
5. If there is no decimal point in the number, all trailing
zeroes are not significant
ex. 703 200
Not significant

Addition & Subtraction of S.F.

-least decimal places
360.50 Least decimal places
−25.5510
+1
334.9 4 90 →334 . 95

552.17
+12.385
632.10
1196.655→ 1196 .66

312.385
−450.20
97.1
−40.715 →−40 .7
Multiplication & Division
-least S.F.
2.03 Least S.F.
×15.50
10.75
338.24875→ 338

14.02
×310
2.43
10561.266→ 11 000

Scientific Notation
-form of presenting very large numbers or very small number
in a simple form
General Form
coefficient ← a ×10
b →exponent
↓base

Rules:
1. Base should be always 10
2. Exponent can be either positive or negative
3. Absolute value of the coefficient is greater than or equal to
1 but it should be less than 10
4. Coefficient can be positive or negative numbers including
whole & decimal numbers
5. The mantissa carries the rest of the significant digits of the
number
Case 1: Greater than 1
-last s.f.
1. 300 000
-greater than 1, b is positive
-move the decimal point to the left (if the number is greater
than 1) up until before the last nonzero digit from the decimal
point
300 000 . a= 3.00000 b= +5
5 5
3.00000 ×10 →3.00 ×10

2. 52 753.50 a= 5.275350 b= +4
4 4
5.275350 ×10 → 5.28× 10

Case 2: Less than 1

-first s.f.
1. 0.00 3560 a= 3.0560 b= -2
3.06 ×10−2

More examples:
1. 5.4 230 432 100 .
a. 5.4230432100
b. 10
5.42 ×1010

2. 4.25 520 360 000 .423100

11
4.26 × 10

3. 4.23 .750 000

4.25 × 102
4. 0. 000 4.50 320
−4
4.50 × 10

5. 0. 000 007.358 021

−6
7.36 ×10

Scientific to decimal form

1. 6.67 ×10 5
6.67 000 . →667 000

2. 3.37 ×10 4
3.3700 .→ 37 300

3. 4.50 × 10−3
.004 .50 → 0.00 450

Addition & Subtraction of Scientific Notation

Left Add Right Subtract (L.A.R.S)
1. ( 2.25 ×10 4 ) + ( 3.60 ×10 5)
-kung ano ang may pinaka mababang exponent yon ang i-a-
adjust
( 2.25 ×10 4+1 ) → ( 0.225 ×105 ) + ( 3.60 ×10 5 )
-since nag-add sa exponent ma-mo-move rin ang decimal
place
5
0.225× 10
+ 3.60× 105
5 5
3.825× 10 → 3 . 83× 10
 2. ( 2.50 ×10 3) −( 3.25 ×10 4 )
4
0.250 ×10
4
−3.25 ×10
4 4
−3.000× 10 →−3.00 ×10

“If you can measure what you are talking about & express it
in numbers, you know what you are talking about; but if you
cannot, your knowledge is of a meager & unsatisfactory kind;
it may be the beginning of knowledge but you have scarcely,
in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of Science”.
Sir William Thompson
Measurement
-is a process of determining how large or small something is
compared to a certain standard
-always consists of a numerical value & a unit
-without unit is meaningless
-unit indicates the standard against which the measured
quantity is compared
Numerical value← 200 m→unit
Physical quantity
-an attribute or property of a substance that can be measured
& be expressed in mathematical equation
ex. Time, length, mass, speed
Standard Unit
-a fixed & reproducible value for the purpose of taking
accurate measurement
Standard Unit Non-Standard Unit
- a fixed & reproducible -can be defined as
value for the purpose of measurement units that are
taking accurate not commonly accepted as
measurement standard but are applied
uniformly when measuring
Ex. Meter Ex. Dangkal/Span
Liter Pail
Gram Pile/Tumpok
Fundamental & Derived Quantity
Fundamental Quantity Derived Quantity
-basic quantities which are -combination of
independent of one another fundamental quantities
Examples Examples
 Length/distance  Area
 Mass  Speed
 Time  Force

Fundamental Quantity
SI Fundamental Units
Quantity Unit Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous Candela cd
intensity
Amount of Mole mol
substance

Derived Quantity
Some of the Derived Quantities
Quantity Unit Symbol
 Speed meter/second m/s
Acceleration meter/second/ m/s/s (m/s2)
second
Force Kilogram-meter/ kg.m/s2 (Newton
second/second or N)
Energy Newton-meter N.m (Joule or J)

System of Units
-a complete set of fundamental & derived units used to
represent all quantities is called system of units
-generally, the set of units is chosen so that many significant
equations of Physics are simplified
1. Metric System of Measurement
-internationally agreed decimal system of measurement
created in France in 1799 where several multiples &
submultiples of measured property may be expressed & differ
from one another by powers of 10
2 Variations:
-mks system (meter, kilogram, & second standard system/SI
Unit system)
-cgs system (centimeter, gram & second)
mks system↓kg . Force cgs system↓g . cm/s
2

m/s2 Dyn
N (Dyne)
(Newton)
2. English System of Measurement
- (fps system) is a system which uses the standard units of
feet (for length), pound mass (for mass), & second (for time)
Comparison of fundamental units used in different systems of
measurement
Quantity Metric SI Units English System
System
Length Centimeter meter (m) Foot (ft)
(cm)
Mass gram (g) kilogram Pound mass (lbs)
(kg)
Time second (s) second (s) Second (s)
Temperature Celsius ( ℃ ) Kelvin (K) ℉ ahrenheit ( ℉ )
Electric ampere (A) ampere (a) -
Current
Luminous candela (cd) candela -
intensity (cd)
Amount of mole (mol) mol (mol) -
substance