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HV Lab Supplementary Connections 160215
HV Lab Supplementary Connections 160215
Laboratory
Supplementary
Connections Manual
Contents
Contents 3
About this manual 5
1. Safety Regulations for High Voltage Experiments 7
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Fencing 7
1.3 Safety locking 7
1.4 Earthing 8
1.5 Circuit and test setup 8
1.6 Conducting the experiments 8
1.7 Explosion and fire risk, radiation protection 9
1.8 Accident insurance 9
1.9 Conduct during accidents 9
2. High voltage AC circuits 11
2.1 Measurement and instrumentation 11
2.2 Component layout 12
2.3 Location 14
2.4 Cascade mounting 14
2.5 Cascade connections 15
2.6 Capacitive currents 16
2.7 Connecting test objects 16
3. High voltage DC circuits 19
3.1 Measurement and instrumentation 19
3.2 2-Stage DC voltage test setup (280kV) 20
3.2.1 Principle diagram 20
3.2.2 Component layout 20
3.3 3-Stage DC voltage test setup (420kV) 21
3.3.1 Principle diagram 21
3.3.2 Component layout 21
4. High voltage Impulse circuits 23
4.1 Measurement and instrumentation 23
4.2 2-Stage Impulse voltage test setup (280kV) 24
4.2.1 Principle diagram 24
4.2.2 Component layout 25
4.3 3-Stage Impulse voltage test setup (420kV) 27
4.3.1 Principle diagram 27
4.3.2 Component layout 28
The High Voltage Experiments manual series 31
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About this manual
This manual has been developed to provide information on additional High Voltage
laboratory circuits.
It is recommended that users are familiar with the high voltage components and single-stage
AC, DC and Impulse setups before attempting to experiment with the setups included in this
manual.
If the user is not confident with the aforementioned components and setups, it is highly
recommended that the user works through the Introduction to High Voltage Experiments
Manual.
Focus
Focus is put on schematic and pictorial examples of additional high voltage circuits.
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1. Safety Regulations for High Voltage Experiments
1.1 Introduction
Experiments with high-voltages could become particularly hazardous for the participants
should safety precautions be inadequate. To give an idea of the required safety measures,
an example the safety regulations followed in several High Voltage Laboratories attached to
the Technical University of Braunschweig shall be described below. These supplement the
appropriate safety regulations and as far as possible prevent risks to persons. Strict
observance is therefore the duty of everyone working in the laboratory. Here, any voltage
greater than 250 V to earth potential is understood to be a high voltage (VDE 0100).
Fundamental Rule:
Before entering a high-voltage setup area, participants must first ensure that all conductors
which can assume high potential and lye in the contact zone are earthed and that all main
leads are interrupted.
1.2 Fencing
All high-voltage setups must be protected against unintentional entry to the danger zone.
This is appropriately done with the aid of metallic fences. When setting up the fences for
voltages up to 1 MV the following minimum clearances to the components at high voltage
should not be exceeded:
A minimum clearance of 50 cm shall always be observed, independent of the value and type
of voltage. For voltages over 1 MV, in particular for switching impulse voltages, the values
quoted could be inadequate; special protective measures must then be introduced.
The fences should be reliably connected conductively, earthed and provided with warning
boards inscribed: “High Voltage! Caution! Highly Dangerous!”. It is forbidden to introduce
conductive objects through the fence while the setup is in use.
These power circuit breakers may also be switched on again when the door is closed. For
direct supply from a high-voltage network (e.g. 10 kV city network), the main leads must be
interrupted visibly before entry to the setup by an additional open isolating switch. The
switched condition of a setup must be indicated by a red lamp “Setup switched on” and by a
green lamp “Setup switched off”.
If the fence is interrupted for assembly and dismantling operations on the setup, or during
large-scale modifications, all the prescribed precautions for entry to the setup shall be
observed. Here, particular attention must be paid to the reliable interruption of the main
leads. On isolating switches or other disconnecting points and on the control desk of the
setup concerned, warning boards inscribed “Do not switch on! Danger!” must be displayed.
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1.4 Earthing
A high-voltage setup may be entered only when all the parts which can assume high-voltage
in the contact zone are earthed. Earthing may only be effected by a conductor earthed inside
the fence. Fixing the earthing leads onto the parts to be earthed should be done with the aid
of insulating rods. Earthing switches with a clearly visible operating position are also
permissible. In high-power setups with direct supply from the high-voltage network, earthing
is achieved by earthing isolators. Earthing may only follow after switching the current source
off and may be removed only when there is no longer anyone present within the fence or if
the setup is vacated after removal of the earth. All metallic parts of the setup which do not
carry potential during normal service must be earthed reliably and with adequate cross-
section of at least 1.5 mn2 Cu. In test setups with direct supply from the high-voltage network,
the earth connections must be made with particular considerations of the dynamic forces
which can arise.
All leads must be laid so that there are no loosely hanging ends. Low-voltage leads which
can assume high potentials during breakdown or flashovers and lead out of the fenced area,
e.g. measuring cables, control cables and/or supply cables must be laid inside the setup in
earthed sleeves. All components of the setup must be either rigidly fixed or suspended so
that they cannot topple during operation or be pulled down by the leads. For all setups
intended for research purposes, a circuit diagram shall be fixed outside the fence in a clearly
visible position. A test setup may be put into operation only after the circuit has been
checked and permission to begin work given by an authorized person.
If several persons are working with the same setup, they must all know who is to perform the
switching operations for a particular experiment. Before switching on high-voltage setups,
warning should be given either by short horn signals or by the call “Attention! Switching-on!”.
This is especially important during loud experiments, so that people standing-by may cover
their ears. If necessary, switching off can be announced after completion either by a single
long tone or by the call: “Swtiched off”.
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1.7 Explosion and fire risk, radiation protection
In experiments with oil and other highly flammable materials, special care is necessary owing
to the danger of explosion and fire. In each room where work is carried out with these
materials, suitable fire extinguishers must be close to hand and ready for use. Highly
flammable waste products, e.g. paper or used cotton waste, should always be disposed off
immediately in metal bins. Special regulations must be observed when radioactive sources
are used.
1. Switch off the setup on all poles. So long as this has not been done, the victim of the
accident should not be touched under any circumstances.
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2. High voltage AC circuits
For test objects requiring even higher voltages, the HV9105 test transformer can be cascade
connected to provide 200kV (2-stage), or 300kV (3-stage).The required number of test
transformers are stacked on top of one another.
Note! Failure to connect via the low voltage divider will result in damage to the Peak Voltmeter.
When using the 2 or 3-stage cascade system, the range switch should be in the ‘1000’
position as shown in figure 1.12. Otherwise the range switch should be in the ‘100’ position.
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2.2 Component layout
The basic circuit for a 3-stage setup is shown below.
HV9106
HV 9109
HV9140
3 x Cascaded HV 9105
HV 9143
To Control Desk
AC measurement Input
Fig. 1.1 HV AC 3-stage test setup including 3 x test transformers, top electrodes and the HV9143 measuring capacitor.
12
Test object
(Not supplied)
To HV9150 AC Peak
Voltmeter
Fig. 1.2 3-Stage AC setup: 3 test transformers and the HV9143 measuring capacitor.
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2.3 Location
This setup should be constructed in the middle of the HV cage, as far away from walls and
fences as possible. Consideration should always be given to the increased possibility of
flashovers to unexpected objects during experimentation.
Always lift the transformer from underneath as shown below, never from the top as this will
damage the unit.
The bottom transformer should be mounted on the strengthened mobile base (provided) and
not on the standard single-transformer castors.
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Replace the castors on the underside of the second and third stage transformers with the
mounting brackets provided.
After carefully lowering the transformer onto the previous, secure it by tightening the bolts on
each foot of the mounting bracket.
Fig. 1.6 Cascaded transformer diagram Fig. 1.7 Cascade connection jumpers
Note: Common laboratory cables can be used to connect the first and second stage
transformers for even quicker changeover between 3-stage and Single-Stage setups, leaving
the second and third stage transformers in place.
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2.6 Capacitive currents
Large currents can be observed, even during no-load conditions. This
is mainly due to the large capacitive currents from the HV9140 top
electrode to the surrounding environment. This is known as the
Ferranti Effect and is normal for this setup.
Compensating reactors can be introduced into the setup between
each transformer to reduce these effects.
Fig. 1.9 Top electrode connector, to test transformer, left, and to test object, right.
Note: this does not solve the actual connection to the test object, which must be customized.
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Shoed cable with single flexi-cable
To connect your chosen test object, use a suitable cable with an appropriately crimped end
as shown.
Pass the bolt through the cable ring before connecting to the measuring capacitor top
electrode.
HV9106
Flexi HV connector
HV9143
Top electrode
Fig. 1.10 Flexi-cable to test transformer, top; shoed cable to test object, right.
Note: This does not solve the actual connection to the test object, which must be customized.
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Notes
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3. High voltage DC circuits
For conducting experiments where 140kV is not adequate, up to 280kV DC can be obtained
with the 2-stage setup or 420kV with the 3-stage setup.
Fig. 2.1 HV9113 Measuring resistor. BNC output can be seen bottom left of the component
The connection from the HV9113 is made via a BNC cable, which is connected to the
HV9151 input on the rear panel of the control unit.
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3.2 2-Stage DC voltage test setup (280kV)
3.2.1 Principle diagram
HV9105
HV9114
To HV9151 DC
Voltmeter
Points to be earthed manually with the
earthing rod on entry.
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3.3 3-Stage DC voltage test setup (420kV)
For conducting experiments where 280kV DC is not adequate, up to 420kV DC can be
obtained following the same principle as with the previous 2-stage circuit.
HV9105
HV9114
To HV9151 DC
Points to be earthed manually with the Voltmeter
earthing rod on entry.
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Notes
22
4. High voltage Impulse circuits
4.1 Measurement and instrumentation
All high voltage measurement, albeit AC voltage, DC voltage or Impulse voltage is carried
out by voltage division.
In the case of Impulse voltage measurement, this voltage division is done over a
load/measuring capacitor (HV9120). For Impulse voltage measurement a Low Voltage
Divider should always be connected.
Fig. 4.4 Low Voltage Divider Fig. 4.5 HV9120 Measuring capacitor with HV9130divider mounted.
Note! Failure to connect via the low voltage divider will result in damage to the Impulse Voltmeter.
For 2-stage impulse, the appropriate 2-stage voltage divider should be used (refer to the rating
stamped on the unit).
The stage selector on the HV9152 impulse voltmeter should be set according to the setup.
Positive or negative measurements can be selected by the selector knob, right.
For more information about this unit, please see the separate HV9152 Impulse voltmeter
manual.
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4.2 2-Stage Impulse voltage test setup (280kV)
The 2 and 3 stage impulse voltage setup works on the same principle as a Marx generator.
The impulse capacitors are connected in parallel during the charging stage.
At the point of breakdown (correctly on the lowest sphere gap), the capacitors become series
connected through the path made over the sphere gaps, allowing them to discharge the
stored energy.
HV9122
350 Ω*
HV9120
HV9125
1200pF
HV9123
2400 Ω*
HV9112
25000pF
HV9122
350 Ω*
HV9121
10M Ω HV9120
HV9125
1200pF
HV9123
2400 Ω*
HV9121 HV9112
+ HV9130
10M Ω 25000pF
Low
voltage
divider
240kV
-
HV9152
Impulse voltmeter
* Values for lightning impulse waveform
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4.2.2 Component layout
HV9122
HV9120
HV9123
HV9105
HV9122
HV9123 HV9120
HV9114 HV9130
HV9126
To HV9152 Impulse
Control unit Control unit Voltmeter
HV9114 input HV9125 input
To HV9151 DC
Voltmeter
Fig. 4.4 2-stage impulse setup assembled. (280kV) Second rectifier not connected in photo. 2 rectifiers must be used.
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Notes
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4.3 3-Stage Impulse voltage test setup (420kV)
4.3.1 Principle diagram
The 3-stage impulse voltage generator simply builds on the 2 stage generator.
HV9122
350 Ω*
HV9120
HV9125 1200pF
HV9123
2400 Ω*
HV9112
25000pF
HV9122
350 Ω*
HV9121
10M Ω HV9125 HV9120
HV9123 1200pF
2400 Ω*
HV9112
25000pF
HV9122
350 Ω*
HV9121
HV9120
10M Ω
HV9125 1200pF
HV9123
2400 Ω*
HV9121 HV9112
+ HV9130
10M Ω 25000pF
Low
voltage
divider
420kV
-
HV9152
* Values for lightning impulse waveform Impulse voltmeter
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4.3.2 Component layout
HV9122 HV9123
HV9112
HV9120
HV9123 HV9122
HV9120 HV9112
HV9122 HV9123
HV9120
HV9112
HV9130
HV9105
To HV9151 DC
Voltmeter
To HV9151 DC
Voltmeter
To HV9152 To HV9151 DC
Impulse Voltmeter
Voltmeter
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Fig. 5.3 3-stage impulse setup assembled (420kV) Note! AC measurement not connected in circuit above.
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Notes
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The High Voltage Experiments manual series
After working through this manual, the user should feel confident working with the equipment
and have an understanding of the HV generation and measurement methods incorporated in
the Terco HV Laboratory as well as safety features and routines.
It is highly recommended that the user should work through the Introduction to High Voltage
Experiments manual before attempting any of these setups. Failure to do so could result in
damage to the equipment.
In order to fully understand the concepts introduced in this manual, it is highly recommended
that the user has a good understanding of the fundamentals of HV. The user should also be
familiar with all components and correct experimentation techniques before working through
this manual.
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