Pack
D
f
pack /pek/ 1 u I, T to collect the clothes and other
things you need for a journey, and put them in a
bag: It didn't take her long to pack her suilcase. .
Phil's packing for his holidags. . Haoe gou done
gour packing? (=packed the things you need) 2 rt
C a set of playing cards: Chrtosea card from the
midd[e of the pack.
ElThe American word for this is a deck of cards.
Pair lpee'l n C two things or people of the same
type: a pair ofshoes/socks
p alaG e lp e l a s / n C a l a r g e a n d im p r e ssiveh o u se
whic h is t h e h o m e o f a k i n g, a q u e e n , o r a p r e si-
dent: guards standing otttside the presidenttal
palace
panic /p€nrk/ [panicked, have panicked] 1 u I to do
something stupid, because you feel very frightened
or worried and you cannot think clearly: lVhen /re
saLu the flames getting closer, he panicked artd
jumped out of the u.:indou,.2 n U a very frightened
or worried feeling, which makes you unable to think
clearfy or behave sensibly: Tlte crowd rushed
touards the doors in panic.
park bench /,pork 'benrJ/ n C a long wooden or
metal seat for two or more people to sit on in a park
Parent /'peerent/n C a mother or falher: Where do
gour parents liue?
parking ticket /'po:ku1,trkrt/n C an official piece of
paper that says you have to pay money because
you have parked your car in the wrong place or at
the wrong time: Don'[ Ieatte gour car outside Lhe
Iibrarg - gou'll get a parking tickeL.
4The parking ticket is put on the windscreen of
your car by a traffic warden.
part /poni n in part partly, but not completely [ron-
marl: Ihis gear's low profits uerc due in part lo a
big increasein the cost of [ue[.
particularly /pa'trkjulali/adrr especially,more than
others: fhe last qu€stion LDasparticularlA diflicult.
(=more difficult than the others) o Are there ang
fllms gou particularlg Luant to see?
partner /'poltne'/ n C I someone that you are mar'
riecito or living with in a romantic relationship: Cian
we bring our partners to the offtce partg? 2 some-
one you are doing a job, game, or activity with:
Work with a partner and dec[de on a plan for gour
journeg. . The tu)o men were business partners.
part-time /,pcrt'tarm/adj, adt, working or studying
for only a few hours each day or week, not as your
main activity: She utorks [n a bank. bul she's also
studging law part time.
r)The opposite of part-time is full-time.
pass ipors/ u T I to do well enough to be successful
in a test or exam. The opposite of pass is fail: /f i
pass mA driuing test, l'tl bug a car 2 to give some
thing to someone because they cannot reach it
40
themselves: Could gou pass me tltat book, please?
3 pass something on to give someone a message
or piece of information that someone else has given
to you: / asked her to pass on mg message lo Siluia.
passenger /pesrnd3ar/ n C someone who pays to
travel on a boat, train, or plane, or someone who
ttravefs in a car but is not the driver: All passengers
should check in tuo hours before departure.
passerby /,porsabar/ n C someone who is walking
past a place, especially when something unusual
happens. The plural is passers-by: A passerbg saw
the accident and called an ambulance.
passion |pe.]nl n have a passion for to like some-
thing very much, or have a very strong interest in
something: We discooered that we both had a pas-
<i n n fnt nar Ao n i n n
pat /p:et/ u T to touch someone or somethinglightly
with your hand in a flat position: 'Good dog,' she
said, patting him affectionatelg.
patient lperfntl adj someone who is patient is able
to wait for something to happen without getting
angry: Rachel is uerg patient rloith the cltildren she
looks after.
4,The opposite of patient is impatient.
pay lpel [paid, have paid] I pay back to give some-
one back the money you have borrowedfrom them:
Could gou lend me fS - I'll pag gou back tomorrow.
2 pay off to pay all the money you owe to a person
or bank, especially when you owe a lot: It took us
three gears to pag off the moneg we borrowed for the
car 3 well-paid/badly paid if you have a well-
paid/badly-paid job, you receive a lot of money/not
much money for your work: Cleaning work is ofLen
uerg badlg'paid.
peacefuf l'pitstV adj a place that is peaceful is quiet
and calm without much activity or many people: a
peaceful t,illage . /ts so louelg and peaceful here I
could [al[ asleep.
peasant /peznt/ n C someone in a poor country who
works on the land but does not own it: a peasant
farmer
pendulum i pendjulam/ n C a long thin piece of
metal with a heavy weight at the bottom, which
h a n g s dow n and moves from si de to si de.
Pendulumsare used mostly in large clocks, to make
the clock work.
Per lp1,tl preposiliun for each: a salarg o{ S30OOper
month . The meal cost aboul f20 per person.
per cent /pasentl n for every 100: Ien per cent
(=lO%) of 250 is 25. . Priceshaue increasedbg fite
per centtbg 5%.
percentage /pa'sentrd3i ri C a number or amount for
every hundred: One quarter as a percentageis 25%.
. ThirtA-[iDestudents look the exam, and a high per-
centage of them passed.(=most of them passed)
percussionist /pa'kn.[nrst/ n C a musician who plays
drums and similar instruments
performance /pef.r:nrrns/ rr C when someone acts.
danc es , pl ay s m us i c e t c i n a p l a y , f i l m, o r c o n c e rt :
The perfotntance begi.ns at B o clock. . Llr pctfot,
nr anc e u- ,asbr i l l l ant. (-s h e p e rf o rme d v e ry w e l l )
per i od /'pr r r i r d/ n C a l e n g t h o f t i me : Ti rc p o s t a l l i c e
takes on e.\tra stafl Lluing busg petlods.
permanent /llxn.x:nt/ adi lasting for a long time or
lasting forever: a permanenl job e Tlrc acc[Cent lcl!
her with a perntanent irjurg to her leg.
'l T he oppos i te of pe rma n e n t i s t e mp o ra ry .
per m i s s i on /pa'm r .l n / n U b e i n g o f f i c i a l l y a l l o w e d t o
do something: Studenfs ntag nol borrou school
eq uipment utI Lhout per mission.
permit /pa'nllt/ r' T to officially allow someone to do
s om ethi ng: Snr ok i ng i s n o t p e rmi t t e d a rrg ri , / rc rc l rr
the bui l di ng.
personality /pr:sa'nclrti/ n C the sort of person that
s om eone i s , for ex a mp l e t h e w a y t h e y t h i n k a n d
behav e: Bc n and
- S i mo rr
a re l u , i n s , b u l l i re g h a rrc
t' e r g di I le ren L personalilies.
per s onal l y /'p::s nr l i / a d u s a y t h i s w h e n y o u a re g i v -
i ng y our ow n opi ni on a b o u t s o me t h i n g : A l o t O I p c o -
pte realtg lik'e /rer music, but personallg / thirrk it'-s
raLher boring.
per s onnel /p:r s a nel/ n 0 t h e p a rt o f a c o mp a n y t h a t
deals with the people who work there. for example
by k eepi ng r ec or ds a b o u t t h e m, o rg a n i s i n g t ra ' n i n g
for them , or deal i ng w i t h t h e i r p ro b l e ms : S h c rt ro rk s
[n the bank's pcrsonncl departnletlt. o a pcr.sorrnel
manager
pefs uade /pr s $ettl / r, T t o ma k e s o me o n e a g re e t o
do s om ethi ng, by as k i n g t h e m t o d o i t o r e x p l a i n i n q
why they should do it: lVc ercntuallg persuaded Datl
to lcl us haL,e a parLg. . She s.?gs she clocsn t ('anl
fo come. but l'll ttg to persuade hcr.
pes s i m i s ti c /pc {'nr r s t rk / a d j n o t h o p e f u l a b o u t t h e
futur e, and ex pec ti ng t h i n g s t o g o b a d l y : ' l b c t i t rt t i l l
rain roherr ue haoe our picni:.' Oh <lon'l be -sope.:-
simislic/don l be such a pessimisll'
t I Som eone w ho i s a l w a y s p e s s i mi s t i c is a pes-
s i m i s t. T he oppos i te o f p e s s i mi s t i c i s o p t i mi s t i c .
pet /pr.t/ n C an animal that someone keeps and
looks after in his/her house, such as a dog or cat:
Hat'e gou got ang peLs? . a peL rabbiL
phenom enon /l r non rrn rn / rr C s o me t h i n g t h a t h a p -
pens or exists Ironltar]: Crintc int'olt'[ng t]onl)ulilr:s is
a fairltl recent p|renomenon. (=it only started to hap'
pen recently)
phobia /1.rrhir/ rt C a verv strong fear of something: /
haoe a phobia about spidcrslabaut lltlinq in air
platles.
phone i n or c al l i n / f l rn rn . k r: l rn / r, l t o t e l e p h o n e
the pl ac e w her e y ou w o rk i n o rd e r t o g i v e a me s
sage: Jill phoned in to sag shc rrcruld bc late lor thc
m c c l i /r g. . l l tad t b t d c " , l d . s u l p h o n e d i n s i c k .
( =phoned to s ay I wa s s i c k a n d w o u l d n o t b e g o i n g
to w or k )
41
playwright
p h o n e -i n / l . ro n t n / rr C a ra d i o o r' f V p ro q ra mme i n
w h i c h o rd i n a ry p e o p l e c a n p h o n c t h e p ro g ra mme t o
g i v e t h e i r o p i n i o n s o r a s k q u e s t i o n s : . i I i ro r: c -i i r
. rb o r1 1(a t l i (t l n rr' n l i r/ i s s t rc s
, : Th e A me ri c a n w o rd f o r t h i s i s c a l l -i n .
physician l l t t rl n l n (-^a d o c t o r. e s p e c i a l l y i n f o rmc r
t i me s
p i a n i s t / p i : rn rrt . p i t n rs t / rr C s o me o n e w h o p l a y s t h e
piano: ..,|t'.s-s i\ qrl41(,.i tlcx.tdlti,trtisl . SJnt i5 /tofit.l
lo lrcccrrrr' ;r concert pianisl. ( . a professional pianist
w h o p l a y s i n c o n r: e rt s )
p i c k p o c k e t / p rl p n k rt / rr C a t h i e f w h o s e c re t l y s t e a l s
f ro m p e o p l e ' s p o c k e t s . b a g s e t c i n t h e s t re e t o r i n d
public place
pick u p / p rk rp / r, T I t o t a k e s o me t h i n g i rr y o u r
I t a n d s . a n d l i f t i t u p f ro m t h e l l o o r. f ro n r a s u rf a c e
e t c : H c l ri c i . c rl u 1 r rrrr, r/ ri . g : a rrr/ I rn k t h (r1 l o l l t c
c , t r: 2 t o g o s o n re w h e re b y c a r i n o rd e r t o g e t
s o me o n e o r s o me t h i n g t h a t i s w a i t i n g f o r y o u : /
i t a l c l o p [ < ' k n t L l d , l L rq h l (t t rl t l ro t rt s c J ro o l a l
5 o'r.lo<:k.
p i e -c h a rt / p rr t J o x / rr C a c i rc l e d i v i d e d i n t o s e c t i o n s
o f d i f f e re n t s i z e s . Th e s i z e o f e a c h s e c t i o n s h o w s h o w
mu c h a n a mo u n t i s a s p a rt o f a t o t a l : J 1 ri c c, h , rr I
. s / ro u i l t g h o rrr l rL r' / r f ro l i l & 1 t l r rf t l r, rrl l rt r: rr1n r. ri / e
la.sl .r1c.l
p i l l f u rl / rr C a t y p e o f me d i c i n e i n a t a b l e t : -s l t : c ? i rrc ;
p i 1 / . s(= t a b l e t s t h a t h e l p y o u s l e e p )
p i l o t / p a rl rr/ n C a p e rs o n w h o s e j o b i s t o f t y a p l a n e
p i ra t e / p rrrrrt / rr C i n f o rn re r t i me s . s o me o n e w h o
s a i l e d a ro u n d i n a s h i p . a t t d c k i n q o t h e r s h i p s a n d
s t e d l i n g f ro m t h e m
p i t y l p rri / rr. s rn i ; u l a r a b a d s i t u a t i o n t h a t y o u a re s a d
a b o u t o r d i s a p p o i n t e d a b o u t : / l ' s a p i t A t h a t l t ra f t 1 i ! r
. s l rri 1 rr/l / rt : i r l )i (rri (- . W h a t a p i t g s l t t ' c o i rl L / n I c o rrrc
tIilll u.\.
p l a n i p l rrn / I i ' T t o i n t e n d t o d () s o n l e t h i n g , o r t h i n k
a b o u t h o w y o u w i l l d o s c rme t h i n g t h a t y o u i n t e n d t o
d c r: . 5 h c . s l , / , t t u t i rt r/ , r l t i p l o l / re (/ S i rr O t ! rt f i ; v l p 1 2 n -
n i n g t o g o l rr 1 / rc U S i rr (\ l t t l x ' r. . l l , t ' / ? . i { , ('l r), l i l , l / r
/ rc rrl n rrrr: / r l a o c l t rc ' l l t l c t )d l o t l l t t 1 t , 1 t 1 1 1L. )o l l o ri
h a o e a n g t h i n g p l a n n e d l o t l l 7 7 y 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 a s , , (-d , 1 ?o y o u
plan to do anvthing?) 2 have no plans to not intend
t o d o s o me t h i n g : I n r c n j L > t 1 i n qn t rl . i o t t . , t n t l a t l l t e
/ i l o / rc / rl I h a u e n o p l a n s t o r l t , t n i J L ' i ! .
planet / p l t rrrt / rr C a v e ry l a rg e ro u n d o b j e c t i n
s p a c e t h a t mo v e s a ro u n d t h e s u n : I h t ' l , rrl l r i s o rt t , o /
I l t e n i n t l )l a n c l s i n o i rr s o 1 , : rri l s l t ' rrr.
p l a n t / p l o : n l / t t C a l a rq e b u i l d i n q u s e d f o r i n d u s t ri a t
p u rp o s e s . s u (h a s a l a t : t o ry Q r a p o w e r s t a t i o n : . r
tltr |t,.tt rcpla essirtrl pl,:snl
p l a t f o rm / p l t t l . rrrr, r n C t h e l o n rl f l a t a re a b e s i d e t h e
t rd c k i n a s t a t i o n , w h e re y o u g e t o n a n d o f f a t ra i n :
Tl l r' l 5 r-j 5 t ra i n t o ()rf rt rt l i s rro ri , , i r ri | i rrr; a l I ' l , t t l o rrt t
I.
p l a y w ri g h t / ' p l c rrrrt / n C s o me o n e w h o w ri t e s p l a y s
f o r t h e t h e a t re
plead
plead /pli:d/ L, plead guilty/plead not guilty to say in
a court of law that you did or did not commit a crime:
He pleaded guiltA to Lhe charga of robber g.
please /plirzl u please yourself to do whatever you
want to do: Mg dad s reLired nou, so lte can please
hin6e[f ultat time he gets up.
pleased lplitzLll adj happy about something good
that has happened: Theg seem pleased rcith litt:i
n e w a p a r ttn e n l . (=th e y l i ke i t, so they ar e happy tiidt
they have it) . yy" urere pleased to hear lit;ti goLt
p a s : e J g o u r e ya m . M.i tci 'r tr ' pler s^,t that l\.,
rementbered her bir lhclag.
pleasing I'plitzql adj sonr.rti,ii ; ilrai is pleasing
m a k e s y ou fe e l h a p p v a ttJ s.r ti.' : ' "i,r u,dr l b!/ /it,c
points. trr/lic/t illl: il "' :rl 1'ii 15i1r..r1'.5111
plug /plro/ 1 r C ltre thing at tht cnd of an electric
wire, which voLr put into d socket (=an electricity
supply on the wali) 2 u plug something in to connect
a piece c'f electrical equipment to an electricity suP-
ply in order to make it work: Plug ir lire A'eltie, lhcrl
push t/ii-s su,ilch he/?.
( The opprosite of plug in is unplug.
p l u m b e r /'p l ,rru .,',/tt C so me one whose job is to con-
nect or repair watl,-r i-,iprb. baths. toilets etc
plumbing /p l n n ri rl / l d th e system of water pipes.
toilets etc in a house or city
pod /pnd/ n C a part of a plant that contains seeds,
o n p l a n t s l i ke p e a s a n d b e a ns
p o i n t i p rl n t/ 1 n C a n e xa ct place or ar ea: Al lhis
p o i n t , t h e ro a d cro sse s a ra i lur aq line. . Whal' s Ltte
h i g h e s L p a i l tt o n l /rr: i -sl and? 2 r t C an exact
moment in time: AL .l.'hat poirtt dicl gou real[se
thirt lre u'as the murdL:rer? 3 n C an idea or fact;
Nlake a sununarg ol Ihe ntai/t poiflls o/ l/te -\lorg. '
tle h;rd plentg ol euidence IL, proDe his Point.
( = s h o w th a t w h a t h e sa i d was tr ue) .4 good
points/bad points the good or bad features of
something: One ol the good points of Lhe filnt is tltt:
fanta-stic costurnes. 5 point of view a way of think-
i n g a b o ut so me th i n g , o r som eone s opinion about
s o m e t h i ng : I u n d e rsL a n d gour p< .tint <tf tt[tztt,but I
don't agree LLlitlt gou. 6 u I to show where some-
t h i n g i s b y h o l d i n g o u t your finger : ,/heg ur er tl
that ..).i9 , s/te said, pointing touards the back
door.
policy /pDlasi/ fr C a statement nrade by an organi-
sation. government etc, which explains its beliefs
and intentions: Llle rrcu) got.r(\"tlrnenli polir:g on ecltt'
czliort . Mosl corlpanies ttour /taue a tto-srrtok'ing
po!tcU.
polluted /palurtrd/ adl full of pollution: pollulecl
rlters/ baaches
pollution /p.r'ludn/ n 0 chemicals. gases etc that
make land. air. or water dirty and unsate to use or
live in: Becartse crIall the Jactories, lhcrr: is a [ti of pol'
lutlon i/l tlrc area. . ILst-s -shou'ed thert: utete ltiglt
let,els o{ pollutitLrt in llrc lake.
42
pop 4mp/ t, 1 pop out to go out for a sllort time
.-
[rnrotlrrr]: ll'trrdgr -s rtc,l ltt:rc shc!.lu-st popped out
lo Lrull .!(rlrr nulk. 2 pop in to visit sc.meone for a
short time {irr orrrer l: I\4t irt f<t a L-ttpol cc,lfeesonte
hr 7I c.
popular lpr)pjol.r'/ a.1j liked by a lot of people:
ll'/riir/r i-s l/le n?(,-il po1;ular game shottt ott IU? .
i).rlirJil arL.l5dlrld-qs Lrerg poptilar at scltool.
populated tprrpiolettttl/ arlj having a particular num-
ber o{ people living in a place: F/ong Kortg Is a heao-
ilgldenselg populated.rltg. (=it has a large popula'
tion compared with its size) . 7he rtorrh o/ C'anada is
t,erlt thinlg populated r.5one ol the least populated
places in the uorkl. (=very few people iive there)
position lpaztlnl n C 1 a job [tot,u.+i: .Sire /ras
applietl for thc pusilion of headteachar.2 someone's
position is the situation that they are in: /n gour
position (=if I were in your sjtuation). / trottiri c1,'
e{acllg Ihe.sal7le lhing.
positive lpnzatrv/ adj hopeful and confident; Marq
scrurrdecl LterlJ pasitiLte about lter netit job.
possess /p:zt'/ t' T to have or own surnethincl [t c,tl
r1.\L]: frrcrgti lirlg tht'q ;ls.se.:sr'<1 tt,as deslro.rlccl itt
the lire . Most people 1tos.\e.\-s ,r /t let'isio,l.
possession /paz c l n/ r t C y our pos s es s i ons ar e the
things that you own: S/le put a/l /ter possessions ittlo
lhe rarand tLot'e ofl. . fhi.s ring is rng rltosl ualuable:
po.ssr:ssiorr.
postcode lpnrstkrrd/ n C a set of numbers and let'
ters at the end of your address, which helps the Post
office to sort the mall faster.
'i ln the US. each address has a set of numbers only,
called a z i p c ode.
poster /p r ) s ta'/ n C a l ar ge pi ec e of paper w i th w r i t
ing or a pi c tur e on i t, w hi c h y ou put on a w al l , for
example to give information or advertise something
potential ipr'tcnJal/ n U the possibility of becoming
useful or successful in the future: llet Leacher th[rtks
s/re has great potential ds a rnusidi.tlt. (-has the
ability to become very good in the future) r f/is L,usi'
nes.s parbrers <lidn'I recogn[ze Lhe potential of his
lnt) e,lir on.
Power lpaoar/ rt U be in power to be in charge of the
government of a country: the Lime trrhett Franco ctas
in pourer ln Spaln
powerful /pao:l1/ adj something that is powerful is
very strong and has a lot of force: a t:ar ut[Lh a pout
arlul eng[ne . At, nigllt. l/te pti.son ut,tlls uert lit up
b11 potrtrful lighLs.
practical l!ruktrkl/ adf concerned with doing things
and real situations. rather than ideas or studying:
She has lols r,/ practical ex|)erience ol using comput-
ers, :rlllrourTh she ha.s no guali/icalions.
practice /pftkus/ n in practice say this to talk about
what really happens. rather than what people think
should happen: People rrced a regu[ar antourtt ol
-s1tr1r.but irr pr.rr:lii'e theg don t usuai /y gr't il.
pr ay l ?r c tl I I to s pe a k t o C o d t o a s k f o r h e l p . p ra i s e
hinr ete: lhcg a![ praged for l)r.ii('. . 511( praAecl
to Cod.
prayer /prci'/ n C words that you say to Cod wherr
'ilte
you pfdy: cltildren said their pragers bt'lon
gaitlg ta bed.
pr eac her i pr i x j i '/ n C s o me o n e w h o g i v e s s e rmo n s
( =r el i gi ous s peec he s ) i n a c h u rc h o r s i mi l a r p l a c e
precious /'prcJrs/ ad,l somethin.J precious is very
v al uabl e. ei ther beca u s e i t i s w o rt h a l o t o f mo n e y . o r
bec aus e i t i s v er y imp o f t a n t t o y o u : p re . i o L rs . i | r| c l :
' nlg Inosl |lecious poss€Ssion
pfec i s e /pr r s r r ./ ac lf e x a c t a n d r: o rre c t i n e v e ry d e t a i l :
The b,nklct gi0e: prccisr: ilslr ucli(rr.\ lc\ ltrLL, !ct
in-:lal/ gour n..orlcnr.
pr edi c t /pr r dr l t/ t'T t o s a y t h a t y o u t h i n k s o n re t h i n q
w i l l happen i n the f u t u re : l o n i g / rt -s l i , e . i / / t c r / . x r(i t s l
ped[c tec l heautl r a i n , b t l / t e : u rc r: k c rrt l . (= s a i d t h e re
w oul d pr ;babl y be h e a v V ra i n ) r S o n t c s c i . rfrl i r, l s ; rr.
prsdicting
11611t that ruorltl l(,nlpcralu/cs trrill ris. i l/
tLL'oar ll1rce degtecs.
predictable iprr drkohl/ .rdj something or sonreone
that i s pr edi c tabl e a l w a y s h a p p e n s o r b e h a v e s i n
ex ac tl y the w ay tha t y o u e x p e ri t . s o t h a t t h e y s e e n r
bor i ng or annoy i r r g : I l t c a n c l i n , l o i L l t t : l i l n t r{ , d s i ' e / -r/
ptedlctabIe.
prediction /prr t|kJrr/ n C a statement about what
y ou thi nk w i l l happ e n i n t h e f u t u re : A . ()rrl i f i (J l () l / t (.
e.rpert-s predicliotts. lhc Social I)cnlocral.s rliil rr;irr
the e[ecLidt. . lrc teach!'r /]e.s &; make a prediclion
aDoul Our c,.{arilre5ulls.
prefer /prt l:r:r/ t, T to like one thing or person better
than another: lVhich clrcs-sdo gou prelo lltt rt,<1
a)e or the b/ack' orte? . Sofncli/ncs / a1clc &r .rchool.
but I prefer to LL'alk.
preferably /prcli.rbli/ ;rdl say this to say what yorl
would like best: Wc ic looking lor .t blqg.r .tl)art/ncn L
preltrablg onc u,ith als ori,ri g.r/(./c/r.
pregnant /prccnant/ aif a wonran who is pregnant is
going to have a baby: She i-ssix monlhs pregnant.
( - has been pr egna n t t o r s i x n ro n t h s ) . l ' I a t i a < l x l rt l
uant to get pregnanf. (-becorne pregnant)
pr em i s es /pr c 'nr r s rz /n p l u ra l t h e b u i l d i n g s b e l o n g i n g
to a bus i nes s . hotel . s h o p e t c : Tl t c c o rrry rl l l / i 5 rr)o l ,
ing to neut prenri-se.:ne.rl nronl/r.
pfes s /pr c s / r ) T to p u s h a b u t t o n o r k e y o n a ma r: h i rre
with your tinger, in order to make it work
pr es Sur e /pr c j r 'l rt 0 t h e f e e l i n g t h a t y o u h a v e t o c r
m uc h w or k and r e s p o n s i b i l rt y . e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h i s
m ak es y ou feel w o rri e d o r b a d -t e mp e re d : I ' l t t lttt's
sure o/ /iisjob utas begInrting lo nr,rkc hirrr i11.
pressurized / prcJarrrzd,/aill feeling a lr:t ot pressurt:.
or making you teel a lot of pressure: ..t lcl/ lrr(,.sru/
ize<11ob . nre -sludcnl-s uttrc beginnir:q lo ler'1pre.s
surEed.
pr etend /pr r 'tc nd/ t , I , T t o b e h a v e a s i f s o me t h i n q i s
tr ue and tr ! to nr dk e c . t h e r p e o p l e b e l i e v e i t . w h e n i rr
43
product
f J c t v o u k n o w t h a t i t i s n o t t ru e : l l t t rl < 1 i t i t t l , t ! l t t :
l : u i l d i ru l l t 1 p re t e t t d i n g t o b e 1 x ' 1 t ,t . l / / r, rr-s . r i t t r t ;
t l i rl rt l t r' , t n l l rr / , t / ( l o l ri l t . : r, ' / t r' p re t e n d e d t h a t s l t i
rr, : rs . i s l t ' r' 1 r.
p f e v e n t 4 )i l \ (rl / t ' 1 t o : t o p s { )rn e t h i n q f re rn h a ' r
p e n i n g : R rrTt r/ a i r: rs r i : t , ; i r, . /, t l t c . t l l l t rl (l i t t a , i t i l rL l l ,
l o | )t t ' t (' t t| / t c , rt I rl t ' t rt s r' . r / l rr rr' t r, i s , i { f , i r r? 15 1 . , / n .
a rk l i l p re o e n t e d o rrr / r1 . } ri ' f ro t rt l e k i t u ] (' l l .
p re v i o u s / l rri : ri . rs , / i r(/ i h d p p e n i n ! J b e f o rt . O r e . rrl i e r
t h a n t h e t i n re t h a t y o u a re l a l k i rrrl a b o u t : / )r 1 7 , , 1 1
/ r, rI t ' . i rrt 1 / )r(' r' i ,rrl s a rl )(y i (' r(r, r; l t l t i : ! t 1 y t o l t r-o tk ) t
I l t t t l f u t ' rt I r / i . r1 , tt r, . ' l )r(r, re u 5 \ rrf l rt i (,
p ri ma ry s c h o o l r1 ' rrrrr: r. . ri: [ . rr: 1 . 1 rr ( a s c h o o l t o r
c h rl d re n b i , l w e ' e n i r a n d I l y (. a rs o l c l
r: Th e A me ri (: a n w o rd t o r t h i 5 i 5 e l e me n t a ry s c h o o l .
A s c h o o l f o r < : h i l d re no v e r I I i s a s e c o n d a ry s c h o o l .
p ri n c i p l e / p i l rr\ rl )l / rr C a b c l i t : l o b o u t w h a t i s ri g h l
a n d w h a t i s w ro n g , w h i c h i n f l u e n , < : s l h e w a y y c , u
b e h a v e : S / t c n (rl rr' / b rl r/ s . r 1 (, l l (' r! /l i ' / rc ' / D , ' ri i rt : t i 1 . s
a g a i n s l h e r p ri n c i p l e s l . t 1 . t rt t l )k . . 1 / )(' r\ o i l { 1 i i 1 l r
s L ro n g p ri n c i p l e s ( s t ro n q b e l i e l s . w l ri r: h t h t ' y d c r n o l
e d s i l y (h a n l l e )
pfint / p n n t i I I t () w ri t e s o n rc l l ri n ! l w i t l ro u t j o i rri n , i t l re
l e t t e rs : l . ' l t rt ' r' I )t i t )! t l t 4 i l n , t ! t k ' t h ' t t ! t l i rt t , t 1 , i l . t i l t ' l -
p ri o ri t i z e
/ p ra rrrrri rrz / rr l . I t o d e < . i d e w h i r. h t h i n < 1 s
a re rn ()r(, i [ rp o rt a ] n l a n d w h i r: h d re l e s s i [ l p c ri t d rrt .
a n d t h e n d e a l $ i t h t h e mo s t i mp o rt a n t t h i n q s l i rs t :
Y b rr rr, i l l l rt , t ri ' t t ' t ' l l i r t t n l i l ry t t 1 \ i ' t ri L i t r' i / ()r1 l l . r5 k s .
p ri s o n e r , 1 p tr z r. . ' i t t (. s o mt ' o n e w l ro l ra s b e e rr s e n t
k ) p ri s o n b e l : a u s e t h e l ' h a v e c o mmi t t (' d d c ri me
p ro b a b l e / p l n h rh l , l . rri l l i k e l y . t o h a p p e rr. o r l i k e l y t o
b e t ru e : / l i s p ro b a b l e t h a l l l t t c c t s lo l , t i r l . t t t s L L ' t l tl 1 o
r/ t I t ' l t l h i s t l (, . r/ . l / t ( n ? { rs l/ , ri r1 ), r1 )i ('
{ . \ l )/ . r/ } . i 1 l i t )/ r)r
l / t c / i t r' (. . t l rc r. rp l a rra t i o n t h d l i s n ro s t I i k e l v t rr b e
cotre It.)
pfoblem / l rrrb l rn r, / n C s o n )e t h i n q t h a t r: a u s e s d rl t i '
{ --u l t yo r i n a ()n v e n i e n t : e : L )rri ri s , l t t , . It . I i n rt ' . i rr' . i s e ri -
o u s p ro b l e rn i rt l l t i ; 1 n r l < , 1l l t c < i l t l . . S o i l J j r| t ' rt
/ , r1 r' t r, < rh . \ [ a p ro b l e m w i t h l l t t 1. i l l l t i \ n w n i t l q
t Ditl qrtu ltaoe ang problerns linding our ltoust'.)
(. w a s i t d i l f i c u l t t o t i n d J )
p f O C e S S / P rr, , . e r/ / r C d n u mb c r o l a c t i o n s o r
r: h a n q e s t h a t t a k e p l a c e i n ; r c e rt a i n o rd e r. a n d h a v e
a p a rt i c u l a r re s u l t : 1 , l . l i i : rn t . i rr r/ r, rrrrr/ [ s l l rI
/ I r. l f i i i / l (r/ r/ , l / ? (l (' . \ / )/ . l i/ l (1 / l l t ( I n , i l t u l . r\ l L I t i t l t l
l )i { rr (' s ! . ( . t h e a rj t i u n s i n v o l v c t l i n p t r-)d u c i n q s o i l } e
t h i rrrl ) r n t i ' t t 1 . t l / : ri \ 1 ' s 5 (' \ ( t h e w a y t h d t t h o u q h t s
d e v e l o p i n y o u r n ri n d )
p ro d u c e r r' p ri (l i u : s i ' / / l ( a c , )mp d n y o r r: o u n l ry t h a t
p ro d u c : e s s o me t h i n q . l o r c x . rn rp l e b v q ro w i n c l i t o l b y
I n a k i n q i t i n a f a c t o ry : I l t i l , t i i l i : o n t t )f l . t i t (){ , t ' s
b t t 7 1 1 t t so/ i l / )f ()(. / t l rrrs r , r/ i L t o s o / l i r I rt i o / l l t ,
t i ' o / i f l l \ / (' J d i n (/ p ro d . u c e rs o f r rrt t I t u l t . ' r \ r), / l i t ' . l rc .
pfoduct / P rrrl . rl , t , /rr ( s o rn e t h i n c , t h a t i s p ro d u c e d
a n d s o l d . e s p t ' r: i a l l y s o me t h i n -c ; rn a d e i n a f a c t o l y :
. h l rr/ r c { / r/ 1 5. t h l (, 1\ ' k ' ! l \ )n i ( / ' / (r. / d . l s .
production
production /pra'drkJn/n C a play, film, show etc: a
neu production of 'Madam Butterflg' at the Rogal
Opera House
professional /prafeJnal/ adj a professional golfer,
musician, photographer etc does something as
their job and gets paid for it Bill's ambition uas to
become a professional basketball plager. . She
turned professiona, (=became a professionalplay-
er) when she uas onlg 16. -professionally adu:
Stan uras a talentecl musician, and was ptaging
professlonallg before he left cotlege.
c)Someone who does something just for enjoy-
ment, and not for money, is an amateur golfer,
m us ic iane t c .
profit /'prufrv n C, U money that a company earns
by buying and selling things: Ihe businessmade a
profit of ouer liLte million pounds last gear.
+The opposite of profit is los*
Programmer /'prsgrEma'/ n C someone whose job
is to write computer programs (=the instructions
that make a computer perform a particular job)
progress /pra<.4res/I n 0 the way something devel-
ops and improves over a period of time: the coun-
trA's economic progress . Tina has made good
progress since her operation. (=she is gradually
getting better) 2 in progress happening or continu-
ing: TaLkingts not allouted whtle the examination is
in progress.3 /pre'gres/u I to continue or develop in
a particular way: Accordtng to the neu)s, the peace
talks are progressing welL
prohibited /prahrbrtrd/adj definitely not allowed,
according to official rules: Snoking in the librarg is
strictlg prohtblted.
proiect /'pmdlekt/ n C a job or activity that involves
a lot of work and planning: Ihe class is Luorkingon
a local historg project. . Building the Channel
Tunnel uas a major engineering project.
promise /'pmmrs/u l, T to tell someone you will def-
initely do something that they want you to do: We
had to promise her that ue uould be home belore
midnight. . Jill promised to paA back the moneg
bg Fridag. . 'Don't forget to call me when gou get
to London. 'OK, I promise.'
promote /pramaut/ u T to give someone a more
important, better-paidjob in the organisationwhere
they work: Did gou hear that Kerrg has been pro'
moted? . After turo gears, theg promoted him to
marketing director.
promotion /pramzuJn/n C, U being given a more
important, better-paid job: She s hoping for a pro'
motion this Uea,: (=hoping to be promoted)
prompt /pmmpV n C a word. sign etc that shows
you what to do or say next: You tgpe in gour name.
then the compuler g[ue5 Aou a pottrpt to keg irt
gour passuora.
proper I'prcpa'ladj correct or real: Whg don't gou
eat some proper food instead of burgers and chips
44
all the time? . Your requesl utill be deall L,ith aL the
proper tinre.
prophecy /prcfasi/ n C a statement,or something
you imagine in your mind, which says what will hap-
pen in the future
proportion /praprJn/ n C a part of a total: Ihe
sclrool has a high proportion ofsouth American stu'
dents. (=6 large number of the students are from
South America) . What is the proportion of oxggen
in the air?
proposition /,prupa'zrJn/ n C a plan or suggestionfor
busi tl ess
d o in g so methi ngi n busi ness:Jn i ntercsl ang
proposrlon
pros and cons /,prsz an'konz/ n plural the advan-
tages and disadvantagesof a plan, a machine, a
method of doing somethingetc
Prosecute /pmstkjul/ u l, T to charge someonewith
a crime, and say they must be tried in a law court:
The compang Ltasprosecuted Ior selling unsale elec-
trical grnds. . Thepolice know he is guiltg, but theg
don't haL)eenough ettidenceto prosecute.
protective /pra'tektrv/ adj wanting to look after
someone and protect them from danger or harm:
Karen's left home, but lrcr parents are sttll uerg pro-
tectibe of her.
prove /pru:v/ I u T to show that something is defi-
nitefy true: scientifc eUidence LLthichprooes that
snrokrng causes cancer 2 prove useful/difficult/
impossible etc to be found to be useful, difficult etc
after you have tried somethingfor a certaintime: Her
adoiceproued oerg useful. . We lried seueraltanleslo
moue the machine,but it proued irnpossible.
Provide /pra'vard/r, T to give or make available
somethingthat someoneneeds or wants: Ihe school
prouides all the books gou need, but Aou haue to
prouide gour oun paper.
provided or Providing /pra'vardrd, pra'vatdq/con'
junction only if: You can go ta the partg, prottided
gou get back here before 12. . ProL)iding gour
account remains tn credit, Lhe bank u.tilLnot make
ang charges.
pub /prhi n C a bar where you can buy alcoholic
drinks. and sometimesfood, especiallyin Britain
public /'pnbhki n 1 the public ordinary people:
During the summer the palace is open to the public.
(=ordinary people can visit it) 2 in public in a place
where other people can see you or be with you, for
example in a street or restaurant,not ln your own
home: touglt neu latrls that uill ban smoking in
publtc 3 public transport (British) or public trans-
portation (American) transport servicesthat every-
one can use, especiallytrains and buses: One of lhe
best things about Par[s is ils exceilent public trans'
porl. 4 public services servicesprovidedby the gov-
ernment, such as schools,hospitals,and firefighters:
Euergone utants good public seruicesbut are theg
uiLLingto pag for them?
publish /pnbhJ/ r' T to produce a book, newspaper
etc to be sold: Oroells famt:usnat'e! was firstpub-
Itshed irt 19,18.
punctual i ty /pnrl k t.l ' u' el atin/ U bei ng punc tual
(=arriving or doing something at the correct time,
and not being late): We regard puncLuaLitg as tterg
ImDortant.
punish i p^nrj/ t' T to make someonesuffer because
they have done something wrong: Sludents u'ho
smokeangwhere in the -schml will be setterelgpun,
lshed.
punishment /prnrfmant/ n C, U a way that someone
is punished: The usual punishment for nturder uas
death. . a llarsh punishment
purpose /'p:t:pas/ I n C the reasonwhy you do some,
thing, or the thing that you want to achieveby doing
il: The purpose of the meeting is to decide u,hether
ue need a nea computer sgstem, 2 on purpose
defiberately.not by accident: I bumped inlo his car.
and he thinks I did it on purpose.
pursue /pasju:/u T to continuewith a plan to achieve
something, over a long period [r.onr'rarl:Police offi,
cers are still pursutng the murder inuestigation..
Beth gaue up her teachingjob to pursue a medical
career.
push yourself /puj j::self/ rr I to make yourselfwork
very hard: You haue to push gourself if gou uant to
becomea top athlete.
put /put/ [put, have put] r-r1 put someone through
to connect someone with the person that they are
trying to tefephone: Hald on, I'll just put gou
thraugll. . C-oulc1gou put me through to the
accountsdepartment,please?2 put money towards
something to save money, so that you can use it to
pay part of the cost of something: Mg grandmother
gaLte me some moneg, and I decided to puL it
toLiards a neu car.3 put your feet up to rest and
relax after working hard, by sitting with your feet
supported 4 put forward to suggesta plan or idea:
The tlrcorg was originaLlg pul frtrtttard bg Charles
Darwln.
Pvzzle I'p^zll n C a questionor game that you have
to think about very carefullyin order to understandit
or find the right answer:She tolcl ushow to soloe the
Puzzle.(=find the answerto it)
1^l
\*
quaf ifications /,kwolrfr'kerfnz./n plural exams that
you have passedafter completing a course of study:
You can't <1<tthejob if gau don't haoe nursing clualt-
lications. . List all gour qualificatlansanr,lpret,ious
jobs on the form.
qualified /'ku,nhfard/adj having completed a course
of study and passedthe exams to do a particularjob:
a quatiftedlawger . lf gau aanL to be an arcllitecL,it
takes seLlera[gears to become fullg qualified.
45
range
Q u a l i t y / k w n l rt i , r n C s o me t h i n g t h a t i s t y p i c a l o f
someone or something and makes them different
from other people or things: .She ha.: a// l/re quat{ttes
gou need to be a doi:tor - i.ntcl[igcnce. kindnass and
the abitlLg tct utork harcl.
q u e s t i o n n a i r€ / , k w e s t J rn e : ' / n C a w ri t t e n l i s t o f
q u e s t i o n s w h i c h a l a rg e n u mb e r o f p e o p l e a re
a s k e d t o a n s w e r, i n o rd e r t o c o l l e c t i n f o rma t i o n o r
o p i n i o n s a b o u t s o me t h i n g : A t t h e e n d o f t h e t ra i n .
ing course. urc har/ to fill in a questionnaire
( =answer the questions in it) lo .s.i-{/u'lr ich parts ure
found most useful.
queue /kju:/ 1 r, I to wait in a line for something. The
American word for this is line up: People u,ere tlueue,
ing to bug lickels. 2 rr C a line of people who are
waiting for something. The American word for this is
line: tVait in the queue, unlil il s llour lunl
q u i z / k s rz / rr C a s h o rt t e s t o r g a me i n w h i c h y o u
have to answer questions and show how much you
know about something: The teaclv:r gat't: us a uor:ab-
ularg qu2.
FI
I[
faGe /rt'ts/ I n C a competition to see who can do
something fastest: a -rrrirnming race 2 r, I to go
somewhere very fast, for example by running or dri-
ving: A ;;olit:e car raced past us. 3 the human race
all peopfe in the world: a ly pto()ranlne about the
arlgins ol the humart race
radiator /rc'lchcrtar/n C the part of a heating system
that heats a room, consisting of a flat metal object
fixed to the wall, which hot water passes through
rage /rcrd3/ n 0 a strong feeling of anger that makes
you want to behave vioiently : Tlrc court uras lold thal
Mr Carter had been a ulcttn of road rage. (=when a
car driver gets angry with another driver, and tries to
injure them or damage their car)
rail /rerl/ n C a long horizontal piece of metal or wood
fixed around ihe edge of something, so that people
can hold onto it and stop themselves from falling
raise lrct/l rr T to lift or move something into a higher
position: Nlatt raised /ii-s /rand kr ask a quc.slion. .
Ihe.s<rats at the back of the thedtre are raised so Lltat
euergone can get a good uieL..
fan: see run
random /rrrmdrm/ ard at random not following a
definite order or plan: trfcVitie u,itlked into tlrc restau.
rant altd.starlecl -s/rooilrr<7
at randonl
ranch irunlj/ n C a large farm in the USA or Canada
where cattle, horses etc are kept
range /rcrndl/ tt C a number of things that are differ-
ent from each other, but of the same general type:
ilte mr is aoailab[e in a range of colours. . The
PX266 is the ntosl pouter ful rornputet ilr our ratlge.
(=the most powerful of all the types that we sell or
Droduce)
rare
rare / r c ' . rt/ a d j ve ry u n u su a l or uncomm on: ci r alc
b i t d . l l e l ta s a ra re tg p c a f liL,er diseasc.
r a r e f y l r crl i / a cl t, a l mo st never : Sittic tht bablt
w a s b o r rt, u e ra re l g g o o u L It1 [he et]cr lings.
r a t e / r e r t / tr C a me a su re me nt of how m uch som e
t h i n g h a p p e n s o r i n cre a se s in a cer tain time: d
c o u r r t / g u ti tl t a h i g h d i L ,o r cc r ate ( =wher e ther e
a r e m a n y d i vo rce s e a ch year ) ' Ete/cisc ir lc/eas
e s q o r i r h e a rt ra te . (=th e number of times your
h e a r t b e ats e a ch mi n u te )
r e a c h / r irtI/ I r-' T to a rri ve som ewher e after a
j o u r n e y : B A tl l e ti mc u ,e r eaclted f' litdt icl, tL' e
L t ' e r e a l l c.{h a u sl e d . 2 u T to get to a cer tain
l e v e l o r a mo u n t; fh e c ilg s populaLlor t u ill
probabLg re a ch l0 n ti l lion bg the ar td of
t h e c e n l urg .3 u l . T to move your ar m in or der
t o t a k e h o l d o f so me th i ng: She r eached up
a n d t o o k d o u ,n a b o o k li ont Lhc slttl[. o I
r e a c h e d i n th ro u g l t th c trr ir tr lou, ar tcJ tur netl all
tlte radio.
reaction /fi 'rckj n / n C w h a t sonleone says or does
w h e n s o me th i n g h a p p e n s to thent: lV/tal tt' as ht' r
r e a c t i o n tl i re n g o u l o l cl h cr gou u' er ( gelt[ng nldt
r i e d 2 ( = w h a t d i d sh e d o , what did she say?)
reading I ri rd rq / ma ke i n te resting/sur pr ising/enjoy-
a b l e e t c re a d i n g to b e i n ter esting, sur pr ising etc
w h e n y o u re a d i t: /ti a re por l aboLll dr ug' r e[ak( 1
c r i n r e . a n d i t n ra ke s d e p ressing r cading. ( = vhq6
y o u r e a d i t, yo u fe e l d e p re s sed)
reality i ri 're l a ti / I n U what actually exists ot
h a p p e n s . co mp a re d wi th things you im agine:
C a n g o un g cft[l tl re n cl i sti nguis/t betu' cen r ea[[LL]
a n d i n u e n Io n ? 2 b e co me a r eality to actually
e x i s t . i n ste a d o f j u st b e i n g a plan or idea
reasonable /'ri :zn rb l / a d j 1 f air . sensible. or
a c c e p t a bl e : l t's re a so n a b l e lo €:.{ pea[gout l[dtnla|c
t o d o h a l f th e h o u se u ro rk. 2 not costing too much:
T h e g s el l ca rs a l q u i l e rca sonable pr iccs.
re-a55emble /ri :o se rn b l / t' T to Put sonr ething
b a c k t o ge th e r a fte r i t h a s been taken to pieces
rebuild /ri : b rl d / [re b u i l t, h ave r ebuilt] t: l- to build
a building o r ci ty a g a i n. after it has been
d e s t r o y e d o r d a ma g e d
recall / rr'kJl / r' T to re member facts or events.
e s p e c i a l l y b y tryi n g h a rd : 7/r c pol[ce askecl nte il I
c r : u l r l r e ca [! rL 'h rl l i n l c I l t-lI Llte olllcc.
receipt /rr'si :t/ rt C a p i e ce of paper that Pr oves
y o u h a ve b o u g h t so me th ing or paid m oney to
s o m e o n e: K e e p g o ttr re ccil) t ir t a:a5c - tlotl halt: lr r
t a k e t h a sh o cs b a ck l o t/te .shop.
r e c e i v e /rr si :r/ t, T to ta ke or get something that
s o m e o n e g i ve s yo u : / rcceit' et1 !/oai, /cl[er ot]
f i i d a g . . L ri cg re ce i l e d a ptizt- fot hatr in!/ the bc.\l
cos lu rrie.
r e c e i v e r /rr si :r'a f/ n C th e par t of a telePhone that
y o u p i c k u p a n d h o l d cl o s e to your face
( . l t c a n a l so b e ca l l e d th e handset.
46
/r r s c pJ n/ /t U the par t of a hotel or ofti c e
r eception
near the entr dnc e. w her e v i s i tor s or ( us tom er s go
when the y ar r i v e: AIl t'i s i l or s s houl d ttpLJ tl Io
r cccp.fion. . Al i - 5on tt'oi k s on tht r ec epti on des k .
r eceptionist /r t s epl nts t/ tt C s om eone w hos e j ob i s
to welcome c us tonter s or v i s i tor s to a hotel or
office
recognise /'rckrgnatz. rcL:rr-/ t'T to know who sonle-
one is or w hat s om ethi ng i s w hen y ou s ee hi m /her /i t:
Kint lnd a nc u s hor l hai tc r i l , .r nd / r l i c l tt l r c c ogtti s c
lrct tLtltcn s/tc tl,rlkecl lrt
recommend /,rck.:rl.'ntl/ tr T to suggest to someone
that they should do something, go somewhere. buy
som ething etc . bec aus e y ou thi nk they w i l l l i k e i t or
berrefit from it: I enjagcd the liltrt and recommended
it to ulg I 'i etl ds . ( =tol d them i t w as good and adv i s ed
them to see it) . Doc'o/5 recommend that rtrc s/rould
eaL tht ec or /otrr pleccs of lt uiI eI'erg dd!|.
recommendation /,rckrntcrrrlcrji/ n C a suggestion
to son) eo ne. tel l i ng them w hat they s hr :ul d do: T l tc
guidebook makeslgiDes sofrtc (,toor.lrecolnmenda-
tions about places lc, t,isit.
r ecor d /r r k r tl / r ,T 1 to put w or ds . m us i c , or fi l nl on
tape using a r ec or di ng m ac hi ne: l /tr 'r e s .t good fi [tr t
on TV latcr - c<rn !/oir t.cord lt ftlr nte? ' arl ans[rc/
ing ntach[nc lhat tccorcls pcoprle! p/rortc trlcssages 2
to m easu r e an am ount. tem Pel atur e. s peed etc :
7/rc-g nou, ha|c a dct'icc l/tal rccotr.ls lite spcctl o/ a
lefr nis pldgc / s s c r {'i c c .
r ecr uit /fl k r ux / L,l . T to tr y to ti l td s ui tabl e peoPl e to
work for an orgarrisation: ft'e aic recruilirtg /oi salcs
stal/ al t/tc fltorltcrll.
rectangular /rck titrlq.jol.r'l a(i in the shape of a rec-
tangle ( =four 's i ded s hape. l i k e a s quar e, but w i th
two sides l onger than the other s )
r ecur /r nL r r / r ' l to happen agai n It ol i tr r ]: a r c r :ur i i i tg
drearn
redecorate /ri:tlek:rcrt/ tl l. T to put trew Paint or
paper on the walls of a roont: lVe sTri:ni lilc u cdAell.l
redccat atirrcl aL1| bradroonr.
f€duce /rr tliu;s,i l T to rnake something less: C-ars
hauc becn bannecl lrttn lite cil-t/. itt dtr altenrpL Lo
rc<1ttcepollul[on . /hc cosl ol pltone calls /ra-r bcgtr
redueed bg l)ltr'.
' : The op pos i te ol r educ e i s i nc r eas e.
r eduction /r r d,r k J ni r i C a pr i c e that has been
reduced: a I0'/" reduction in l/rc cosl ol plrone callt
. /lr('co.sl ol Lich:etsis S/2. u'it/r sper'Lrl rerluclions
/0/,sludc nl s .
r efer ence /r el r ans / n C a l etter des c r i bi ng v our c hat'
acter and s k ;l l s . w r j tten for ex antpl e by a teac her or
an em ploy er . w hi c h i s s ent to a new em pl ov er w hen
you apply for a job: ll/c neecl ltt'o re/e/ul.r-\. pl&l-sc.
refer to lrt lzt t\:l L' T to mention or talk about sonre
thing: fhc nett's slo/U referrcd kt a sccrrl /lleetirl!/
btLuecn l hc l tt'u m en. . //el ai n( / i s s o/nc l i /?l ds
referred to as lhc b-nttra/rl /-s1c.
reflect hr'tlckl/ r'T to be a clear sign or proof crf how
s om eone feel s or wh a t a s i t u a t i o n i s l i k e ; / h c s i z t , rrl
the crou:d at Drana's funeral rafleclecl lhe satln6-s
Lhat matlg people felt.
refusal /rrfjulzl/ n C, U someone's refusal to do
something is when they say they will not do it: I/rt:ir
refusal to g[L)e him a ttisa mearil he hJCl lo cancc, hi-s
Ltip.
refuse /n'tlulz/ r, l, T to say that you will not do some-
thing or not accept something: Ba"rler refused to
giue the police ang informaliotl. . We ollere.l b drire
her Lo the atrport, but slte refusecl.
regain /n'acrn/ rr T to get back something that you
. had before Ir.onnar]: GoL)ernnlenI fctrc:es hitL,e
regained contro[ of the citg. (=they lost control. but
now they have got it back again) . lo regain con-
sciousness aft"er an operation
regard /fl'qdrd/ I u T to think about someone or
something in a certain way: Serralor Clark .sags htt
wlll oppose the neu) Iaut. ttthiclt lrc regards as
unfai: (=he thinks it is unfair) . llingis is regarded
as one of the besl gourtg tennis plaqars arourtd.2 n
regards say this to send your good wishes to some-
one, for exantple at the errd of a letter: ltlLrnt atkl Dad
send their regards.
region / rr:d3rn/ n C a |arge area of a country or of the
worfd: I/re fourn is in a remote d$etl tr:giotl. . lhe
Basque reglon o/ Spain
regret /ft'qrel/ p T to wish that you had not done
something: I reallg regret selling mg olcl c:ir - ll.rt:
neLL)one has caused me so mang problenr-s. o Sht:
Ie[t college to get marrietl. but she has altu,tgs regrel
ted it.
regulations /,reqju'lerJnz/n plural official rules about
how something should be done: rreu, Europeart reg-
ulaL[ons about the use ol chentlcals in farnilrn
relate to or be related to /rr'lert ru:. bit n lcrll(l tu:/ t,
T to be about something or have a connection with
something: The doctor thinks Jake s probienr rcLrtc.s
tol is related to euenls in his chilclho<xJ. . ncri, .slitti-\
tics relating lo Lhe use of illegal clrugs
relationship /n'lerJnJrp/ n C I a ctose friendship
between two people, especially a romantic friend
ship: When sh€ uras 20, she lnd a relalionship u'itll
a married man. 2 the way in which two things dre
connected with each other or affect each other: I/rt.
report examirres the relationship bettDeen poucttu
and i[[ health.
relatively /'rrlrtrvli/ arlo fairly; fhe qu<r.slions r.otrt:
re[atiLre[geasg. (=not very difiicult)
relatives or relations lrclrtt\2, rr'lct-[nzl rr plural
members of your family, but not the people who live
with you like your parents or brothers and sisters; / nr
going Lo Canada ta uistl some relatires.
relax /rrlrks/ r, Ito rest and become calm, and str:p
thinking about your work or your problems: rrla-tirrrT
on the beach with a qoocl book
47
remote
re l a x a t i o n / ri : l . rk s c rJ n / f r U t h i n c rs y o u d o t o re s t .
b e c o me c a l m. a n d s t o p t h i n k i n g a b o u t y o u r w o rk o r
p ro b l e ms : l i t rt ' l . t . t . t ! i o n ./ . s ri ' i n r . t rrL 1I i : l rJ t l () / r1 u 5 i . .
re l a x e d / n l i t l s l / . rrl l I f e e l i n g c a l n r a n d re s t e d . a n d
n o t w o rri e d a b o u t a n y t h i n g : N l ; 1 t i . r k \ )k c d L t t r! : l
reltre<l ,tftrr lter ltc:lid;tr1 2 a place that is relaxed
h a s a p l e a s a n t a n d i n f o rma l a t n ro s p h e re . a n d d o e s
not have a lot of strict rules
releaSe /rr li:s/ I l T to allow someone to go free,
after they have been in prison: frlsorr rli:-: t'lur.strt
afte: s<:roinq a liL't:qeu
-i:til
st]tltrlr r, 2 r' T to allow
y o u i s t ro n g f e e l i rrg s t o b e e x p re s s e d o p e n l y :
Shoularr-gal llte cltiklrttt tf,ts J ltrilt,, (y' r(./(it-sift-g/tls
a n g t : r. 3 n U w h e n s o me o n e i s a l l o w e d t o q o f re e o r
leave prison: Ihc rclar.st: o/ l/rc /rirsl.rrlcs look pf.rcc
lnsl nlgli I
relevant / relrvrnt/ .l(1/ important or suitable for a
p a rt i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n o r p e rs o n : I l t ' k t ' 1 t ! l , t i k i t t g , t b , t t i l
l l t i ru . l s l l t . t ! r1 )(' r. (' n r)ire l e u a n l t o l h r: , u L i L c l o l l h t .
ItltetiIliJ (=not connecte(l with the main thincls being
discussecl) . D<t tlOtt h;tt't: arrr,ri1tl(t{r,i/tl3\./)(yiift(_(tol
Uris Ulp(. t)[ u;ork)
reliable lrr'larrhl,/ tc/i a reliable person. machine,
method etc is one that you can trust to d'r the right
thinq: Ourt-rir is qutlc ()1(/,hul il's L,ttrLln:lLtblc:.( .it ges
well and doe: not break down) . lrlLt ssj(:l;trrl arqil
niztas,tl! ntLl rn(,L,lita/.5
/il rrrr' .s/relstr?t'nt<,li1reli.tliL.
rely On ,/rrht rrlt/ I' I to trust sorneon(j or something
to do what you need them to do. especially when you
c a n n o t l i v e o r w o rk w e l l w i t h o u t t h e rn : [ ; l o s l s l rr. / rrl l s
1 1 a u . at \ ) r(a l 1 l(n t i l t (: i t / ). ? rl ? n l -\1 , ) l t t l l t ! l r, t t r t i r. , t n
'
a | [ g . I t r; t u e l a k t t , s < tl l t t rrl . r , t t r I t d t ] t t l q t )n
femain /rt ntetn/ ir I to continue to be jn the same sit
uation or the same place: Hr, tunititred itt ltrisott llr
Ihe rr.:l ol hi.s Iill:. . Enitll and lvlikc tutj;litk:d lrietld5
(=continued to be friends) altt,t tltt:r1tlol <liL'orcttl.
remarkable /il nro:krbl/ aclf unusual. in d way thdt is
surprisinc or impressive: w-lrr k's /t.tr,'c.r r rrr rarh ;rblt,
i t b i l i t q l o Lrrrl t / I l t i f l i (. t / r' rrt l U r < ' . t t : l to L l t t , r.r l l . rl , i rh
a l > l e u ' l rru t n . t t l u , < t t n l i n L t t t l rl l i i i l : r1 l ro rr' / -sl rrl ; 1 s / rr
l{u-s ilhno.5I !l() .-remarkably ;rill: /l .srlt if tc\/xrt.silr(l
rc\lirur;?rrl, brtI tItt lttocl a-Jr(t't.t//1,tlrl-r/q(x!j
f e ma rf y / ri f rn t ri / { , I t o g e t n ru rri e d a q a i n . a f t e r y o u r
f i rs t ma rri a g e h a s e n d e d o r y o u r h u s b a n d o r w i f e h a s
d i e d : l l q rn o l h t r rl rc r/ l 5 L l o t rs ; x y t , b u l rt t t l l . t L l t c r
neLtct retflatrtrcaL
re mi n d
/ rr' rn rn rt l / r, T t o h e l p s o me o n e re me rn b e r
s o n l e t h i n q t h d t t h e y mi g h t f o rg e t : I k ' l l , t n o l t , r' rt
Btr:kr1 .s rlr,-skk.t remind her to nttc! rru,;tllt:r s<:lrrtti
r fh.rl
-sr;rrgalrr,.) lJ5 re mi nds rne of I l t c lirn(. tr,c it'cl l
fo P,tri.s.
reminder /n nlrilrd.r'/ rr C something thdt makes you
re me rl b e r s o me t h i n g : I l t e l l t t t t t , (f )/ )t / , , l n . rl\ c n l rn (l
a k ! n i n d { J t L ' t rc rtl t { i c l rt ' l 1 t ; t 4l h t b i l i .
remote /r r'nlr(Jl/ ,(1/ far away fronr other places:
l / t c r7 rn i rt , e < .l1rL t n c e ri l ra l l o n t L t r l rt a rc i k )l u l , a n t l
/rotr.sclr Srrrl/.lrr1.
rePay
re p a y / n p e r/ [re p a i d , h a ve re paid] r ' T to pay back
m o n e y t h a t yo u o we to a p e rson or bank: She bor '
roued a lot of nlorleg fronr lrct parcnLs. and could-
n't repag them. . lt takes l0 gears to repag l/re loan.
re p e a t e d l y /rr p i :trd l i / a d u many tim es: / lr ied
repeated[g to phone her. but the line rDas alu,ags
Dusg.
re p l a c e
/ r r'p l e rs/ u T to re mo ve something and star t
using something else instead; Theg replaced all
the ald tgpeLLJriLersuith corlrpulers.
re p o r t / r r p r:t/ I rr l . T to te l l people about some-
t h i n g t h a t h a s h a p p e n e d o r something you have
done: Ioclag s paper reports on nau, deoelopntents
ln the peace talks. . An airlitle pilot li,as reported.
seeing strange tights in the skg. 2 report back to
t e l l s o m e o ne a b o u t so me th i n g that they asked you
t o f i n d o u t a b o u t: / h a d to fi ncl out hou, nr uch lhe
diflerent sgslems cosl. lherr reporL back Lo the
dLrector.
represent /,rep| zentl u T to be a sign of something
o r t o s h o w wh a t th a t th i n g m eans: The co[our r ed
represents danger. . A centimeUe on the nnp rep'
resents 50 ki[ometres.
re p r e s e n t a ti ve /,re p n re n trtrv/ n C someone who
h a s b e e n ch o se n to sp e a k o r m ake decisions for a
p a r t i c u l a r g ro u p , a n d to g i ve their opinions to other
peopfe: Represenldlit'es from 25 coun0les altended
the conference.
re p r o d u c t i o n /,ri :p re d rkJn / n C a copy of a pic-
t u r e , d o c u me n t, o r o b j e ct: 7 /r is is onlg a r epr oduc-
t i o n , n o t t he o ri g [n a l p a i n L i n g.
re q u e s t / r r ku 'e st/ I n C a n a c t of politely asking for
s o m e t h i n g : F o l l o L L ,[n g th e e a rthquake, the Iur kish
gouet nmenl has made a request for trcdical sup
p l i e s . 2 u T to a sk fo r so me thing politely { r - or n.r r ]:
Itlr Blair telephoned the lVhite House to /cquesl an
urgent rneeting LL)ith the president. . ,/ enclose a
cotrlpleted application lorm, as requested. (=this is
wh a t y o u aske d me to d o )
re q u i r e / r r ku 'a rr'/ rr T to n e e d som ething [r on,r r ar l:
T e l e p h o n e o u t h e [p l l n e If g o u tequir e atlg lLtr thel
In f a r m a L l o n -
research /fl s:tJ- 'rilsr:tJ/ rr U careful and detailed
s t u d y o f a su b j e ct, i n o rd e r to find out new facts:
.
s c i e n t i / i c l hi sto ri ca l re se a rch She s doing
research into the e[fectireness of herbaI nredicines.
re s e r v e l | tz\l u T to a rra n g e to have a ticket, hotel
r o o m , h o l i d a y e tc, b y a ski n g for it to be kept for
you: You carl reset Ltegour plane licket.s bg phone il
U o u I i k e . o l 'l l re se r t,e a ta b l e fot us.lt lhe /€sl.iu/anl.
,i B o o k m e a n s th e sa me .
re s i d e n t /re zrd cn t/ 1 n C so m eone who lives in a
h o u s e , h o te l , o r a re a : L o ca l r csidenls ( = the people
wh o l i v e i n th i s a re a ) a re u,ctr r ied about th?
[ n t t e a s e in b u rg l a r i e s. . I h e holcl bar i> o1,s111s
n o n - r e s l d e n ts. (=to P e o P l e who ar e not staying at
th e h o t e l ) 2 b e re si d e n t (i n, at etc) to live in a
48
romantic
place ( only us ed i n v er y offi c i al l anguage) : H ou'
reti re /ntarar/ u I to s top w ork i ng bec aus e of ol d ri s e l rx t . l I u I l ro s e , h a v e ri s e n ] t o i n c re a s e i n
lorrg hatre gou been resident aI th[s address?
age: ln Britain most m€n retire LLthen theg are t)5. . number or value: fhe co.sl o/ rnedi(_:tI <:are l:r's
r esign lr z ar n/ tr I to gi v e up y our j ob: Sa/l g has
She started urititlg stories after she retired from ri s e n s h a rp l g . (= h a s g o n e u p a l o t ) . a C o L l n t rg
resigned from her job at tlte BBC, and is going Lo
herjob at the hospital. u,ith a rlslnq birthrate
u,ork for an Anrerican TV station.
retired /rr'latad/adj someone who is retired has r: , R i s e i s mo re f o rma l t h a n i n c re a s e o r g o u p , a n d
' i When you r es i gn, y ou l eav e y our j ob bec aus e
stopped working because of old age: Mg father is i t s o p p o s i t e i s f a l l . 2 n C a n i n c re a s e i n s o me o n e ' s
you want to l eav e i t, not bec aus e y ou hav e been
retired nou. o a retired doctorlteacher/actor (=some- salary: Euertlon e in tlte company clrtt ,t 5'A pag rise.
fir ed ( = for c ed to l eav e) , or bec aus e y ou hav e
one who used to be a doctor etc, but is now retired) ri Th e A me ri c a n w o rd f o r t h i s i s ra i s e .
r etir ed ( =w hen y ou l eav e y our j ob at the end of
your wor ki ng l i fe) .
reunion /rrjulnjan/ n C a meeting between people ri s k / rrs k / I rr C a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s o me t h i n g b a d w i l l
who have not seen each other for a long time: llrs h a p p e n , f o r e x a mp l e t h a t y o u w i l l b e i n j u re d o r
r esolve hzt >l y l t: T to fi nd a w ay of s ol v i ng a pr ob-
Spencers reunion uith her children tlas shou,,n lose a fot of money: Snrokinq ancl la<:k o/ erercise
lem, settling an ar gum ent. or ans w er i ng a di ffi c ul t
on the W neL)s. . a school reunion (=when people increas€s the risk of heatL di.seast,/increases the
question; The peace talks ate aifiled at resoLring
who were at school together meet each other many risk that qou uill get treart clisease.2 rr T to do
the disagreetnenls beltl)ecn the Lu,o counLr[cs.
years l ater) s o me t h i n g t h a t mi g h t l e a d t o s o me t h i n g b a d h a p -
r esor t /nz.r x l n C a popul ar pl ac e for peopl e to go
reunited /,rijulnartrd/be reunited with someone to pening to you: ll gou don t repag the loat1, gou risk
on holiday, for ex anr pl e a pl ac e by the s ea or i n the
meet someoneagai n after y ou hav e been s eparat- l o s i n g g o u r h o me (= y o u mi g h t l o s e i t a s a re s u l t
mountalns
ed from them for a long time of this) . forn risked his life ( =dia something very
r espect /r r s pek t/ n U the feel i ng that y ou hav e a
reveal /rrvi :l / tr T to prov i de i nformati on,es pec i al - d a n g e ro u s ) t o l rg a n d s a l ' e h i s d o , l
good opini on of s om eone and y ou s houl d be pol i te
ly information that was not known about before: ro a d w o rk J / ra ri d w : : k r/ n p l u ra l re p a i rs b e i n g d o n e
to them: Older peoole slrculd be treated Dith
. Children Tonight's programme uttll reueal neu facts about o n a ro a d , w h i c h u s u a l l y c a u s e p ro b l e ms f o r d ri v e rs
respect. do nol alurags show enough
nuclear acctdenls in the UK. . The police inuesti- ro b / rD b / rJT t o s t e a l mo n e y , e s p e c i a l l y f ro m a b a n k
r especL for lheir teacherc.
gation reoealed.that both men had been shot uith and often by usirrg violence: TheA each got liL,e
r espectable /r r 's pek t:bl / adj a r es pec tabl e per s on
the same gun. gears in.iail far robbing a bank. . Sfte uras robbed
or way of behav i ng i s one that i s r egar ded as
reverse /rt'vzts/u I, T to change something so that [ n t h e s t re e t (= s o me o n e s t o l e mo n e y f ro m h e r)
socially a c c eptabl e: She c am e fr om a tter g
it is the opposite of what it was before: The factorg u)hile she lrtas ualkinq honrc.
respectab[e lamilg.
uill create 10,000 new jobs, ancl this will retterse robber /'nrb.r/ n C a thief who steals money. espe-
r espectful /r r 's pc k tfl / ad.1 pol i te and s how i ng
tne lncreasein unemplogment. (=will make unem- c i a l l y f ro m a b a n k a n d o f t e n b y u s i n g v i o l e n c e :
respect: The crotud listctrcd Lo the President in
pl oyment go dow n i ns teadof goi ng up) Poltce are lookinq for a gang of armed robbers
/e-specttul silence.
review /rr'vjur/n C a report in which someone gives (=robbers with guns) LLtlto robbed Llte Bank of
r espond /r r s punc l / u I to do. s ay , or w nr e s om e-
thei r opi ni on of a fi l m, a book , a rec ord etc : W nl e A n re ri c , r L h i 5 n t o rn [ n g .
thing, when s om eone tel l s y ou or as k s y ou s om e-
a reuiew of a plag gou haL)eseen recentlg. . Their t i A t h i e f w h o s e c re t l y g o e s i n t o s o me o n e ' s h o u s e
thing: Hour did she respond to gour suggeslian?
( =what did s he s ay or do?) . l U e haue as k ed the
neu CD got a good reoiew in the paper. t o s t e a l t h i n g s i s a b u rg l a r.
bank for a loan. and ute're tuatting for thern to
feviewef lrt v jutatI n C someone who writes a ro b b e ry / ro b . rri / n C , 0 a c ri me o f s t e a l i n g mo n e y ,
review: a film reL,ieuer e s p e c i a l l y f ro m a b a n k a n d o f t e n b y u s i n g v i o -
r espond.
revolution /,reva'lu:Jn/n C a complete and impor- fence: Carrell ura,s charEred u'ith a series of rob-
r espondent /r r s pund:nt/ n C s om eone w ho
tant change, for e x ampl e i n a c ountry ' s pol i ti c al beries.
answer s ques ti ons , for ex am pl e for a ques ti onnai r e
system or i n the w ay peopl e thi nk or behav e: l he rO b o t / ra u b o t / rr C a ma c h i n e w h i c h c a n mo v e
or survey {ronunrl: Most respondenls agreed tlut
French Reuolution of 1789 . a reoolution in atti., a ro u n d a n d d o j o b s t h a t p e o p l e u s u a l l y d o : S o me o f
medical serLrices should be paid for bg taxat[on.
tudes to the Dosltionof uomen the jobs in the car fac:torg are natt' rlone bg robots.
Iesponse /r r s pons / n C a w r i tten or s pok en r epl y
rid /nd/ get rid of to remove something or someone role /r.ol/ n C play a role in to be an important
Ironn,rr]: She applied fot a job dt Lhe neuspaper,
that you do not want any more, for example by i n f f u e n c e o n w h a t h a p p e n s : Th e U S a n d B ri t a i rr
bul h.:s not gel l tad a r es pons e.. I am ur [Li ng i n
throwing something away or telling someone to both plaged a role tn sLartinq the peace talks.
r esponse to Aour adtr er l i s c /nenl . ( =i n or der to
leave: She got rid of her old bogfriend. . You oughl ro l l i n g / ' ra u l r4 / a d l ro l l i n g h i l l s a re n o t v e ry h i g h ,
r eply to it)
to gel ri d of Lhatcar - i l s al u' ags gotng u' rong. a n d t h e i r s l o p e s a re g e n t l e ra t h e r t h a n s t e e p : I h e
r esponsible /n's pons r bl / adj s om eone w ho i s
ridicufous /rr'dlkjolas/adj crazy or stupid, and not house is seL in beautiful rollirtg countrqs[de.
r esponsible i s v er y s ens i bl e, and y ou c an tr us t
at all sensibfe: What a ridtculous sugqestionl . rOll over /,raol 'auv:'/ r, I to turn over into a differ,
them to do the r i ght thi ng and not do any thi ng s tu
Take that sillg hal off - Aou [ook rtdiculous. ent position; The t'an hlt a tree an<l roL!<'daLier. . I
pid: I'n't sute gou can leatte the chi[dren LDith Kate
right /rart/ n C something that you are legally or rolle<7ouer onto ntlq back.
- s/re s rrerg responsible.
moraffy allowed to do: the right to |ote . lrost f o ma n c e / ra u n rrn s . ra O mi e n r/ n C , 0 a re l a t i o n s h i p
r esponsibili ty /r r ,s pnns :br l eti / I nC . U a j obor
people agree that women shou[d hat,e the same b e t w e e n t w o p e o p l e w h o a re i n l o v e w i t h e a c h
duty that m eans y ou ar e i n c har ge of s om ethi ng
rights as men. o t h e r, a n d a l l t h e s t ro n g a n d e x c i t i n g f e e l i n g s t h a t
and you ha v e to m ak e dec i s i ons ; l t's nr y j ob to l i nc l
ring lilrJl I n C a piece of jewellery that you wear they experience: a sk)rq of tet:rrage ronlarice
accotnm od ati or t l or aLI the s tudc nts - i t s a bi g
on your finger: a uedding ring 2 ring someone or romantic /rrimtntlk/ adj I connected with love
r esponsibll i l g. 2 n 0 bei ng bl am ed for s om ethi ng
give someone a ring to make a telephone call to and relationships: (t romanlic nouel . lVc hed a
bad that has happened: T he bus c or npang has
someone: I promised to ring herlto gitte her a r[ng ro ma n t i c d i n t r€ r J o r l u )o . 2 e x c i t i n q a n d i n t e re s t i n g ,
admittedl accepted responsibilitg for the accidenL.
( = it accept s that the ac c i dent w as i ts faul t)
when I got to the airport. . He s not here just nout and very different from ordinary life: Ihe book giues
- could Aou ring back (=call again) later2 a ratlter rumarrlic Ltiee of lhe life rf an air[tne L\i[al.
49
roof
roof /rufl n C the structure or surface on the top
of a house o r o t h e r b u i l d i n g: a r e d tile d r o o f . T lr e
cat cltmbed orlto tlle toof
roof er / ' r u r f a ' /t r C s o m e o n e wh o se jo b is b u ild in g
and repa i r i n gr o o f s
root s / rux s / n p l u r a l t h e p l ace , fa m ily, a n d cu ltu r e
t hat s om e o n e c o m e s f r o m: He ca m e h e r e fr o r tt
lndia 20 gears ago, bttt lte hasn'L lorgotten his
roots.
f oS e: s ee r i s e
roughf y l r , J l i l a d u a b o u t . bu t n o t e xa ctly: ffte r e
are rc;ughlg 200 students in lhe, school. t Hou'
m uc h do g o u e a r n , r o u g h l g?
rout e / ru : t / n C a p a r t i c u l a rw a y o f g o in g fr o m o n e
place to another: Theg u,ere repairing tlte main
road to London, so tr)e took another route.
rout ine /, r u : t i : n /n C a l l t h e th in g s yo u u su a lly d o ,
and t he o r d e r t h a t y o u d o th e m in : /l s th e sa m e
routine eL)ergdag: go to tttork, come home, ualch
TV ancl go to bed.
roy al f am i l y / , r r r c l ' f i e n r l in/ C th e kin g o r q u e e n o f
a c ount ry a n d t h e m e m b e r s o f th e ir fa m ily
roy alt y / r c r a l t i / r r U a n y m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s o f a
royal family: The papers don'l sllour much respecL
Louards rogalLg.
rubbis h l r r b t J / n 0 s o m e t h in g so m e o n e sa ys th a t
is s t upid o r w r o n g : D o g o u be lle u ea ll th a t r u b b lslt
aboul al i e n s a n d l l g i n g s .r u ce r s.). He s ltlkin g
comp lete r ub b ishl absoI ute r ub b i s h.
4' T he us u a l A m e r i c a n w o r d is g a r b a g e .
rug lr^ gl n C a t h i c k p i e c e of m a te r ia l th a t is u se d
t o c ov er p a r t o f t h e f l o o r i n a r o o m
{ A rug i s s m a l l e r t h a n a c a r p e t, wh ich co ve r s th e
whole floor.
r ule / rurl/ 1 n C a n i n s t r u c tio nth a t te lls yo u wh a t
y ou are a l l o w e d t o d o o r wh a t yo u m u st d o , fo r
ex am ple i n a g a m e o r i n a sch o o l: Yo u m u st o b e g
t he s c ho o l r u l e s . . A n g o n e u th o b r e a ks th e r u le s
wlll be disquatified from tlrc competiLian.2 rule or
rule ov er L rT t o g o v e r n a co u n tr y, with co m p le te
power: / n t h e l 9 t h c e n t u r g , Br iL a in r u [e d a la r g e
ernpirelruled ot,era large entphe.
run /r^n/ u run up debts to keep borrowing money.
so that you owe more and more
rus h / rnj/ u I t o g o s o m e w he r eve r y fa st, b e ca u se
y ou are i n a h u r r y : I r u s h e d d o u n sla ir s lo a n su e r
t he phon e . . A n a m b u l a n ce r u slte d p a st u s.
rus h hou r I ' r t [ i u a ' / n t h e r u sh h o u r th e tim e o f
day , eit h e r i n t h e m o r n i n g or in th e e ve n in g ,wh e n
t he road s , b u s e s , a n d t r a in s a r e ve r y cr o wd e d
bec aus ee v e r y o n e i s g o i n g to wo r k o r g o in g h o m e
50
S theg tried Lo escape from the fire. 2 n C the sound
sack /srk/ n C a large strong bag: a blg sack of poLa'
loes
sadly /siedl i / ndo 1 i n a w ay that s how s y ou feel
sad: We uatched sadlg as theg drote au,ag. 2 sav
this to show that you think something is sad: Saclly,
mang pets are abandoned bg their ou'ners.
safe /scrf/ n C a very strong metal box that you keep
vafuable things in: Nlartha locked her jewellerg in
the safe.
salar y /sr l ar i / n C the m oney y ou get pai d ev er y
month by your employer
{ Salar ies ar e pai d es pec i al l y to peopl e w ho w or k
in offices, or i n j obs l i k e teac hi ng, m edi c i ne, or the
law. People who work in factories or shops, or who
wor k as b ui l der s , dr i v er s etc r ec ei v e w ages , w hi c h
they ar e p ai d ev er y w eek .
satisfaction /sa:tis'fekjn/ n U the feeling of pleasure
you get from doing something well or doing some'
thing that you enjoy: Shegels a lotc,[satisfaction from
utorking in her garden. . jab salislaction (=when you
enjoy your job and you feel that it is useful)
scan or sc an thr ough /s k pn or u:/ u T to qui c k l y
r ead a lis t, r epor t, new s paper etc , i n or der to fi nd
interesting or important information
scandal /s k r ndl / n C . U a s i tuati on i n w hi c h s om e-
one has behav ed di s hones tl y or i m m or al l y , and
ever yone k now s about i t and i al k s about i t; fhe
president had to resign because o/ a series of finan-
cial and sexual scandals.
scene /sixr/ n C one of the parts of a play. film, TV
story etc. All the events in a scene happen in one
place and at one time: The ftnal scene lakes place
[n a railLL)ali sLalion.
scener y /s i nar i / n 0 al l the natur al thi ngs y ou c an
see in an ar ea of c ountr y s i de, s uc h as fi el ds , m oun-
tains, and lakes: /t s not a oerg nice cilg. bLtt there
i-ssome /ol'elg scenerg tlearbA.
scheduled /J c di u:l d/ i , be s c hedul ed to be pl anned
to happen at a certain time, on a certain day etc;
Tlrc opering c:f the nett, bridge is scheduled for next
August. . L)ur tra[n is scheduled to leaue at 5:30.
schoofdays /s k u:l der u/ n pl ur al the ti m e w hen y ou
wer e at sc hool : Sal l g and I s at and tal k ed about our
. an old frien<l from mg scltooldags
-schcolrlags.
scissors lstz.at.l n plural a tool for cutting paper.
consisting of two sharp blades that are joined in the
middfe with handles for your fingers: a patr of
scissors
score /skJ:r/ 1 n C the number of points that a per-
son or team gets i n a gam e, tes t etc : Al ex c am e
ftrst. Luith a sc:ore of 9-). 2 u f to get points in a
game. test etc: tach leam scored three goals.
s( r eam isk r i :m / I u I to m ak e a l oud, l ong. and hi gh
sound wi th y our v oi c e, es pec i al l y w hen y ou ar e
frightened or in pain: People uere scr€aming as
of s om eone s c r ea mi n g : W e c o u l d h e a r s c re a ms o /
Lerror conting front the building ne-rl dottr.
SCreen /skrixl/ n C the flat glass part of a television or
computer that you look at
screenplay /skri:npler/ n C a story written for film or
television: a Hol[-t1
utood 5grgsnphg
script /sknpl/ n C the written form of a film or play.
containing all the words that the actors have to say:
He read the scripL before accepttnq a part in the
molie.
search /s3xt/ u T to go around a place, looking every-
where. because you are trying to find something:
Pctl[ce searched h[s apartmenl. but clicln't linC ;trtg
clrugs.
seaside lsi:sard/ the seaside an area close to the sea.
especially one where people go for holidays: a u:eek
at tlre seas[de . Brightotl is a urell kncu'n seaside
town.
season /si:znl n C one of the main periods that the
year is divided into
rlA season can be a time when there are certain
weather conditions (for example winter or summer
in some countries, or the rainy season and dry sea-
son in others). Or it can be a time when certain
sports are played (for example the football season
or the baseball season) or a time when a lot of peo-
ple go on holiday (the holiday season).
seat belt /si:t belt/ n C a strong belt that you wear in
a car or plane. which protects vou from being injured
in an accident: Please fasten Aour seat belt before
take-off.
Secondary school /sekrndri ,sku:l/ n C a school for
children who are I I to l8 years ,rld
4'A school for children younger than this is a prima-
ry school.
secretarial /,sekrr'tearial/ adj secretarial work is ihe
work done by a secretary: S/re has plenLtl of secre-
Lar[al experience- . l m planntng lo do a secrelaria/
course aL coilege.
secretive /sirkr:trv. srkri:tri,/ arli someone who is
secretive likes to have secrets. and does not tell any-
one else what they are thinking about or planning
section /'sekjn/ n C one of the separate parts of
something, for example of a place. an organization,
a newspaper, or an exam: a seal an lhc non-snroking
section of the p[ane . the sporl.s seclion <tf Lhe neu,s-
paper t Answer tu)o questions,tcrm Seclion /. arrrl
tuo from Section 2.
secure /sr kjua'/ adi completely safe and well protect-
ed: We put locks on lhe urindou'.s to make the house
more secure.
Se(urity /sr'kjuarrti/ n U everything that is done to
make a place safe from danger, criminals etc: Ihe
a[rport has been to[d to improt'e it-ss€]curitU. (=to do
more to make the place safe) . securitlJ guards
(=people whose job is to protect a building)
51
series
see /si:/ [saw, have seenl i' T to think about or
i ma g i n e s o me t h i n g i n a p a rt i c u l a r w a y : S o n re p e o '
p l e s e e h e r a s a l u t u t ( / rr(-\ i d e rrl (= t h e y t h i n k s h e
mi g h t b e c o me p re s i d e n t i n t h e t u t u re ) . l J e a l i f . ? . g s
s c t . / / i t ' q o u , l s i r/ t o f 1 t p , ' 1 ' 1 ,
sedative / s t ' d : t l v . / rr C a d ru g t h a t ma k e s y o u
sleep
s e e d / s i : d / rt C I a s ma l l h a rd t h i n g p ro d u c e d b y a
p l a n t . w h i c h a n e w p l a n t o f t h e s a me k i n d c a n g ro w
from: P/:trtf fhc seed-s aboul I r:rn deep and llglttlg
c o l rr u , i l h e a r| h . . 7 ] rr: s e e rl s q n t u , i n s i d e a [ o rt g
p o d (= a c o v e r o r c a s e ). 2 a t e n n i s p l a y e r w h o i s
e x p e c t e d t o f i n i s h i n a h i g h p o s i t i o n i n a c o mp e t i -
t i o n : l h e n rt : n ' -sn u rn b i ' r l u ' o s e re d (-t h e p l a y e r w h o
is expected to finish in second position)
s e l e c t / s r l ek t / rr T t o c h o o s e s o me o n e o r s o me t h i n g ,
e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h i n k i n g c a re f u l l y i n o rd e r t o d e c i d e
which one is most suitable: Illcli .s/)c/tt tlte ntarninll
.spk:r'tinq curlain.s fttr lhe{r ne ur art)arlmenl.
selection i s r l e k J n / n C I a p e rs o n o r t h i n g t h a t
s o n re o n e h a s c h o s e n 2 a n u mb e r o f t h i n g s o f t h e
s a me t y p e t h a t a re f o r s a l e : f h e d u t g . f re e s l o r€ h a s
a big selection of l|inc-s and olhcr drinks.
s e l f -e mp l o y e d / s c l f rn r' p l : rd / a d 1 s o me o n e w h o i s
s e l f -e mp l o y e d d o e s n o t h a v e a j o b w i t h o n e
e mp l o y e r o r c o mp a n y , b u t w o rk s f o r s e v e ra l d i f f e r-
ent people: a sclf (:mplog"d ckrctriciarr
sensible / : c n s rb l / a d i ma k i n g g o o d j u d g e me n t s
a b o u t w h a t i s s u i t a b l e a n d c o rre c t f o r a p a rt i c u l a r
situation: lt u1()Lrldbe sen-silrle lo gtt b4 bu-s bccause
there is noti'/rere lo 1t;zrk in l/rc citry certtre . You
cJ/l /eaue Lhe chilLlrert c:n Iltt:ir ou'rr lbr .r c:ouple of
hours - theq're (juilc -sen.sibl€.
sen5itive / ' s c n s rt rv / a d j s o me o n e w h o i s s e n s i t i v e i s
a b l e t o u n d e rs t a n d o t h e r p e o p l e ' s f e e l i n g s a n d
p ro b f e ms : a c a rl n g a n i l s c n s i l i l e c h i l d . Tl l e g a L ' -
ernft1?nl is nol |crll sensitiDe lo l/rc ne(-(;l-soI
t-toutrg pu)ple.
ri Th e o p p o s i t e o f s e n s i t i v e i s i n s e n s i t i v e .
sentenced / s c n t a n s t / r' T b e s e n t e n c e d t o t o b c
t o l d b y a j u d g e t h a t y o u mu s t g o t o p ri s o n f o r a
c e rt a i n a mo u n t o f t i me : C -a rl c r rr' . ? s. s c n l e n c c d l o / 5
llearc for rtbbirttT a bartk.
s e p a ra t e / s c p rrc ' rt / r' T t t o d i v i d e s o me t h i n g i n t o
different parts: Aller fhc cir,al tlar l/le ('()unlr!/ .{'a-\
separated into tuto /raftre.s, rrorlfi an<t souLlt. 2 if
s o me t h i n g s e p a ra t e s t w o t h i n g s o r t w o p l a c e s . i t
k e e p s t h e m a p a rt s o t h a t t h e y a re n o t c o n n e c t e d
with each other: france ancl .S1r;1i11 are separated
b g a ra n g e o f n ro u rrl a i n s .
s e p a ra t e d / rc p . rrc . rl rd /a d l a h u s b a n d a n d w i f e w h o
a re s e p a ra t e d h a v e s t o p p e d l i v i n g w i t h e a c h o t h e r,
b u t a re n o t d i v o rc e d : . , / i l l . sl ra rr: n l s a rc -s c p a ra l t t d . o
Te<l is separated from llr.s rL,ifa
S e ri e s / \ r. )ri rz l rt s i ru l t t l i t r a n u mb e r o f s i mi l a r
e v e n t s t h a t h a p p e n o n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r: f h e c l u b
ura.sclo-sed dorr'n illter a series ol riolartl irrcidcrrl-s.
servant
/ C e s p e cia llyin fo r m e r tim e s, a
s erv ant /s 3 : v e n t n
person who is paid to work in someone's house: a
rich man who had lots o/seruants
set light to or set fire to /,set lat tu:, 'faratu/ to
deliberatelystart a fire by lighting something with a
match or lighter: Police belieue that one of the work-
ers had set lite to lhe facturA
set out to lset aut tu:,/u T to decide that you will def-
initefy try to achieve something: I didn't set out Lo
become an actor, I u:asjust luckg. . A[ice set out to
discoter the truth.
settled /'selld/adj someonewho is settled in a place
feels comfortable and happy there, and is not likely
to move somewhere else; We'ue been in Canada for
four gears and ue feel settled here.
settle down /,setldaun/u I to start living an ordinary
life, for example by getting married and having a
regularjob, after you have spent time enjoying your-
self and travefling around: Her parentsjust uJanted
her to settle down and start a familg.
Shame /Jerm/n 0 the bad feeling you have when you
know you have done something wrong: He fell a
deep senseof shame at the utaA he had behauetl.
share /.[ear/u l, T 1 to have or use something equal-
ly with other people: She shares an apartment with
two other gids. 2 divide something between two or
more people: If we share the biL[bettueen us, it'll be
515 each.
sharpen /Jopan/ u T to make something have a
sharp point, especiallya pencil
QThe thing you use to sharp€n a pencil is a pencil-
sharpener.
sharply I |uplil adu if a number rises or falls sharply,
it goes up or goes down very suddenly and by a
large amount: The nuntber of uiolent crtmes in the
citg fell sharplg, from 1200 in 1997 to 730 in 1998.
shelf /Jelfl n c a long flat piece of wood, metal etc for
keeping things on, for example in a kitchen or in an
office. Shelves can be fixed to the wall, or they can
be part of a piece of furniture: I need sc:memore
booksheloes- I don't haue room for ang more bcnks.
sheriff /Jerrf/ n C the chief police officer in a local
district in the US
shift /Jfr/ n C one of the periods of the day or night
when people work, in a place where there is always
someoneworking, for example a hospital,airport, or
coal mine: I haue to do the night shift this week.
(=work during the night) . Qloria ts a doctor at the
hospital, so sfte urorlcs shifis. (=s6mglimes she
works during the day, sometimes at night)
shine/Jarr/ [shone, has shonel u I to produce light or
look bright: Ihe sun is shining.. Her eqes shonewith
happiness.
shiny /JarnVadi somethingthat is shiny has a bright
surface that gives out light: shampoo that makes
gour hair soft and shing . photographs pri.nted on
shtng paper
52
shiver i Jrvar/u I to shake slightly,either becauseyou
are very cold or because you are frightened: We
stood shiueringat the bus stop.
shock /IDk/ n C I a feeling of surprisethat you feel
when something unpleasant happens: We had a
shock Lohen ue got a phone bill lor S3OO.2 an
unpleasantsituationor piece of news that makes you
feel surprised and upset: Bill's sudden decision to
Ieaue ,atasa shock to euergone.
shocked /JDkt/adj feeling surprisedand upset at the
same time: We arcre aerg shocked u,hen ue heard
she had died.
shocking / lokul/ adi making you feel surprisedand
upset at the same tirre: The TV neursshowed shock'
ing pictures of protesters being shat bg armed police.
shone: see shine
shoplifter i Jop,hfto'/ n C someone who secretly
stealsthings from shops,for example by hiding them
in their clothes
4'The crime of doing this is shoplifting.
shopping I loptql n 1 do the shoppingto go to shops
to buy things you need in the house, especiallyfood:
I'm going to Safewag to do the shopping.2 go shop-
ping to go to shops to buy things or to look at things
that you might buy later,especiallyclothes
shopping mall /Joprq,mrd,,mal/n C a large covered
area where there are a lot of differentshops
shorten i Jrxn/ r, T to make something shorter, in
length or in time: neu laus to shortenpeople'swork-
iflg hours
shortlist /J*hst/ n C a list of people who are being
consideredfor a job or prize.For example: if 50 peo-
ple apply for a job, the organizationthat is offering
the job will make a shortlist of the five or six best
people, and the job will be given to the best person
on the shortlist.
shortfy /ltttli/ ado soon: Shes iust gone ouL but
she'll be back shortlg. . I saw lrcr shorilg before she
died.
Short-term /Jfi BlnV adj continuing for only a short
period of time: Qrandpa's ilLnesshas affected his short-
term menrorg (=the ability to remember things for a
short time). . a short'term solution to the problem
+The opposite of short-term is long-term.
shower /Iauar/ n C 1 a piece of equipmentin a bath-
room, which you stand under while water comes
down so that you can wash your body and your hair
2 have a shower or take a shower to wash your body
by standingunder a shower
sh o w someone around or show someone
round /,JaJ(someone)araund/ u T to take someone
around a place or building, and show them all the
interestingthings tlere: Jemma showed me around
Venice when I uisited her there.
shy llal adj someone who is shy is not very confi-
dent, and feels nervous or embarrassedwhen they
are with people they do not know well
sigh lsar/ u I to let out a deep breath as a way of
expressing how you feel, especially when you are tired
or disappointed: Rob sighed as he thought about au
the moneg he had wasted.
Sights /sarts/ n plural the sights all the famous and
interesting things to see in a place: tourists L)lsiting the
stghts of London
sightseer /'sansi:arl n C a tourist who is visiting the
famous and interesting places, for example in a city:
Paris LL,asfull of sightseers.
sign /salr/ 1 n C a picture, notice, or board that gives
information, for example on a road or in a public place:
a ncsmoking sign . Follou the sign for the citg centre.
2 u l, T to write your name on a letter, form etc: Srgn
here please. . The author signed the bcak for me. 3
sign off to finish a letter by writing your name at the
end of it: I must go to bed now, so l'll sign oll. Lots of
loue. Tom.
signal /'srgnal/ I n C a sound, image, or action that
sends a message from one person or place to another:
When I gitte the stgnal, start singing. o The spaceship
is able to send signals back to earth.2 r,rI to make a
sign, sound, or movement that sends a message: She
signalled to lhe u,ailer to bring some more LDine.
Signature /'slgnotjar/ n C someone's name, written for
example on a cheque or an official form
significance /srg nrfikans/ n 0 the importance or mean-
ing of something: When teleoision uas frst inL,ented,
most people did not realize ils signilicance. (-they did
not realize what important changes this would bring)
significant /srg'nrfrkant/ adl important, especially in the
way something affects your life: Wiil the change of gou,
ernment make a stgnificant difference ta ordinarg peo-
DIe?
similarity /srmr'larali/ n C one of the ways in which two
peopfg or things are similar to each other: There are
some lnteresttng simihrttles betrDeen the two ftlms.
situated /'silIuertrd/ adl be situated to be in a particu-
lar place: The hotel is conuenientlll situated close to the
airport. . a town situated on the Riuer Danubelsituat-
ed in the Tatra Mountains
skating /'skermy' n U a sport in which you move around
on ice wearing special boots with metal blades on the
bottom (ice-skating), or you move around on a
smmth surface wearing special boots with small
wheels on the bottom (roller-skating)
skier /'ski:a'l n C someone who goes skiing: Shes a
reallg gufr skier.
skiing /ski:ry' n U the sport of moving over snow wear-
ing skis (=long narrow pieces of wood or plastlc fas-
tened under your boots)
skill Ahl/ n C, U an ability to do something well, espe-
cially because you have been trained to do it and you
have experience of doing it: We are lcaking for some-
one uith g<xtd computer skills.. a job for whtch gou
need people skills (=the ability to deal with all kinds of
pmple and to communicate well with them)
53
socialize
Slave /rierv/ n C someone who is owned by another
person and has to work for that person without being
paid
slightly lslattlil adu a little. but not very: Mg sister is
slightlg taller than me.
slip /shp/ u I I to fall or lose your balance, by sliding on
a wet or shiny surface: He slipped orr the [ce,ancl lwrl
his teg. 2 to go somewhere quietly and quickly: Marlin
slipped out of the rcr,m, and no one noliced hlnt leauing.
Slug /shg/ n C a small black or brown creature that
moves slowly along the ground. lt is like a snail, but
does not have a shell.
slum /slnm/ n C a house or an area of a town that is in
very bad condition. where poor people live
Smack /snuek/ u T to hit a child with your hand as a
punishment: Do gou tltink parenls shoul<l smack their
children?
smaft /smol/ a4l smart clothes, cars, restaurants etc
are fashionable and attractive: Julte arrittcd ir a sfnarf
NEUJCAT
smash /smrj/ u I, T to hit som€thing violently, making
a lot of noise, and break it or cause serious damage to
it: Some kids uere throujing slones, and one af thenr
smashed mu car windou. . Polk:e officerc smashe.l
the <itxtr down. (=forced the door open by breaking it
and making it fall) . 4 big Ltuck smashed. into the
side of tlte bus.
smelly i'smeli/ adl having an unpleasant smell: smcllU
feet . a hot, smellg room
snack /snrk/ n C some food that you eat in between
your main meals. for example some fruit or a sand-
wich: We were t(n bu>g l.o hatte lunclt, so u,e had a
quick snack ancl carried on ulorkittg.
Sneeze /sni:z/ u I to make a sudden loud noise when
you breathe air out of your nose and mouth. People
sneeze especially when they have a cold.
snobbery /snnhrri/ n U the attitude of someone who is
very concerned about social class, who admires peo-
ple from a high social class, and who thinks he or she
is better than people kom a lower social class
.3 A person who has this attitude is a snob.
soap Opefa or soap /'saJp,Dpra7'nC a TV programme
about the daily lives and problems of an imaginary
group of people. Soap operas are usually broadcast on
several days each week. and some of them are on TV
every day: a dailg xnp opera about the students and
leachers aL a sc-hool ln Australia
sociable /sriJabl/ adl someone who is sociable is
friendly and enjoys spending time with other people:
I don't think I'll go Lo the partg torligltt, I'm not feeltng
uerg .sociable. 2 a sociable place is one where peo-
ple are friendly and talk to each otlrer: a sociable
pub
socialize / saifalarz/ t' I to go out and spend time with
your friends, for example at parties, clubs. or bars: /
get on uell Lt,ith the people in ntq oflice, but LL'e.dotl't
socialize much after wr>rk.

social worker
social worker /'seull rvglka'/ n C someone
jo b i s t o h el p p e o p l e wh o h a ve pr oblems, for
p l e p e o p l e wh o a re a re P o o r or sick or have
sofa /szufci n C a large comfortable seat that
three people can sit on
solution /sa lu:Jn/ n C the answer to a question. Prob-
lem etc: The solution to the crossurord puzle is ort
page 100.
solve /sDlv/ t) T to find a way of dealing with a prob-
lem or find the correct answer to a question: Moneg
won't solte all gour problems. ' The Police haue not
been able Lo solue the ctime.
Songwriter /'so4.rattir/ n C someone who writes the
words (and sometimes also the music) of popular
songs
Qsomeone who writes music, especially classical
music, is a comPoser.
sort out /,strn'aut/ u T 1 to organize things. for exam-
ple by putting them in order or separating them into
groups: Sort out all the clothes that neecl [rashing,
then put the rest auag. 2 to deal with a problem:
Haue gou sorted out the problem Ltith gour pass
port23 sort yourself out to deal with all the things in
your life that are causing problems for you or mak-
ing you unhappy'. Pam was uerg depressed after her
diuorce. but she's sorted herself out noto
soul /saul/ n singular the part of a Person that their
true feelings and thoughts come from: Deep in mg
soul I knetu I did ttal lote him.
souvenir /,suve'nta'/ n C something you buy when
you go on holiday, to remind you of a place you have
visited: a market stall selling souoenirs of Paris
space /spets/ n U 1 an amount of an area that is
empty or that you can use: There istt't enough space
to haue a partg in this roorn. ' HILL) much space
does each disk hatte? 2 the area outside the Earth
where the stars, the sun, and the planets are: l{'ho
u'as the lirsl man in spdce? (=to travel into sPace)
spare time or free time /,spea. ,fri: 'tatm/ n U time
when you are not working or studying: What do gou
do in gour spare time?
specific /spe'srfik/ adf one particular thing or person: /s
there ang specific reason whg gou chose this college?
specifically /spa'srflkli/ adu 1 giving exact reasons or
details: lVe uere told speciftcallg to uait here utltil
the bell rings.2 for one particular person or PurPose'
not for any others: fhese classes are specilicallg for
people utho need Ertglish for business.
spectacular /spektEkule'/ adj very impressive, in a
way that fills you with admiration or excitement:
The scenerg in the mountains is reallg spectacular'
speech /spi:tj/ 1 n C a talk that someone gives in
public to a group of people: / u)as uerg nerldus al
the wedding because I had lo make a speechlgioe
a s p e e c h . 2 n U th e a b i l i ty to speak: Eecause o/ het
accident, she lost the pou,er of speech. (=became
u n a b l e t o sp e a k)
stuck
LucA started usork as J secrelar.ll and later ber-ame storey (British) or story (American) i sr.rri/ n C one
whose spider /spa r dat/ n C a s m al l c r eatur e, w hi c h i s l i k e
lhe sales nlarager. . I sLart mg tlag at 7 rickx:k. of the levels in a buildrng: 7/rr: /rori.st:i.s llu(1 .s10/crl-s
exam - an insect b ut has ei ght l egs and m ak es w ebs to
Starving / sto:vul/ ad-i very hungry: / diclrr't lta0e anlJ ltiglt. . ;t rrerr, 20-.slore!/ <,llict' bltx:k
no job catch flies i n
breakfasL. so bg lunclt Lime I tt,as absolutelg staro- s t ra i g h t a w a y / \ l rc rl . r$ c r/ a rl i ' i mme d i a t e l y : I , V r:
two or spill /spr l/ l T to ac c i dental l y l et l i qui d fal l out of a
tng. /lccd s( )rrc()rlc u'h i ) cirn -\1.irl t|ir'(- s lr.rir]lr I .r rr'.tr1.
container: Sonreone pushed me, ancl I spilted wine
state /stert/ I n U the condition that someone or s t ra n g e l y / s t re rn d i l r/ a r. l L 'I i n a n u n u s u a l o r s t ra n g e
all oter mg dress.
something is in; Ihe house ua.s in a l{.rrible state way: Alcc rl,iis .rclinq t'erq 5tanqt:ltl ,.tl llt( p.rrttJ.
split Aplr r i I T to di v i de s om ethi ng i nto equal Par ts :
u'l'ren u,e bought iL. . The state of his health is gen- 2 s a y t h i s t o s h o w t h a t , a l t h o u g h s o n re t h i n q s e e ms
There were four of us in the car. and ue split Lhe cost
eral[g uerg good. 2 the state the government of a unlikely, it is true: -Slran<,le117. .s/rc r.r'.r.srr'lal all u;rsel
ol the petro[. (=we each paid a quarter of the cost)
country: peop[e tuho are financiallg depende:nt on aboul LN||at lt;t<:lhappc,ned.
spontaneity /,s pontani tr ti . - 'net:ti / n 0 the abi l i ty to
alre state . the state education sgslem (=schools that stranger / str!'ln(ll-1r/rt C someone Iou have never met
be spontaneous: I adrnire gour sponLaneitg.
are provided and paid for by the government) 3 rr C before: l/e altrrqs a-1cls lrcrr,arl-5u'ltrn fii, lra-s&r l;i/k lo
spontaneous /spnn'tetnias/ adj if you are sponta-
a country with its own government: an [ntlepertdenL .
neous, or if y ou do s om ethi ng s Pontaneous . y ou do -skanqcr-s. A complete stranger (,, sorneone I didn t
state . HaLL'mang stales are lhere in the EU ? 4 t: T know at all) (.lrnc u/) Io rrre anrl il.sAr:dln(,lar a/a/tc'c.
not plan it i n adv anc e. but y ou j us t s uddenl y dec i de
to formafly say or write something: Nls f"Ioore sLa1c<l strength lsrrcrlt)/ rr U the power and energy that you
to do it because you want to
in court that she had neter spoken to Nlr Nl,:(iragor have in vour body. which makes vou strong. f.-rercisc
spot /spnt/ n C a par ti t ul ar pl ac e or ar ea: a l ot'c /g
before . lt's all clearlg stal€d i/? tlre conLract. irtcn:a-:e-stlour /ilncs5 itn.J \/r(flilli L r I1la-5 5qrlilgi.f -
spol to slop for a pk:nlc ' Ihis is the exact spat
statisticS /st:trstrks/ rt plural a set of numbers that I c l i d n ' l t t , t t , r, l / r(' s l re n q l h i o l i f t t rrL ls u i l r: : i s t '
Lrhere the acci.lenl haPPened.
provide information: Acc-ording lo net, got't'rriment stress /str(-s/ n 0 | the special emphasis you give to
squad /skurxi/ n C a group of soldiers or police officers
stafislics. the number of carc on the road ha.s cTorrt, a word or pdrt of a word when you pronounce it: /rr
who work together: the drug squad (=police who deal
up bg 7?4. L l rc t L w r< l ' re p rc . s e n l . ' , l h (' s l re s s i s o n l / t e 1 , ; s l s -q l l a -
with the crime of selling illegal drugs) ' the bomb
Statue /statju:/ n C a large model of a person, made ble. 2 the worry caused by having too much work to
sguad (=police or soldiers who remove bombs)
out of stone, bronze etc, and usuallv put in a public d o o r h a v i n g p ro b l e ms i n y o u r l i f e . w h i c h ma k e s y o u
staff istorf/ n singular the people who work for a
place so that people can look at it: /n lhe midclte of unable to relax: I,a.:fr o/ skt,p is ttlttrt llte rt'sttll ol
business, s c hool , or other or gani z ati on: T he s tafl at
the square, there is a statue of Queen VicLoria. .
Lhe hospit.al complained that tlrcA aere oLter- -stres.s. lt s atr inllrortatrl .iob. ;tni sltc i5 under a lot
status lstertas/ n 0 the official or legal position of a of stress. (=suffering from stress)
u'orked- . The president gaue a short speech to
person or group: lVlrat is gaLlr marital slatus ? (=are stressful / srrcsll/ acil a stressful job. life. situation etc
thank ail his stalf.
you married or not) . Tlrc prisoners LL'anted p()litical is one that nrakes you feel a lot of stress
stall /str:l/ n C one of the tables that people sell
slatus. (=they wanted it to be officially accepted that strict AtnkV a(1/ strict rules and strict people must
things from in a market: I got this honeg ftom a sta|l
they were in prison for political reasons). a l w a y s b e o b e y e d , a n d d o n o t a l l o w mu c h f i e e d o m:
selLing local produce.
stay /ster/ L) 1 stay in to not go out in the evening, but The .school /t:t.s rrr:r-tlslriirl / ule-s aboul /t(rnt(t1rrk. .
stallholder /s t::l ,haul d:'/ n C s om eone w ho has a
stay at home: Mosl daus, |1'ejrsl slag in :rnd u'atc/r Sh(t -s t)drl strict toith tttr chtltiren. ,trtd ntt'er lels
stall in a market, and sells things from it
W.2 stay out to remain out of your house until late lltent qt oL!t in tlte crrori/t(/s.
stand /stand/ r-'[stood, have stood] 1 stand out tt I
at night: We ie n ot allowed tu stag out late dur[ng the strike /strark/ {struck, have stnrckl I l I to suddenly hap-
to be something that you easily notice or remem-
u,eek. . Theg stdued out till 2 in Lhe morning. pen, and cause problems or harm for someone: ../u-rl
ber: Thelr house reallg slands oul - it's the biggest
step-father /stc.p ford:,/ n C a man who is married to tx"fitrt: lht: pLrnc larrdtri, disaster struck (-something
one |n the s tr c et. . euents Ll l at s tand out i n Aour
your mother, but who is not your real father terrible happened) arrrl lhc lutl Llris r:r7rk/al 2 r' T if
memorA (=things you remember well because they
step-mother /'step,nui)a'/ rr C a woman who is mar- an idea or thought strikes you. you suddenly notice it or
ar e special i n s om e w ay ) 2 c an't s tand i t to not l i k e
ried to your father, but who is not your real mother think about it: l{./h.rlstruck me as unusua! u'J-s [/]al il
or enjoy s om ethi ng at al l , bec aus e i t i s v er y
steward /stjuratl/ n C someone whose job is to take f{ t.s .\() (ltii(l ctif.siilc. . / u r.i^s-slrucA' llrr Nina's b<ttuLr1.3
unpleasant or i t m ak es y ou v er y annoy ed: M g s i s '
care of the passengers on a plane. for example by go on strike to stop working as a protest. especially in
ter lo0es English food. but I can't sland it
bringing them food and other things they need order to persuade your employer to qive you more
standard /strnd:d/ n C a level of quality or skill that
4'Stewards can also be called flight attendants. money. ft:arJrers u.Lirr?ed lhll llrcq ntag qo on sldke if
you must achieve or that something is judged by:
sticky i srki/ ad1 covered with a substance that sticks th.ir lrilt! i.\ll l ift.rrir-secl. 4 three strikes and you're out
Saletg standards need to be lmproued.' Standards
to things: The glue made mq hanrl.s stickg. r a .slit:k-U used to describe an American law that says if you com-
of teachtng at the school are uerg high. ' He said the
label (=with a sticky substance on the back, so that mit three crimes you will go to prison for a long time,
stanciarc-/ of mg tLtc:rk u)asn'l good enough.
you can stick the label onto something) even if they are only small crimes. The phrase is based
star /slo:r/ I n C a famous actor, musician, or sports
stool /ltuil/ n C a seat without any part to support on what happens in the gamc of baseball.
player: lerlnis star Nlartina Hingis ' Who u'as the
your back or arms: a kltt:hen stool S t ru c t u re / \ rr^ k l l i i / 1 rr C t h e w a y t h a t s o rn e t h i n g i s
star of ( =the m ai n ac tor i n) 'Batm an ar td R obi n'?2
stop istDp/ L, stop at nothing to be very determined organizeri, or that all the parts of it are connected:
LrI to be the main actor in a film or play: Mel Cibson
to get what you want. so that you will do anything to l h e s / / u (-l l re o f , r -s t l rl c rri r: 2 i ' T t o o rg a n i s e t s o me ,
Itas starred in dozens of mooies.
get it: FranA' u'anLed tlte top job in the compang. and t h i n g s o t h a t i t h a s a c l e a r s t ru c t u re . , r r| e / / . s l ru c -
Stare /stea'/ L' I to look at something or someone for
he urould stop aL nothing t() gel il. lu,dal d-s-sir{l
a long time: She utas sLar[ng out of Lhe windoLL'. and
ltr:ld h[m I tuas store /-str:r/r, T to keep things somewhere until you s t u c k / s t , rl , / a c / l s o me t h i n g t h a t i s s t u c k i s f i x e d i n a
trAing to thittk uthat to do.'When
need them: Yau can slore lhousands ol pieces ctf p a rt i c u l a r p o s i t i o n a n d y o u c a n n o t mo v e i t ; I / rC
Ieat,ing. he iust stared at nrc and Llidn l sag a u'ord
informat[an on one snrall disk.. At Lhts time of gear, Itidr:otatpe i-s siur:k irl lhr' rnj( /iin(' . ()Ltl c,tt got
Start /slox/ rr I. T to begin to do something: He
.rninrals are bu-sg sloring f.Dd for the u)inler. s t u c k l / l l l rc s rro rrL
star led pl aAi ng th( pi J no w her t he u'as s ei r en. '
54 55
stuff
Stuff /st^fl n 0 things, substances, information,
events etc [tnroHmar]:Do gou haue ang of that slull
for cteaning u,indows? . I had so much stuff to do
that I forgot about her birthdag. ' He's a tgp[ca[ man
- he likes cars, and football, and stuff |ike that.
Subtitles /snb,tanlz/ n plural words that translate
what the actors in a film are saying.Subtitles aPPear
at the bottom of the screen.
suburb /'srbrb/ n C part of a city away from the cen-
tre. The suburbs are the areas where a lot of people
live, and they do not usually have many factories,
offices etc: She llues in the suburbs, and works in an
office tn central Tokgo. . The tennis chafiVtonships
take ptace in Wimbledon, u-rhich is a suburb of
London.
succeed /sak'sild/u I to achieve what you want, and
not fail: fhe plan succeeded. . Kate aluags suc-
ceeds in euergthing she trtes to do.
suddenly or all of a sudden /'sndnli,,o:lav a'sndrVadu
quickly and when you are not expecting it: Suddenlg,
alt the lights uent out and the rcDm went dark.
suffer /s^farl u I, T to experiencepain, illness,or dif-
ficult problems: He's uerg tall, and he often suffers
from problems urith his back. . It Luasa nastg ill'
ness, arrd sfte su ffered a lot of pain. ' F[ue gears after
the LDar the countrg uas still suffering.
suggest /sedtest/u T to tell people your ideas about
what they should do or about what you should all do
together: Karen suggested a picnic, and the others all
agreed. . I suggest that LL)eleatte earlA to auoid all
the traffic.
Suggestion /sa'dlestjan/n C a plan or idea that you
suggest:I haoe to bug Julie a uedding present- do
gou haue ang suggestions2(=can you give me any
ideas about what to buy?) . Mr Connors made some
useful suggestions about how we could saue sorne
moneg.
suit /sun, sjut/ 1 n C a set of clothes for a man or
woman. with a jacket and a skirt or trousers made
from the same material: a businessman in a dark
-l
suit and a uhite shirt2 u if something you wear
suits you, it looks good on you and makes you look
attractive: She looks nice irt that dress - the colour
reallA suits her.
suited to /sulrd tul. sju:t-l u T suitable for some-
thing and likely to be successful, because you
hav e t he r i g h t c h a r a c t e r or p e r so n a l q u a litie s: /
soondiscoueredI uasn't reallg suited to teaching.
Suitcase /'su:tkets,'sjult-/ n C a large bag or case
that you carry your clothes in when you are travel-
ling
summarise lsnmaratz/ t' T to give a summary of
something (=a short description of the main facts
or ideas): The job of the chairperson is lo sum-
marise the maan decisions made at the meeting.
sundae /'snnder/ n C a sweet dish made of ice
cream with fruit and nuts on the toP
56
su n n y /s^ni / adj w i th pl enty of sunl i ght: a sunng
garden . It was a louelg sunng dag.
su n se t l' s^nset/n C , U the ti me w hen the sun goes
down at the end of the day, or the changing colours
in the sky when this happens: The p2711 gates are
closed at suns€|. . Theg sat LL)atchitlg the sunsel.
superb lsjurprlb. su"-l adi very good or very
impressive: a louelg hotel, with superb uteLDsof the
mounLains
supermarket /sulpa,malklt,sjur-/ n C a very large
shop that sells all kinds of food, and also things for
th e h o u se such as cl eani ng materi al s. Y ou w al k
around a supermarket picking up the things you
want, then you pay for them at the checkout.
supervision / su:pavl3n, sjul-/ n U without suPervi-
sio n without anyone w atchi ng you and maki ng
sure that you are doing the right thing: She's uerg
reliable, and good at LL'orkingutthout superLli.sion.
su Pp e r lsnpa'l n C your eveni ng meal . S upper i s
an ordinary meal that you have at home.
{lf you go out to a restaurantin the evening, or if
you have a special meal at home, it is called dinner'
su p p ly /sapl at/1 n C a store of somethi ng,such as
food, water, or fuel, that is available for you to use:
Their supply of food was beginning to run out. '
The people in the earthquake zone urgentlg need
medical supplies. 2 u T to provide something that
is needed: A nuclear power station supplies elec'
tricttg to the ciLA.
support /sa'prn/u T to provide someonewith enough
money to buy what they need to live: /t s diflicult to
support a familg of four on such a small salarg.
Supposed /sapxzdl u T be supposed to I to have
to do something, becausethere is a rule which says
you must do it: Youare supposedto check out of the
hotel before noon.2 to be generally believed to be
something: I hauen't seen it, but [t's supposed to be
a reallg good film. (=this is what most people think)
surgeon /s::ld3an/n C a doctor who performs oper-
ations: Dr Marriot is a heart surgeon (=does oPer-
a tio n s o n peopl e'shearts)
surgery /s:ld3ari/ n C a doctor's surgery is a room
or building where a doctor works, where people can
go for advice and treatment when they are sick
4:The American word for this is a doctor's office
Surname /sr:netm/n C your last name, which is the
name you share with your Parentsand your broth-
ers and sisters
surprise lsa'pratzln U to my surprise say this to
show that something made you feel surprised: Ed
took his drioing test and, to our surprise,he passed
it. (=we didn't expect him to pass)
Surprised lsa'prarzdladj how you feel when some-
thing happens which you did not expect: Patsg was
surprised bg how expensiue euerAthing was. ' We
were surprised to see her at the partg - ue thought
she uas tn Japan.
surprising lsa'prarzr4/adJ unexpected, and making
you feel surprised: a surprising result . I find it sur-
prising that (=it makes me surprised that) gou haue
neuer met her - she liues in the same slrcet as gou.
surprisingly /sa'prarznlli/ ado say this when you are
mentioning something that is surprising: Johnson
reached the ftnal of the 2U) metres, but surpristnglg, he
onlA came fourth. . a surpris[ng[g inexpensiue meal
Survey /'s3:ver/ n C an attempt to find out about peo-
ple's opinions or way of life, usually done by asking
many people a set of questions: a new suroeg ol
goung people's attttudes touards drugs
survive /se varv/ I u I to stay alive in a dangerous sit-
uation, for example after an accident or serious ill-
ness: Abouf5Opeople caught lhe lirus. and onlg l2
of them suruiued. (=the others all died) . Theg rDere
Iost in the jungle, and theg suroioed on (=stayed
af ive by eating) t-uit and srnatl animal-s. 2 be sur-
vived by if you are survived by someone in your
family, they are still alive after you die: lnlr Prior is
suruioed bg his wife and three children. (=he has
died, but they are still alive)
suspect I /sa'spekt/ rr T to think that someone may
have done something bad or illegal: Police nout sus-
pect that West started the firelsuspect West of start-
ing the lire. . The manager had been stealing
moneg from the bank, but no-one suspected him.2
/slspekt/ n C someone that the police think is guilty
of a crime: Iu'o suspecls are being interuiewed bg
the police in connection uith the girl's tnurcler.
suspicious /sa'sprJas/ adj making you think that
something bad or dishonest is happeninq: lf gou see
angthing suspicioLrs, call the police.
suspiciously /sa'sprl:sli/ adu speaking or looking at
someone in a way that shows you do not trust them,
because you think they have done somethinq bad or
dishonest: She [ooked at me suspiciouslg, and saicl:
'What are gou doing here?'
swap /swop/ u T to give something to someone, and
get something similar from them: / surapped books
with Jane. (=l gave her my book, and she gave me
hers) . Dad and I swapped places so that I could sit
bg the windout. (=we exchanged seats)
sweaf /sweer/ [swore, have sworn] tr T to promise
that something is definitely true or that you will defi-
nitely do something: Brad suears that he diCrr't take
the moneg.
sweater /'sweta,/ n C a warm piece of clothing, usu-
ally made of knitted wool. that covers the top half of
your body: Take a thlck sweater - it s t'erg c<;td there
at ni ght.
Switch /swrtj/ u T I switch on/switch off to make
something start working or stop working by using a
switch (=3 thing that you press or turn to operate a
machine, electric light etc): Phil cante in and
suitched on the TV. . Don't forget to sutitclt olf the
lights.2 switch off to stop paying attention IrNFoR-
57
teens
AAt l: /.i u.sl switch olJ u:ltr:n he, sLarls talkinq about
cotllpulers.
sword /sr:d/ rr C an old-fashioned weapon. with a
h a n d l e a n d a l o n g s h a rp b l a d e
SlA/Ofe: see swear
symbol /srmhl/ n C a picture, design, sign etc that
has a particular meaninq or represents a particular
idea: The sllntbol @ rne.lns '.rl'. . Tlte u'hltt: dot,e
holding an ctl[te brarrch is a sgmbol of pea<:t:.
Sympathetic /srnrpr'Oetrk/ ac,li showing that you
understand other people's feelings or problems: a
s!/mpathelic doclor . [.t,a ur.r-s UetlJ sgtnpathetic
Luhen I spliL up Lt,ith nt! husband.
T|.
talented /trbntld/ atlf very good at doing some'
t h i n g , b e c a u s e y o u h a v e a n a t u ra l a b i l i t y t o d o i t :
Sh e'.s a fa len lcri ac I o rl u ri tcrl tet I tt Is p Ia t1L:r.
t a l k e r / t . rL r' / rr T s o me o n e w h o t a l k s a l o t o r i n a
p a rt i c u l a r w a y I t t t to rrl a l ] : A f , rrl rrr l -s a t ' e r. q f a 5 l
Latk<:r. . Shels a/rl,ali.s been t,cr11 confident and a
good laIker.
talk over or talk through /,1::k 'rrv.r'. Oru:/ r, T to
d i s c u s s s o me t h i n g w i t h s o me o n e : I t L , (i l 1 ' l n t a k e a
der;ision aboul Lhe.iob urtLil I r.'t'talked it ooer uith
mg u,ife.
t a n k n rrl k / n C a l a rg e mi l i t a ry v e h i c l e c o v e re d w i t h
a rmo u r a n d e q u i p p e d w i t h g u n s . Ta n k s g o a l o n g o n
nletal tracks that are fixed over the wheels.
tasty /tcrsti/ ,rc/l very nice to eat: deliclous: a la.slg
nleal
tattoo /r'tu:. tt / I n C a picture or design on some'
o n e ' s s k i n , ma d e u s i n g n e e d l e s a n d c o l o u re d i n k :
Shr: haci a latftio of a butLcrllLl on hcr.should€r 2 tat-
tooed on with a tattoo on: //r: /rarJ.r lt?Jrl litllooed ot1
h t . sa rn t .
tax gvasion /ttk: r,vcr3n/n U when someone tries to
avoid paying the correct amount of tax
/ rc k n i : k / rr C a me t h o d o f d o i n q s o me -
technique
t h i n g . w h i c h y o u h a v e t o l e a rn a n d p ra c t i s e : Th e
aperation is <:arried oul u'hi[c lhc pJlacr]1 is .slall
c o f l s { a i , i / s . u i i n , j . r rt ru ' l t t l t t ri , l u ,
technology / t c l n n l rd : i / rr U me t h o d s and
ma c h i n e s t h a t a re d e v e l o p e d a s a re s u l t o f s c i e n -
t i f i c k n o w l e d g e : Th a rrk s t o n c u , l c (: / l n o / o g t l . L t l c
1n c l q u i c k l L l t t i t l t
c a n n o u r c o , n / n u n i c a l (, < : l rc a 1 t l 1 a
peaplc on tlrc otlt<:r.sftl<:of t/rc u'ork/.
teenage / t r: n c rd s / a d . i I a t e e n a g e b o y o r g i rl i s
aged between 13 and 19: She fia.s tuto teenage
d a u g l t t t : rs . 2 c o n n e c t e d w i t h t e e n a g e c h i l d re n : a
big increasc in l<:enage prt:rlnan(rqr (=in the number
o f t e e n a g e g i rl s w h o g e t p re g n a n t )
teenager / ' l i ; n c l d l i ' / rr C a b o y o r g i rl w h o i s a g e d
between I3 and l9
teens /li;n// n in your teens aqed between l3 and
1 9 : Th e n a g a l n L i . \ , ri rl (1 1 a l (l i rl s i t r l / )e i r f c c i l -s .
telephonist
telephonist /ta l e f.n rst/ n C som eone whose job is
to a n s w e r p h o n e ca l l s a n d connect the people who
ca l l w i t h th e p e o p l e th e y w a nt to speak to
t e l l o f f / r e l o tl l to l d o ff, h a ve told off] uT to speak
to s o m e o n e a n g ri l y b e ca u se they have done some-
thing wrong: Mg dad told me off for conting home
Iate. . She got told off bg the teacher bccau.se she
didn't do her honreutork.
telly /'teli/ n C, U television [trronm.rr]: l&'e sta-qccl
i n a n d w atch e d te l l g . . 7 1 ," ,o' t a r eallg good mooie
on tellA tonight.
t e m p e r / t e mp i '/ n U l o se yo ur temper to suddenly
g e t v e r y a n g ry w h e n yo u can no longer contr ol
y o u r f e e fi n g s: N e i l l o sl h i s tem per and sl.tr led
-shoufing Jl u-s.
temporary /te mp :ra ri . -p ri l :tdj lasting for only a
s h o r t t i m e o r a l i mi te d ti me : ' /s it a per ntanent job?
'lYo, if s onlg temporatg - I haL,e a sir-/nonlh cofi
tract.' . We are usirtg a tenlporarg classroom u,hile
the school is being rebuilt.
4 T h e o p po si te o f te mp o ra ry is per manent.
temptation /te n rp 'te rj n / n C, U a feeling that you
w a n t t o d o so me th i n g . e ve n though you know you
should not do it: / tried to resist the temptation to
g e t a n g r g u i th h i m. (=tri e d to stop m yself doing it)
t e n d i t e n d / u te n d to d o something to usually or
often do something: The stucienl.s here Lend to qo
h o m e L o th e i r p a re n ts a t th e ueekend ( =m ost of
t h e m u s u a l l y d o th i s)
t e n s i o n he a d a ch e /te n Jn ,hc' tlc' r k/n C a headache
c a u s e d b y te n si o n (=a wo rried feeling that makes
y o u u n a b l e to re l a x)
t e n t / t e n t / n C a sh e l te r th a t you sleep in when you
g o c a m p i ng , ma d e o f cl o th and suppor ted by poles
and ropes
t e r m / t 3 l nl / n C 1 o n e o f th e main per iods that the
y e a r i s di vi d e d i n to a t a school or college: We
a l u r a g s h a u e € xa m.s i n th e sum nr er ler m. 2 a per i-
o d b e t w e e n two e l e cti o n s, dur ing which a gover n-
ment, president etc is in power: Mr Clinlon uri:.s
President for tLL)oterns. 3 a particular way of dis-
c u s s i n g so me th i n g o r th i n king about it: 1l u,as.l
good film, but it uasll l oerg successtul in finan-
cial terms. (=from the point of view of making
m o n e y ) . It's a co mp L i t:a tcd idea. but she Lr icd to
explahr it an simple lernrs.
terminal /t:l mrn a l / n C th e par t of an air por t wher e
p a s s e n g e rs g o a t th e b e g i nning and end of their
j o u r n e y s , fo r e xa mp l e wh e re they check in ( = show
t h e i r t i c k e ts a n d g i ve th e a i rline their baggage) and
w h e r e t h e y wa i t to g e t o n their plane
te r m i n a l l y i l l /,t:mrn a l i rl / a dj having an illness that
cannot be cured and will eventually lead to death
te r r i b l y /'te r:b l i / a d l , ve ry - say this for emphasis:
a terriblg sad storg . Jan looked lerribIg u:orried.
te r r i f i c / t a 'rrfrk/ a 4 l ve ry g o od or enjoyable [tnr oH-
,"rqll: a lerrilic actor. Tlie ntcal u,as lcrrilic
58
ter r ified /ter r far d/ a{i feel i ng v er y fr i ghtened: /t
ura,s the lirst time she had been ln a plane. and she
u'as terrified. . I'm terrified ofsnakes,
ter r ifying /ter r tar - tq/ adj m ak i ng y ou feel v er y
frightened: a terrifAing dreant . The brakes failed,
and l couldn't slop thc car - it .ras tetrifAing.
textile lteks tr r l / n C c l oth or other m ater i al us ed for
m aking cl othes , c ur tai ns etc : a fac tor g that pr o
duces lertiles
thankful /O c r tk fl / adj feel i ng pl eas ed bec aus e
som ething bad has been av oi ded, and the s i tuati on
is not as bad as it could be: The r:ar is badlg tlanv
aged. but l'nt thankful that notle of us llas hurt.
that /Oret/ arlt, not that good/not that important
etc not ver y good, not v er y i m por tant etc Il N F oF r -
n r]: 'Dicl gou enjou the partg? 'Nc. il udsn t thal
gaod.' , lt's not that u'arm todag, is it?'
theor eticall y or i n theor y /,O r s 'r L'uk l itn
. O tar i / adu
say this to des c r i be w hai i s s uppos ed to happen,
even though i n fac t i t does not happen:
Tlte,oreticaLlg,anyone can become president, but in
practice gou haoe Lo ltaLle a IoL ol maneg.
theor y i 0 r .r r i / 1 n C an i dea that ex pl ai ns how
something w or k s or w hy thi ngs happen i n a c er tai n
way: Einstein s theorg of telatiuitg 2 in theory
= theor etical l y
ther efor e 1r ) eal l '/ adu for the r eas on that has
been mentioned [ionr,rr]: Ihe goocls gou senl /?le
aere naL ol a satisfactorg qualitg. I utould therelore
IIke a comDlete refLrnd.
thermometer /ea mnmrla'/ n C a thing you use for
measur ing the tem per atur e
thief l0r t7 thi ev es l Qi w tl n C s om eone w ho s teal s
something: Th[ettes broke into tlre rnuseum and
slole ii painling Lrortlt 5500,OL)0.- compare robber
thing /0r r.l /n C an i dea, obj ec t, ac ti on etc that y ou
ar e talking about [r N F oti M AL]:/ hai ,e,s o ntang thi ngs
to do Lotlag. . There are a fettt Lhtngs I d like lo di-s-
cuss 11) ithgou. . C oul d gou m or ) e al l thos e l hi ngs
oll the Lable?
think /grtV [thought, have thought] u 1 think back to
to try to remember a time in the past: Tlrc Wlice officer
asked her tc think back Lo the dag ol Lhe murder.2
thinking of doing something planning to do some-
thing. aithough you have not yet definitely decided to
do it: lve re thitlkitrg ol rentitrg a /touse bg the sea thas
.sumtrre,: 3 think something over to think about some
thing carefully, before you make a decision
Third World /,e:d wsld/ n the Third World the poor
countries of the world. especially in most of Africa
and in som e D ar ts of As i a. C entr al Am er i c a. and
South America
thought: see think
threaten /'0rctn/ o T to tell someone you will do
something unpleasant if they do not do what you
want: She told him to leaLte.atrd threatened to cail
the pol[ce if he .lidn't go.
/enl a'/ n C a b o o k , f i l m, o r p l a y w i t h a n e x c i t .
thr i l l er
ing and sometimes frightening story. especially
about a murder or other crime
throughout /eru:arx/ prepositktn in the whole of a
per l od of ti m e. o r i n e v e ry p a rt o f a p l a c e :
T hr oughout the /98 0 s (= f ro m 1 9 8 0 t c ' 1 9 8 9 ) l h c
countrg u)as [nttolued in a cit,il LLtar. . l'l1ert u)ere
L'io[enLstornls thraughout tlle counLrg.
thunder /'0nnd:'/ n U t h e l o u d n o i s e y o u c a n h e a r i n
the sky during a storm
ri'The bright flash of light that happens at about the
same time is lightning.
thunderstorm /'0rndrstrm/ n C a storm in which
there is a lot of thunder and lightning
tidy up i tardi 'npi t, I. T to make a house or room
neat. by putting everything in the right place and
removing anything that should not be there: You
can't go out till gott'ue tidied up gout bedroonr. .
She s /c'd up uritl't Phil - she sags he netter ticiie-su;r.
tie /tar/ u T tie yourself down to limit your freedom to
do what you want. for example by getting married or
having a permanent job: Ben tr,anlecl io tra{el, and
utasn't readg to lie hhrsel/ dou,n.
tiff lll. tll I prepositktn 6 cc,njun<:tlon until: Ihe partq
u:enl on till 4 in the morning.2 n C a piece of equip-
ment in a shop that calculates how much a customer
has to pay, and is also used for storing the money
paid by customers
4.The American word for this is register.
time /tarm/ n U I by the time ,brr r)r'tarrn/ not later
than the particular time when something happens:
Bg Lhe time gou get this posLcard, I tt'ill bc bat:k in
London. 2 from time to time: llianr .tarm lJ tarm,/
sometimes, but not often: / .slil/ see mt1 oft/ sr:hoo/
friends front time Io t[me.3 in time /rn tarnr/earlv
enough to do something: Do l|ou think utr'll bc in
time for the tratn? . The ambulance didn't gel lherc
in time to satte her. 4 on time /on tarnr/ arriving or
happening at the correct time, and not late: T/rc
plarrc landed on time. . Nlake sure gou re on time
for gour appointment.
time-keeping /tarm kipr4/ n U how good someone
is at arriving at the right time: Hei an antelligenl.slu-
dent, bLlt hi-s linre-keepirrg i.5n'l {'erg lioorl. (=he is
often late)
timing /tarmrq/ n U the ability to choose the best
time to do something: With perlecl timing. PeLt
arr{L)ed -iltsLas / uras seruing the dltiner.
tiny /tarni/ adj very small: ,r tinA little ansecl . nrc
main parL of the processor is on a ling pirte ol si/i(-'on.
tip /trp/ n C I a useful piece of advice: SAe gaL'e m.)
some helpftrl tips on u'hat to stu(/v for the exarn.
2 extra money that you give to a waiter or taxi dri-
ver. to thank them for their service: Shoulcl rt,e leaoe
a tip for the uaitress?
told: see tell
tone /tn)n/ n C a continuous sound that you hear on
59
t ra d i t i o n a l
a telephone. either when you pick it up to make a
c a l l . o r w h e n y o u c a l l s o me o n e b u t t h e i r l i n e i s b u s y
t o p i c / t n p rk / rt C a s u b j e c t t h a t v o u t a l k a b o u t o r
write about: a rliscus-sirrr on the topic of qk;bal
LLtarnltn!l
touch /r,\rJl n get in touch with to communicate with
sorneone. by phoning. writinq etc: I tn trLlinq lo !.tet itl
lrit:nd, bul / </on'l /tat'e /ter
lorir:h rlilh an olil .sc:/rr;o1
pttotrc nuntber.
tour /to.)r/ | rr C an organized trip in which you visit sev-
eral difterent places. either for en.joyment or in older to
pfay sport, perform in concerts etc: Wci(' rlctinq on ;t
Itr'+u,eek lour al Eun4x'. . I hc b,tttd [s currenLl]l on
tour in the US. (=travelling around the US, and per-
forming in diflerent places) 2 t,T to travel around a
place when you are doing a tour: I/tc Enqlarttl li.xttls;tii
ledln L5kruri,rg Soutlr Ante,r[(:;tirr lltr'.rrrntntt'r:
t o u ri s m / t t i rrrz rm/ / l U t h e b u s i n e s s o f p ro v i d i n g s e r-
v i c e s f o r t o u ri s t s . f o r e x a mp l e p l a c e s t o v i s i t a n d
places to stay in: Iouri.snt prorrli/('-sJ bl ol ?ntploLl
nrent ()n lhe i-slartci.
tourist /tuarrst/ rr C someone who visits a place for
enjoyment or interest. especially when they are on
hof iday: Vcnlce i.s/irii o/ lourrsls ;.11Llris t{nk. ol Lleat. .
a b(rri.sl guidt:book
tourist attraction /ttrarrst r,trtkfn/ rr C a popular
place for tourists to visit: Lr.x:lt Nc.s-s ts ottr: ol
Sr:o[Lrnd s rnain l.]urisl ar[|rircli()n-5.
touristy /torrr-rti/ a(ll a touristy place is full r:f
tourists and full of shops. hotels etc provided espe-
c i a l l y f o r t o u ri s t s l rrr o R q { t l : / l u -s c rl k t b t a q u i e l l i l
t1r,i-slarr<.1.bul il hai.sb<:<:ontetwrtl lrurisltl.
t o u rn a me n t / t o ; n rn rrn l . t : : / rr C a s p o rt s c o mp e t i '
t i o n i n w h i c h s e v e ra l t e a ms o r p l a y e rs p l a y i n a
s e ri e s o f g a me s . I h e w i n n e rs a t e a c h s t a g e s t a v i n
the tournament to play other winne15. untrl there is
one winner at the end: 1..1,/tert: tt,a.stht:/a.sl ll'rlt1rl ('trlr
k:urnanrcn! ltel<1.'
tower block /taoa hloli/ rr C a very tall building that
contains flats or otfices
trace /trer\/ I l T to find someone who is missing. by
s e a rc h i n q c a re f u l l y a n d ma k i n g e n q u i ri e s : S f t r' -s
tnling to lralre.\()rlrc /ellli0e-s u.rho rnorr'./ k) Au.slr.r/rJ
30 ar7o.2 ir T kr lind out where sornething canre
-qarr:s
from or started from: ll'rt/t tlt[i e(It[l\nt:tiL. Urt: yx]l:t:
ern tacc.,r /rhonc r:a// (=tind out the number of the
phone it came from) in lu-sl a /r'ti' .sctlnd-s. 3 n C a
very small amount of a substance: Polit:t: fottn<l tra<:t's
o/ p6l-5611lrt llte tLlfet:
tradition /tradrln/ n C a custom that has existed for a
long time among a qroup of people: I/rcr7 al{r,.-r-/s/el
ofl lireu,orks lo celebrdte lhe Nt'rr Ycar il:s an old
Chiriese tmdition.
traditional /tlrdrJnel/ acll typical of ideas. customs etc
that have existed for a long time and have not changed
[lu5i(: . hI Br[La[n, it's tra-
much: lrir(lilionJl ./,rparl('-s(r
ditional to e;11nil ketl Jl ( /rrl.!lrna.s.
traffic
traffic /tr€flu n 0 all the cars and other vehicles that
are on the roads: Ihe netu shopping mall caused a btg
increase in traflic.
traffic iam /trafrk dsem/ n C a long line of cars, buses
etc, which are either moving very slowly or not moving
at all: An acc[denton the main nmd out of town has
caused a huge traffic jam.
traffic warden /trirfrk ,u,r:dn/n C someone whose job
is to make sure that cars are not parked in the wrong
place
OIf your car is parked in the wrong place, a traffic war-
den will put a parking ticket on its windscreen,and you
will have to pay a fine.
tragedy /tnedsadi/n C a very sd event, especiallyone
in which people d:e: The shcntingin which 13 children
uere killed uas a terrible tragedg fc;r the uhole toutn.
tragic ltradsrV adl a tragic event or story is very sad:
a tragic acctdent in ]U|hach a whole familg tuas killed
u:hen their car hit a truck
tragicafly ltred:*lV adu in a very sad way: Tragically,
she died uhen she was onlg 36.
train /trern/ 1 u I to learn the skills that you need in
order to do a job, for example by taking a course and
getting practical experience: She's training as a doc'
tor/training tn be a dcrtor 2 u T to teach someone the
skills they need to do something: Theg'ttetrained their
dog to attack strangerc.
trainers llretnazln plural shoeswhich are designedfor
running or playing sports, but which many people wear
as ordinary shoes: Theg haLie to uear black leather
shoesfor school - theg're not allowed to wear trainers.
4The American word for these is sneakers.
training ltentn/ n 0 the process of learning skills, for
example through practical experienceand educational
courses: The compang spends a lot of moneg on tratn-
ing for its staff- o p1*t list gour qualifications and
trainlng in the space below.
tram /tram/ n C a large vehicle used for carrying
passengers in some cities. Trams run on metal
tracks and use electric power.
OThe American word for this is streetcar.
tramp /ftemp/ n C someonewho has no home or job
and who travels around asking for money and food
transaction ltrnzrkJnl n C a business deal in
which money or goods are exchanged: The bank
handles thousands oftransactions euerg dag.
travel agent or travel agency /'trcvl ,erd3ant,
erd3ansi/n C a company or shop that arrangesholi-
days, hotels,flights etc for people: To lind out the lat
est fares, cail gour local trauel agenUtrauel agencg.
treat u T to behave in a certain way towards
^ri[/ TheA treated us toith great kindness.
someone:
(=they were very kind to us) o lrg to treat all the stu'
dents equallg. . Someof the prisonerssag theA LDere
badlA treated.
trek ,/trek/n C a long walk in an area that is difficult to
travel through, for example a desert or mountain region
60
trend /trend/ n C a change that is gradually happen-
ing, for example in the way people behave or in the
way something develops: There is a trend toLDards
people u:orking from home. (=more and more Peo-
ple are beginning to do this)
triumph /trarlmil n C an important success or vic-
tory in a competition or battle: a triumph for the
British athletics team
trouble /$^bl/ n U I take the trouble to do some-
thing to do something that needs a little effort, but is
worth doing: lf gou're going to C'/rfna, take the trouble
to learn a few Chinese words and phrcses. 2 have
trouble with to have problems with something, for
example with a machine that is not working well, or
with part of your body that is causing pain: She s had
a lot of trouble with her backluith her new comput
er 3 it's no trouble say this to tell someone that you
are happy to help them: 'SorrA lo make gou driL,e me
all this wag.' 'Oh, it's no trouble.'
truly /rruli/ adu very - say this for emphasis: Ihe
screen is about 3O metres high - il s trulg amazing!
trunks or swimming trunks /swrmul,tn4ks/n plur-
al a small piece of clothing, similar to shorts, that
m en wear w hen they go s w i m m i ng
truth /true/ n the truth the true facts about some-
thing: Please tell the truth * uhere did gou go IasL
night?
try lltral u T I to make an attempt to do something:
I tried to lift it, but it uras too heaog. . She tried hard
to remember his phone number.2 to do something,
use something, or taste something in order to see if
you like it or if it is successful: I got Lired of working
in the bank, so I decided Lo trg teaching. . You
shou[d trg tlrc local uine - it's realIA good. 3 be
tried to have to go to a law court because the police
believe you may be guilty of a crime: Campbell uas
tried lor murder and the jurg found him gutltA. 4
try something on to put on a piece of clothing,
especially in a shop, in order to see if it fits you and
looks good on you
tuned to /'t.iu:nd tu/ watching a particular TV sta-
tion or listening to a particular radio station: Cood
morning - gou're tuned to London s lauourite radio
statlon.
tunnel ltlnli n C a passage under the ground,
under a river etc: Soldiers had dug a serles of tun-
neLs under the castle- . the Channel tunnel (=the
tunnel connecting England and France)
turn /t3rn/ u I take turns to do something one after
the other: There u.tere four of us [n the apartnTenL,
and ute alL took turns to do the cooking.2 turn out
to happen in a particular way: lle had some prob'
lems at the start of the journeg. but iL atl turned out
@ell in the end. 3 just turned 20ljust turned 5
o' clock et c hav i ng j us t r eac hed a c er tai n age or
time: She'sjust Iurned 20. . /t u]asjust Lurned mid-
night uhen we arriued.
urban
twin /tu'rn/ n C one of two people who were born at He qat a .iab a-s a rlrirrer, afLtt ,t lttt.iod of urrcmplog,
the same time to the same mother: lvle[ and Dan are nienl. . Neur slalaslics shou, lhat LtrrcmploLlnlent i5
trl'rn,s. . Dan is her t@in brother. falling (=1hs number of people without jobs is going
ty pew r i ter /tar pr at ra r/ n C a ma c h i n e t h a t p ri n t s down) o an area ol high unemploAment (=where a
letters or numbers onto paper when you press its lot of people are unemployed)
keys. In most offices, typewriters have now been unfair /^n'tca'/ acll not morally right or not treating
r epl ac ed by c om put e rs . someone in a fair way: lrlang peopk: [clL Lhat llle deci-
rypical /'trprkl/ adj having most of the quatities siorr nr.ts unili:
that a particular type of person, thing, or place usu unfortunately /^ntl:tJrnarli/ adl, say this to show
alfy has: The postcard shouis a tgpical tropical beach. you are sad or disappointed about something that
happened: Wt uer<: qoing to haue a picnic. bttl
unforLunatelq iL rained all daq.
0 unhealthy /rn hel0i/ atll t unhealthy food, places etc
'u9ly I ad,l very unattractive to look at: The Citu are likely to make you ill 2 an unhealthy person is
^glil
Hall was a [arge ugLg building. often ill
*You can use ugly to describe buildings, cities, fur- uniform /'iunrl':rn/ rr C, U a special set of clothes that
niture etc, but it is very rude to use it about a person. people wear when they work in some jobs (for exam-
unattended /,^na rendrd/ adl leave something unat- ple police officers or nurses) or that children have to
tended to put something in a place where no,one is wear at some schools: Does gour sr:hml lnue a unt.
watching it: Don't leat,e gour suttcase unauended. form? o so[diers in uniform (=wearing uniforms)
unbel i ev abl e/r nbr l i : v a b l / a d j v e ry s u rp ri s i n g , a n d university /. ju:nr'v::s:ti/ rr C a place where you study
almost impossible to believe: The power af these at a very high level in order to get a degree. People
neu computers is unbeliettable. u s u a l l y g o t o u n i v e rs i t y w h e n t h e y a re a b o u t 1 8 :
uncle /'^!kl/ n C the brother of your father or moth, Harttard ts one ol the be5t uniuersilie.s in the OS. .
er, or the husband of your aunt: NIg aunt and uncle Nlandq uranls torTo to unirrercil!/ (=become a student
came to uatch me in lhe school concert.. (Jncle at a university) to studg economics.
Tont is mg father's gounger brother. UnknOWn /rnniln,/ ad1 not known about or under-
{'l f s om eone i s y o u r u n c l e , y o u a re h i s n e p h e w stood: Ihe cause of the accir.lcrrt rs slill unknotln.
( m al e) or ni ec e ( fem a l e ). unplug /^n'ph(t/ u -l'to disconnect a piece of electri-
U nC Om m O n hn'k pm: n / a d j u n u s u a l , a n d n o t h a p - cal equipment from the electricity supply: Urtplug
peni ng often: T he d i s e a s e i > rro rr' u rre , , n l rrro n . tlre compuLer before Llou operr tlte back ol tlte bo.r.
except U1 Lterg paor counu re_s.o /t is uncommon lor { The opposite of unplug is plug in.
men uncler 30 to haue a heart attack. unsolved /,rn snlvd/ adi an unsolved crime. problem.
unconscious /nnkonfcs/ adj in a state similar to or mystery is one that no one has ever been able to
being asleep, caused for example by injury or illness, explain or solve
or by being given a drug: Tlte palienL rentainetl uPdate /^pdclt/ n C a piece of news that gives the
unconscaous throuqhouL the operation. t A rock felt latest information about a situation that is changing:
on his head and knocked ftim unconscious. We ll brinq qou anotlter upd.ate on thr: t:lt:c!iort
(=made him unconscious by hitting him) re.sults in art hour front ncy.t'.
uncontrollable /rnkantrrlabl/ rdj an uncontrol- upright piano /.rprart piicnrr/ n Ca tall piano. in
lable feeling or action is one that you cannot stop or which the strings are fixed in an up and down direction
control: Iheg all burs! itlto unconLrallable taugttter. ' i Th e o t h e r t y p e o f p i a n o , i n w h i c h t h e s t ri n g s a re
UnCOVer hn'knvar/ 0 T to remove something that is set trorizontally, is called a grand piano.
covenng something upset / rp s c t / a c i l f e e l i n g s a d o r d i s a p p o i n t e d ,
underground /nndcqraund/ rr C a railway system b e c a u s e s o me t h i n g v e ry u n p l e a s a n t h a s h a p p e n e d :
lJi-s c.rt has o She s
under the ground in a city: Iake the urtdergrountl lo -iust die{l. -so hr::-s ucr.q up-sr:l.
Paddington Statiorr, urhere gou can get a train to upset that fic /lasn l ytht>ned lrcr.
C)xford. upsetting h p s rrrq / a d i ma k i n . q y o u t e e l s a d o r d i s -
{'The American word for this is subway, and in aPPointed: an ups<.Llinq piece ofrreu's . I find it oerg
many countries it is called the metro. upsetting to tualclt all /fto-sc/)iclure-J of rt'lugees on
undoubtedly /nn'datirrdli/ ad| definitely th( TV. (=it makes me feel upset)
fr.onmar]:
Gullit was untloubted[g one of the great ptagers of Urban /:lbrnL/ ad1 connected with cities and people
the I 980s. who live there: urbarr cnnrc (-qri6s in the city) . fftg
unemployed /,nnrmpl:rd/ a{l without a job: Shes urban populatioll (=the people who live in cities)
been unenrp[oged for three months. ntakes up aLxtut 10% ttf llt<tcountrl|'s totil! population.
I: The opposite of urban js rural (=connected
unemployment /,nnrm'plJnrant/ n U not havinq a with
job, or the number of people who do not have iobs: t h e c o u n t rv s i d e ).
61
ur9ent
urgent / 3:d3ant/adj something that is urgent tnust be
dealt with immediately: Sara rrceded an LlrgentoPcr-
aiion on her stomach. . I hauc an rttge nl ntessage /or
Lhe directot. -rrgently adt: I rLeed to 5ec lhe dcnli-'t
urgentlg.
\/Y
vacancy / ve rka n si / n C a j o b that is available in an
organization: Ihere's a Dacancg for a life guatd al
the sLalmnling pool.
vaccine l v tksi rt/ n C a substance that people
receive in an injection (=with a needle) to protect
them against a disease: Theg are deL'elop[t\g a Dac-
cine against nnlarla.
v a c u u m c le a n e r /'vi tki u rn r .k lilna' / n C a machine
fo r c l e a n i n g fl o o rs. w h i ch su cks up dir t and dust
vague /velq/ adJ not exact or clear: a Liague ll1emo
r g f r o n t n t g ch i l d l to o d ' / a sked hcr uthcr e she utas
going on her holidag. but she uras r?lher l)agu('
( = s h e d i d n't g i ve me a n v d e tails about her plans)
valid /vrellcli rrd-f a document that is valid can offi'
cially be used at a Particular time: Al1 passcnger:i
rrrust haue a talid tickeL.' Yout passporl is oalid for
tetl gears.
valuable /vitl.iuabl -jrihl/ adj wr:rth a lot of money: a
L,aluab [e piece of j e u, e I Ier g
values /vielju:r/ n plur:tl your ideas and beliefs about
how people should behave: a socielg tlhose ualucs
arc uerg difterent front ours
van /r'ien/ n C a road vehicle for carrying goods with
seats at the front and a large enclosed sPace at the
b a c k . T h e b a ck p a rt o f a va n has no windows at the
si d e .
i \ & n rJ/ r, I to co mP l etely disappear or stop
va n i s h
existing: The shlp oanis/ted J monlhs ago. .lnd /las
neuer beert seen since. . Bccausc ol supernlarkcl-s.
snlalI butclrcr's shops hat'e almosl t'attis/ted.
n U different features or Parts.
variety /rrrairti/
which make something more interesting: To ntake
a lesson inleresling. gou need plentg al L).1ri(tg
(=several different types of activity)
various /r'e:rias/ adj of several different kinds: Ihe.t1
sell Uarious tgpes ol sporls equtpment.
vary lvc;ril t, I to be different from something else:
The cosf of the tlckets t,arics accctrding to Lhe timQ al
geal: (=it changes at different times of year. and does
not stay the same all the time)
vase /voIZ/ n C an attractive container used for
holding flowers
vast /vorst/ ad-i I extremely large: a rrasl d€scrt 2 the
vast majority almost all of the people or things in a
group: Thcre are set,cral lgpes cl -srtake lrct,r. bLtt thc
t'ast nr,ryorilg ol thcm are harnlless.
vegetarian / vecl3ttcari.rn/ n C someone who does
not eat meat or fish
/ ri :rkl / n C a ma ch i n e that car r ies people or
ve h i c l e
62
goods fr ont one pl ac e to another . es pc c i al l y by r oad'
Car s, buses . tr uc k s , and v dns ar e al l v ehi c l es .
Velcro / r cll'rr,r,/ tt 0 a trademark for a rnatet ial used
for fastening c l othes . bags or s hoes T her e ar e tw o
pieces of m ater i al . one r ough and one s m ooth. and
they stick to eac h c 'ther w hen v ou pr es s them
together.
ventur e /r 'c ntj r '/ u C an attem pt to m ak e nr oney i n
business, w hi c h i nv ol v es the r i s k that y ou nl i ght fai l :
an e.\cili/tEfnc tt' bus i n€s s t'c i l l u/e
version / r r:Jn/ rr C sometfring written cr spoken r'y
someone. f or ex am pl e a des c r i pti on of el ents w hi c h
is differ ent fr om w hat s om eone el s e has w r i tten or
spoken dbout the same thing: Iit'tr tr alne-\se-ss.ltt'
Lhe cr inte. but tl tti t t,tr r s i or tso/ tt'hal /r appc nc d ai i '
/r ol e\acllg l /r c s J /r te.
Vet /\ct/ tt C s om eone w hos e j ob i s to gi v e m edi c ai
tr eatment t o ani m al s that ar e s i c k or i nj ur ed
victim lr r ltr nr / n C s om eone w ho has been i nj ur ed or
har m ed. for ex am pl e i n an ac c i dent or by a c r i nr i nal :
7hc lrospila/ uas lul! of oictims of tirc car lhiJualre '
l'olicc /tarrc riL)l gel idcnli/icd tlrc murder uictim
( =the per so n w ho has been nr ur der ed)
view /r-iu:/ n C the whc.le area you can see when vou
look out of a w i ndow . fr om the top of a hi l l etc es pe'
cially in a beauti fui pl ac e: l i 'e'had a tt'c 'nr l tr l ti l L'i tti '
o/ fha nrotifltains /rottt out holcl tlirrric'it' ' a tall
uglg builJing li ral spoi/s lhe t'iett'.
villain /vr lr n/ r r C a bad c har ac ttr i n a fi l m , book . or
play. espec i al l y the m ai n bad c har ac ter : fi Ic t'i l 1:i n i s
a gJng5ler namccl Nlarclelli.
t: The m ai n good c har ac ter i n a s tor y i s the her o
( m ale) or the her oi ne ( fem al e) .
visual /r r ;ur l / adl c onnec ted w i th s eei ng and us i ng
your eyes: a gootl t'i s ua1 Inc ttl c r g
volcano /u ) l k .ttl i i ) / n C a m ountai n w i th a l ar ge hol e
at the top. fr om w hi c h fi r e and m el ted r oc k s s om e
tim es pour out
v ol c ano er upts . A v ol c ano
' i When thi s happens . the
that stopped erupting hundrecis of years ago is
called an ex ti nc t v ol c ano.
voltage /r:xrltttlj,/ n U the strength of an electfic current
I: Electr ic c ur r ents ar e m eas ur ed us i ng a uni t c al l ed
the volt.
Volunteer /\r ,l .r ttl i r / n C s om eone w ho i s w i l l i ng to
help to do s om ethi ng or w ho w or k s w i thout bei ng
paid: Chadtg .s hops .l r c us ual l g tun l r g 1'al uttk :c ts
vote /\.r ot/ 1 t' I to tak e par t i n an el ec ti on, by m nr k '
ing a piec e of paper to s how w hi c h Per s on or par ty
you want to choose: fhe pcoptc of lLalg are t'oLittg
tocia-q to c/toosc: a nct.' p/csidcnl ' Alost peot-'lc i/i
thi: area Doted for [he Soci.?lists.2 the vote the legal
r ight to v ote i n el ec ti ons : fhe s ul /r agc l l c s c ar T l '
[:,tigncd lo g.t lhe t'olt' for tt'tlntcrt.
Voyage /r r r - tr h/ n C a l ong j our nel i n a s hi p: Iht:
L)allage took si.r tl'ecks'
w
waitress lwertrrs,/ n C a woman who serves food in a
cafe or restaurant
( 'A m an w ho does t h i s i s c a l l e d a w a i t e r.
walk out / u,t:k 'aut/ u I to suddenly leave because
you are angry or unhappy': Setteral people walked
out of the meeting in dl-sgusl. . Pltil walked out on
his wile (=left her. and did not go back) after theg
had a btg argLrment.
w al l et /unl :t/ n C a s ma l l f l a t c a s e t h a t y o u u s e f o r
c ar r y tng paPer m on e v l n
4 A small case for carrying coins and paper money
is a purse.
wander / urnd:r/ I u I to move slowly around a
place with no particular aim: .r tribe that urand€/:
about the.lesert . We Luandered along tltt: bou[euard
Iook[ng at lhe shop.s 2 wander the streets to walk
around the streets. without really knowing where you
are gorng
wardrobe /w::draub/ n C a large cupboard for keep-
ing clothes in
warn /trJ:n/ L,T to tell someone that something bad or
dangerous may happen to them, so that they can do
something to prevent it: lwarned him that he u,crui.l
fait all his exans [f lrc dicin't starl u'orking hitrtler. .
Theg warned us not to go out at night,tkxre.
wafning l*'}nrr/ 1 n C something that someone
says in order to warn you: Ona of Lhe pla.qer.s trras
gioen a warning because lte kicked ar1 opponcnl. .
Al t c i gar etl e pac k ets rro u h a u e a h e a l l h u t a n )i n g o l r
fhenr. 2 without warning when you have not been
told or warned that something might happen; 7/rc
soldiers slarled /iring on the crou,d. completelq utitlt.
ouI LL'arnirrg.
w as hbas i n /'un.f be rs n / rr C a l a rg e b o w l f i x e d t o t h e
w al l i n a bathr oom . w h e re y o u c a n w a s h v o u r h a n d s
and fac e
w as hi ng m ac hi ne / w o J rrl n rr. J rrr/ rr C a ma c h i n e
for w as hi ng c l othes
t l 'A m dc hi ne that wa s h e s p l a t e s , c u p s . g l a s s e s
etc
i s a di s hw as her .
w as p /s D \p,/ n C a f l y i n g i n s e c t t h a t i s b l a c k a n d
y el l ow and c an s ti n g y o u
w as te /$c ts t/ n ( J a w a s t e o f t i me / mo n e y etc
s om etl ti ng that i s n o t w o rt h d o i n g , b u y i n g e t c .
bec aus e i t has l i ttl e v a l u e o r u s e : / t / ri n A / , )()/ i l i (. sl -\
. l l u ] d -s (r rl J i i . s I
- i us l a tl ,a- s l e ol Li n t e . d o n ' t t y o u ?
of ti m e c ook i ng a! ! L h a t f o o J , h a rc l l g a t rrl L t n t ' . t t t :
angthi ng.
w av e /r c r v / I t'1. T t o p u t y o u r h a n d i n t h e a j r. a n d
m ov e i t fr om s i de t o s i d e : 7 7 t e i rre s i rl c rrI . t rr, / / r i s
l J tni l g LoaD ed at l hc c ro u rd -s .2 n C a ra i s e d a re a c f
m ov i ng w ater i n the s e a : A b i q u , a L t c h i l l h r, -i i . / (' o f
the boal:lrr/ rilriosl turrrcd il twcr.
w eal thy /utl oi i adi ri c h : . i t | c a l t h q b u . s i rrc -s -s n r, rrr
. r/ i l . s r1 ' / ri -\ f (ri l ri 7 l o e ; t t : l t (t 1 1 c t . b u l I t o L t l i l rr' l l t t t r
a tleailhg oil-produt:ing coutltru
63
whisper
w e i g h / * c r/ I t , T t o me a s u re h o w h e a v y s o me o n e
o r s o me t h i n g i s u s i n g a rn a c h i n e :
-S h r, r. rr< " l q h c t l
I t c rs e l l c t n t l t t , b , t l l t t x t n -s c t rk --s2. t ' I t o me a s u re a
p d rt i c u l a r a mo u n t i n w e i g h t : r/ l (, l i : l t t t , e : i q h s 2
kr 1os.
w e i g h t / u e l t , / rr U 1 l o s e w e i g h t t o b e c o me t h i n n e r;
I rtt lrrlittrl lr i,-r-'etlcir,r/tl ltcltr<' iltc -\u/itntcf 2 put
on weight to become fatter: //r: llt5 put on a lot of
ueight siru'( /rt: g.rlt: u1r snrr.,kirrrl
w e l c o me Trc l k rn r/ I I T t o s a \ , h e l l o t o s o me o n e i n
a t ri e n d i y w a y w h e n t h e y f i rs t a rri v e . c s p e c i a l l y , o n a
plane or in a hotel, restaurant etc: /,,,U1 <,1 ntu .i<tb
i n f \ ri l c s u ' c l rr, n ri rrrl q rl c -\ : -su l t < t rt! h t , L 1a t rri t , (, J I l / l rl
h o l c l . 2 y o u ' re w e l c o me s a y t h i s a s a p o l i t e re p l l
w h e n s o me o n e h a s s a i d t h a n k v o u ' t o y o u : ' I l ra n l : s
I t i l t l t t a J L )i t : ( - t l u ' . l s rt r, rl h l u . : t , l i t l ' | i ru i r, l , r1
c ()I I l (, .
w e l f a re / u c l l r' r' / rr (J mo n e y p a i d b y t h e g o v e rn -
me n t t o p e o p l e w h o a re p o o r o r u n e mp l o y e d : , : \ f i rrr
het dlt.)rt\'. s/ie lli'r.c1on utellare lrtr ,t lintt,.
w e l l -b e h a v e d
/ u c l h r h c i v d l . rrl l c h i l d re n w h o a re
w e l l -b e h a v e d d o d o w h a t t h e i r p a re n t s o r t e a c l re rs
wdnt them to do. and behave in a wdy that people
t h i n k i s p o l i t e a n d c o rre c t
r: Th e o p p o s i t e o t w e l l -b e h a v e d i s b a d l y -b e h a v e d .
w e l l -k n o w n
/ u e I n l rn / , ri l l k n o w n b y a l o t o f p e o -
p l r: : 7 h c i i c l t )t ( l u i s l t l p l rt t R r: t , rrt " b (: i i n rc rt ' c l 1
k t t o u , rt i t t i i i i l / i rrr. ' . rs S u g rq ' 1 7 1 1 . 1 y 1
w e l l -p re s e n t e d
/ $ . . 1 p rr uc l rrrl / a c / l s o me o n e w h o i s
w e l l -p re s e n t e d h a s c l e a rr a n d t i d y < ; l o l f re s a n d h a i r.
s o t h a t h i s i ' h e r a p p e a ra n c e i s s u i t a b l e f c rra b u i s n e s s
situation
went: see go
westbound
/ r' c s t h a u t t d / , rr/ 1 ., rL i pt ra v e t l i n g t o w a rd s
t h e w e s t : l ' l t e n ' t t ' t l l 1 )(,l : / r{ / (1 (, i l r, / sl rrr ru r, . s l b r-, u n r/
lraf/ii' lltir tlenlrrrl.
w h e f e a s / u c rrrrz , / c d t i L u t i . i i t ' n s a y t h i s t o i n t ro d u c e
a s t a t e mr, ' n t t h a t i s d i f f e rr: n t f ro m s o rrl e t h i n q y c )u
j u s t s a i d : l V t / t r' i . s l ' (ri l t / rrl r/ r rr. \ / ' , t l rr. rr, / rc rg . t s i l r
Jalpautil is rrt,r'rlt:t/x'nslut,
whefever / s t i r. \ . )' l J r[ , t o o r i n a n y p l a < --e :7 / rr:
. s c a l s (l o l r' 1 / u : r, r. rra , rb rr: s
r/ r)U { i t / t s t l rr. rh g . r, r, r
t Tt t t l i k c . a s n t . t l l (1 )1 1 l t l 1 l (t! l 1 , t l t l t l u { i t / t l a k c i t , i a l l
{ / ()L lU J I rC / C t 1 I('/ /(, ' U(i o
w h i l e / u rrrl / I c t u ri t t n rl i o rt d u r' n q t h e t i me t h a t s o mc -
t h i n g i s h a p p e n i n q : / / i r rl ri , , rry s l s k . rr-s l o L l t t ra , l i "
t t , l l l r' / re . s , rx rk i rrc l . 2 < t t n . j t t t t i ' ! i rn s a y t h i s t o i n t ro
d u c c a s t a t e mc n t t h a t i s d i f f e re n t l ro m s o n re t h i n q
v o u j u s t s a i d I r (] i r1 n t . l :A k r i . srTri i l c1 . i 1 1i r:
, / ri i , h c r-s i s
irT is &llller -s/rorl 3 rt .sirr<yrrlar
a period of time: /
t|orke(1 ifr a l:;tt ktr :t Lthi[<','tlier Iltll ct.,lltqg 4 onaa
i n a w h i f e s o me t i me s . b u t n o t o f t e n : \ L t r:t y t o u l l t . t , r
nre,rl crrr;r' lrr a rlhik'.
w h i s P e r / $ rs p i ' / i ' l t o s p e a k v e ry q u i e t l y . u s i n q y o u r
b re a t h ra t h e r t h a n y o u r v o i c e : / rrru l , / s (. a / / t c 1 r1 r,
u ' / i . rl l i r(' ri rr. , r: r|s , i l / i rrrl
whoever
whoever /hu;evar/ pronoun say this when you men-
tion someone but you do not know who they are:
Whoeuer gets the job as director uill haL'e a lot of
utork to do.
whole n on the whole in general, and consid-
ering everything:
^Jol/ It utas a good film, but on the
whole I preferred the book.
widely /wardli/ adu in many places or among many
people: /t was tuidelg belieL:ed lhat Simpson uras
guiltg. (=many people believed he was guilty) ' a
game that is plaged atidelg throughoul Europe
widow /wrdn/ n C a woman whose husband has died
4,A man whose wife has died is a widower.
willing /wrhr:/ a{ willing to do something to be pre-
pared to do something if someone asks you to or if
it is necessary: Would gou be u'illing to ulotk rL
wee kends occasionallg2
wire /wara'/ n C a long thin Piece of metal. usually
covered in plastic, that is used to carry electricity,
t e l e p h o n e si g n a l s e tc: l e l e p h o rte uir es
wish /srj/ I t, I, T to want to do something. Wish is
more formal than want: lf gou wish to speak to the
principa[, please make an appo[ntmenL. . You are
ftee to leaue uherteuer gou LU[sh. 2 tt C something
that someone says they want: Ihe doctor nrust
respect the wishes of the patient. . Parker was giuen
the job against mU @ishes. (=although I did not
want this to happen)
wonder / wnnda'/ I u T to feel that you want to know
more about something, because you are interested
or because you feel worried about it: I uond.er uhA
she isn't back get - I hope she s all rlgltt. o We could'
n't find the house, and we began Lo aonder u)hether
ue had the urong address. . I uonder how Bill's
getting on in his new job.2 I was wondering if say
this as a polite way of asking someone a question or
making a request: W'e uere uJonderitlg il gou'd |ike
to go out trith us on Saturdag.
work /we.k/ 1 u I to do a job: Where do gou work? '
Doctors often haue to work long hours (=for many
hours each day\. 2 u I to be successful: I dort't knout
if this idea is going Lo work. 3 work out to have a
successful result: / hope thltlgs utork out for Rickpl at
couege.4 rr 0 the job that you do to earn money: /
starf u)ork at 9 o'clock.. Teaching is hard work. '
Tont uas out of uork (=did not have a job) /or sir
months. . Lara [s off work uritft (=not able to go to
work because of) a bad back.
workstation /l,Jk,steljn/ n C an area where one per
son can work, including a desk and a computer
worried l'wruidl adj feeling unhappy and unable to
relax, because you keep thinking about something
bad that might happen: Jart couldn't sleep because
she aras worried about herjob interuiew. ' You look
uorried - what's Lhe matter? . I utanL to leatte earlg.
because I'm worried that /'ll miss mg plane. (=wor-
ried because I think this may happen)
64
worry /'u I u I to be worried about somethingbad Pear s on Educ ati on L i n ri t e d
^ril
that might happen: Don't LDorrgabout Sallg - I'm I r l ti tl r i l i ;/t t i ,i l r
sure she'll be home soon. 2 tJ T to make someone
feel worry: The citg streelsaren t as sa/e as theg used j .\( '\ I \i 'r ) - '.i f
to be, and this uorries people. . It oorried me that
no one ansu)ereduthen I phoned the{r house.
worrying /wnri-u/ adj making you feel worried: a
worrging incredre in the number ol goung people $/ww.lonq!n(tn .conri c uttinqed cie
uho smoke
wo fse n /u r :sn/ t, l , T to becomew orse or to make It, l r l c i i r ;r l t W es l r - - 1 I { )rt c rn a n L i rl l t r. l l l rl ' : i i r
somethingworse: Unemplogment has uorsened the
crime situatioll in our caties.
worth /s3€/ 1 be worth doing to be a good thing to
do, becauseit is likely to be useful or enjoyable:/f s
tuorth making a |ist of gour ma[rt ideas beforegou
start u)riting gour essag. . You should go to the
Grand Cangon - it's reallg worth seeing.2 be worth
to have a value in money: Her diamond r{ng is u'orth
a lot of moneg. . That slnger is u'orth millions (=is F i r - sp
t L r b l i s h e d1 9 9 8
extremely rich), Fighth rmpression2002
wrist /nst/ n C the part of your body where your arm
joins your hand: Marg fell off a chair and broke her tl i r r 'r.,\tr ) {r i 8 !- r , l { o ri n n . r I ,) i, I j n re - i )l rrrn r' l i .i r '.1
u ,n sl.
wrong /nnl/ adt' 1 go wrong if a machine goes f'r i tr t" Li i r r Spr 'r i r t i - ', " N \ l t t ' rr ( i 1 i i t 1 . ! ' A . P r1 l l r, ' . ' r. rrl ri rtr
wrong, it stops working properly.lf a plan or situation
goes wrong, problems start to develoP:MA comput' i \F .l \ r i 'r 8.:l J t) 2o7.,1
er's gone u:rt:ng aga[n. . The burglarg uent wrong
u:hen one of the gang accidentallg setoff the alarm.
fhL r tl r r l ts l r i 'atr r ,r n.rl ( o r1 r. L r.rs . t ro l l , rb , . t . rl t i ,
2 something wrong with a problem with a machine.
i nr t!.r i t!i . ( .tr i j e- ( i r r r i i l r1 i )r1 1 , ; t 1 (j n i , " , r. . t 1 ' , i )r, . , s . .
so that it is not working properly: I think there's
L- ,r t r r l i l t.l r ( - l ;ai r r i r ,:r : i 1 , : r i . t 1 ; . ( )r: 1 1 . r,i ( ; 1 . 1 11 . 15 1 1 ,
something turong with the heating sgstem. 3 be
( ,r n,i r r i l l tr I :q'11,1r1 , 5 i . t n . d \ i i ' { (l l i i I r. rt i s t -j I i l
wrong about to have an incorrect idea about some-
ill i ,r r - l .pr r tr r R r :s t, . rr, l r 1 n 1 l t . ' l ; n rl i l s h
one or something: We thought ute could trust him, I . i : t , 1 ri . r, t i , .
b u l we u e re u,rongaboul hi m. ,r 'r 1 i i .tr i :l l l r l t L r !r , ; i i I h f f , j , ri f ( t r, . r i . i , . , , i
tLi nr j i l r :j fi or i i i r r ( 1 i 1 L )q : p -. 1 1 i 1 1 1 , .r;y I1 i i , . 1 1 . . 1 1 r, 1
Itr r i L;.i i \ l tr r l i i 'r t, \, 1 1 . l ] ir. , t l i l F n ' j ri t t . , I l r, J
v-l R i 'r L.r tr r l r ( l l gt, i 1. d i t i j u . t s s l i -)i rr, i 1 , , l i )\ , l i i (l i ! i 1 , ri , r
yefl /iel/ rr I to shout very loud: 'Watch out!' she {i r \r '.i i i l l r l r .]Ir t:' l r i ,n i l i rc , i l rrl , s h A r. r, l , r, r, , , u t i i i l r, .
geiled. 'He'sgot a gun.' . He's altttagsgelling at his l :l r t,.i t i i i r l ,l ,
children.