Pronunciation

table

ii'u;
:lrr1* jr !';.'t, :,

EDCE
I -i:

,5 :i: ti ;

':::
li'
't .rgiI ,,i ,t

Consonants Vowels i.: o:*" ,&,**t -ti ,1'

5ymbol KeyWord 5ymbol KeyWord

I' Pd n L-;eat
ll Dar
n bit
I trp bet
rl

L
d ,f
ca P
ga p
Lrat
bar
blor:k
MINI-D IC T ION AR
1 Cnur c n rroughi
,l , ju dge booi..
] few hoot
vit'w bul
H thlow i)urn
d t hlr-rrih nr0tner
sip.r t'ay
zii' ilonc
Ires n Dy
ntf:asutc bouni
na t boy
-iLim Deer
i)are
sung iroor
lc,t piaver
f1:-)l rower
yet lire
wet ilower
tmpiover
ir,tprpy
aniru.ri

Special
signs
i sho\4smain stres-c

r showssecon da ry
stres s
,irat th e e nd c.ia worCn r eanst hat ' r , 'is us ualir
proncun.Jed ',vhenthe nextword beqinsuith ,t
vowelsound
Wefcometo the CuttingEdgeMini-dictionart'
The Minidictionarg has been written using the same principleswe use to producestandardgeneraldictionaries A accustomed
like the longman Dictionargof rl
.ContemporargEnglishand the Long,nan ActlueStudllDlctionarg.Just as in a
full-sizedictionary,there is all the informationyou need about pronunciation,grammir. style anl meaning.with abandon ahc n d : n u T t o s t o p d o i n g s o me t h i n g
clear examplesentencesto show the words in context. because it has become too difficult: l heg ttacl t0
abandon tlteir research u'lrcn theg ratl c\ut al nlone!].
The big differenceis that the Min.i'dictionarg
only includeswords and meaningsthat appearsomewherein Cutting about ,abaot if you are about to do something, you
Edge Students' Book or on the Class Cassette.This makes it a quick and easf way of'finding out more about the are going to do it almost immediatelv: I LL1.tb about to
words you meet in the book. And it also gives you practicein how to use a monolingualEnglishdictionary. go ta bed rlhen some o{ ntg fr-iendscanle lo L,isif me
absolutely abs:lu:tli. itbs.r lurtli a.t'completely: /1 .:
. What information does the Mini-dictlonary provide? absolutelg impossible. . Shc absolulelg halLrs c'leJ/l
- definitionswritten in a simple.strlctly-controlleddefiningvocabulary [19 up trer roon1.
abuse /rb.iu:s/ rr U using something in the wrong wav
- pronuncrationsin the InternationalPhoneticAlphabet (lpA)
or for a bad purpose: the problcnt al drug abuse .
- fuli informationabout grammar and the way words combine wjth each other.using a very srmplesystem People proLe5te.l aboLiL lhe p,€-s.../enl .s abuse of
- guidanceon style. showingwhich words are formal. technical.informal.etc. pouer.
- usefuladvice about common errorsand how to avoid them, basedon informationfrom the Longman academic ,/iek.rdcnrrk/ adj students who are acade-
Learners' mic are good at their schoolwork and seem to enjoy
Corpus
doing it: Both nrg sislers ara tterg acaclenic.
- informationabout words with similar and oppositemeanings
acceptable /ekseptahl/ adj if something is accept-
- examplesentencesshowingwordsin real contexts- many of them basedon materialin CuttingEdge able, most people regard it as normal and not many
itself
people ihink it is bad or wrong; Norr.:da.qs, it is quile
. Which words and meaningsdoes the Mlni-dictionaryinclude? acceptable for utomen to go lo pl1b.son Lheir ou'n. .
The Mni-diclionargexplainsall the vocabularyusedin CuttingEdge Sludents'Book,with the followingexceptions: In rnartg parts of the US. smo('irrg at parlaes is no
[ortger acceptab[e.
- it does not includevery simple words in English.which you are sure to know already.So you will not
find accident /iekstdant/ I n C a bad event that causes
entriesfor words like house.big. caror .rrdnlin the Minidictionarg damage, injury, or death, for example when some-
- it d o e s n o t i n c l u d e m e a n in g swh ich a r e n o tu se d in Cu ftin g E dgeS tudents'B ook.Forexampl e,i fyoul ookup thing gets broken or when a car hits another car:
the word arrangein the LongmanDiclicrnarUof ContempoiargEngllsh,you will see that it has three different flssLrg rain carised seueml accidcrrls on lhe roaa/ gcs
meanings.But if you look it up in the l/ini dictionarg,you will find just one meaning- and that is the meaning terdag.2 by accident when something happens, but
which is used in the Sfudents'Bcrok. you did not plan it or try to make it happen; I31q ar:ci
- it d o e s n o t i n c l u d e w o r d su se d in th e le a ch e r sRe so u r ce Bo okori ni nstructi onstoexerci sesi ntheS l udents'B ook dent. a po[ice ollk:er disco'-tered.tlte 1:!ace uli lcr" llre
tef rorasts uere httlinq.
. How does the Mlni-dictionory deal with grammar? accommodation /.r knmr dcrJn/ n U a place to live or
a pl ac e to s ta y ; a ro o m, a p a rt me n t , o r h o u s e : / / t e
' every word in the l/irli-dictionargis given a 'word-classlabel'to show whetherit is a noun.
an adjective.etc. lrigh cc'sl of student accofirfr)odalaon in Lontlon
Theseare the abbreviationswe use:
according to /rk::drq tui/ p/eposillc)n 1 this is what
aqi adjective sonleone says: Accordang lo lhi-s rclx)r t. L'iolcnl
adr, adverb crinres are ilicleasing. 2 when a number or amount
n noun changes depending on something eise: Ihe ccr.slo/
lliqhfs |aries Jccorcllng to Llte Linteol 9.,1t. (=the cost
i' ve r b
i s n't fi x ed. but d e p e n d s o n w h e n y o u t rd v e l )
- every noun and verb gets an extra 'code'to show whetherit is countableor uncountable.transitive
or intransrtive: ac c ount or ba n k a c c o u n t / b 8 4 k r. k a o n r, /rr C w h e n
n C co u n ta b len o u n (e.g.car park) you have an account with a bank. you keep your
money there and can use it when you need it: Br./ lhc
n0 uncountablenoun (e.g. innocence)
end of the m.,ntlt. there uja.s n.) rnonc!/ left ln nttl
uI intransitiveverb (e.9. fall) accounl. . Can gou rernentber gour bal?k irccou/rl
l T transitiveverb (e.g. persuade) number?
accountant hk!{}ntant/ n C someone whose job is to
common grammar patternsare also shown in boldtgpe in the examplesentences: k eep r ec or ds o f t h e rn o n e y t h a t a b u s i n e s s o r o rg a
nization spends and receives: Jarre is sluclllirrg k; be
advise/advarz/L,T to givesomeone adviceabout
an accounrant
whattheyshoulddo: Steres dccloradDisedhim to
accurate /:ckjurat/ adl completely correct. with no
lakentoreerercisc.
mistakes: an accumte clescription (t lhe cl)efrl-s. /
don't tltink lhis m.?p ls conplclel!/ accilmle.
You may also like to refer to other monolingualdictionaries.We recommend the Longman AcfiLreSfudg accuse h kjurz/ L,T to say publicly that someone has
Dictionargand the longman EssentialActirralorfor studentsof an intermediatelevel"andabove. done something bad or illegal: /n lod;rr1 s /reursl)apia;
she accuses lhe gooerntrlenl of breaking il-s pronr
ises. ' Wesl uas accused of rnuriltt'.
2 3
advanced
/.l\,\srrnld/ iLll you get accustomed or
become accustomed to changes or new situations by
gradually getting used to them: lt ktok ,t,fr:tt.' u,ecks
litr us lo gel accustomed to !|rc Errylislt urcalher:
a c h i e v e / . . ' t l i r/ r, T t o d o s o me t h i n g s p e c i a l o r d i f f i '
c u l t b y t ry i n g v e ry h a rd : y o u r a c h i e v e me n t s a re t h e
t h i n g s y o u h a v e a c h i e v e d : J q rc a l u l u -s i . a a n . t i , h a )
achieot:d -srrrlLcrh in /ri.s s/rorl lil<: o V'ittrtIng lltc
qr.tld metlal irralsa (,rrc,rIarfiicrrrrtertl.
a c i d ra i n / l ' : rc l rc rn / / r U rd i n t h a t c o n t a i n s h a rmf u l
c h e mi c a l s p ro d u c e d b y f a c t o ri e s , c a r e n q i n e s e t c . l t
c a n d a ma q e t re e s , b u i l d i n g s , t i v e rs a n d l a k e s .
acquaintance / rk * c i n b n s / ri C s o me o n e t h a t y o u
know. although he,/she is not one of your friends
[r c)R,{rAr ]
a c t i v a t e / rl i t rv c rt / r, T t o ma k e a ma c h i n e o r s y s t e m
start working: ll ,n11one -s/xrJk.s.lhal aclit'dle-\ lhP
n)I(ropnon('.
acute hk.iux/ ai-/l very serious or worrying: Ste(/
c ri n ra i -s , rn a c u i t p ro b l u t l .
a d a p t t o / : d rt p t t u : / t ' T t o c h a n g e t h e w a y y o u
b e h a v e o r t h i rrk . s o t h a t y o u g e t u s e d t o a n e w s i t u -
ation: I/rc c/ti/t,/rr:rtqul kltl .x1apt?d Lo Lila in tlte cilll
a d d re s s / . r' d rc s /r, T t h e w a y y o u a d d re s s s o me o n e i s
t h e w o rd s o r n a me s t h a t y o u u s e w h e n y o u s p e a k t o
thenr: /n.sorre countie.s, il i.s rurlc Lctaddress people
bu lhe[r lirst l1afi1( il tlou dotl't knou) t/tcnt trtcli.
a d mi re / I l n t a rr' / r' T t o l i k e a n d re s p e c t s o me o n e .
for example because they have done somethinq verV
special: llosl peoltle a<lntired the uag lhdl DLrfrar
-sllrprvtccl peoplc uilh AIDS.
a d mi t / a d n rrr/ r, T t o a g re e t h a t s o n re t h i n g i s t ru e .
e v e n t h o u q h y o u a re e mb a rra s s e d a b o u t s a y i n g t h i s :
Clark admitted stealing Lltc niotlcL.l.. Slte nott'
admits that .s/rc nracJi: ii /li-\lakc. . I must admit I
tlic{n L reallLt clo enouqlr 5lu(.1.{/inq1.r-51 r,/eat
a d o p t h d r)p l / r' I a r: h i l d w h o i s a d o p t e d b e c o me s
p d rt o f a n o t h e r f a mi l y b y a l e g a l p ro c e s s : B o l l t h e r
l )a i rt l l l s u i e f t ' k i / / e rl t t ' h rrt s / rt : u , a . >l rrro , a l t c / s h e t t ' rt s
, t < : l o y l s l / -j g . r rl (' t { ) h n l i / l / . . / i n l s ; t { l q )t e d b t Q l h (l
(= a b o y f ro m a n o t h e r f a mi l y t h a t J i m s p a re n t s h a v e
adopted)
a d o re / i d r: ' / r) T t o l i k e s o me o n e o r s o me t h i n g v e ry
much; / rc.il/i.yail<trr: llali,trt loorl.
a d v a n c e / l l ru rrrs / n I i n a d v a n c e w h e n y o u d o
s o me t h i n g e a rl y . s o t h a t )o u w i l l b e p re p a re d : r/ rt '
lickcl.s;rrt: cltr:,t1:tt il tlott ttutl !lturt in acluattce . li
tiou ,ftll,c l.) rniss il r /.r.r.s,;rlar-sc ft'l trs krlotrr a ueek
i n a d o a n c e . ( . a w e e k b e f o re i t h a p p e n s ) 2 a d v a n c e s
me d i c a l ,s c i e n t i f i c . o r t e c h n i c a l a d v a n c e s a re
i mp ro v e me n t s o r n e w i n v e n t i o n s t h a t ma k e t h i n g s
better: TJrartk-sto l{'cltl}ic;r/ ;tr/t',;rIr-r's.aort lpu leru drr'
rruc/r ilrt';rpt:r l/t.tfl l/tcr,r u-5{11lo b('.
a d v a n c e d / x l v o rrs t / a < / l a t a h i g h l e v e l o f d e v e l o p -
me n t i n a re a s l i k e s c i e n c e . t e c h n o l o g y , a n d i n d u s t ry :
Itte arrnq i.s trltrlppcd u'itlt llte rrtr;.sl arlt'artccd
ai'r',tIr)n s .\t/.sl(1rr.\.
 advantage
advantage /ad'vontrds/ n I the advantages the
advantages of a person, place, method etc are the
good things about it, which make it better than oth-
ers of the same type: What are the adlantages of
Iioing in central Londonlof going bg plane?o We db
cussed the adoantages and disaoantages of all the
people who applied for thejob.2 take advantage of
someone to use someone in order to get something
for yourself, especially someone who is younger or
Iess experienced than you
advertisement
or advert /ad'v:ltrsmant. advx/ n C
something that is designed to persuade people to buy
something or do something. They are sometimes
words and pictures printed in newspapers or maga-
zines, or short films shown on television: an amusand
ad.oertisement for a neu, klntt of cat loorl . Do gol
thirk cigarette aduertisements should be banned?
advice /:d'vars/ n U what you tell someone when they
ask you what they should do: Before gou sign the
contract, get adoice from a lawger. . Mg friend gaoe
me some adoice about buging a computer.. a use-
fuL piece of adoice (NOT en-ad+liee)
advise /ad'vatzJ u T to give someone advice about
what they should do: Steue's doctor adoised him to
take more ererctse.
advocate I'e.dvakatl n C someone who thinks a par-
ticular plan, method, or idea is a good one, and pub-
ficly supports it IFoRMALI: Mr Kohl has attuags been a
leading adoocate of a single currenca for Europe.
aflaif /e'fear1 n C have an affair to have a secret sex-
ual relationship with someone, although you are
married to someone else: She found out thaL Tom
had been haoing an affair urith his secretarLt.
affect /J'fckt/ u T to cause a change in a person. sit-
uation etc, especially a change that makes things
worse: Chemicals in food sometimes affect children s
behattiour. . There has not beetT much rain this gear
and this has affected food Droduction.
afford /e'f::d/ u T if you can't afford something, you
do not have enough money to pay for iI: We couldn'I
afford a carlcouldn't afford to bug a car.
afterwards /oftau'adz/ ado at a later time, after
something has happened: She seenied oerg confi-
dent uthen she gat'e her speech, but she told me
afterttrards that she had been uerg neruous. (NOT
she+e1-d-*te*fter)
agency /erdsansi/ n C a business that provides a ser-
vice for people, for example by arranging holidays (a
travel a ge n cy), fi n d i n g j o bs ( an em ploym ent
agency) or getting tickets for them (a ticket agency)
a g r e e / a g ri :i u Ito h a ve th e sam e opinion as some-
one else: Maria said she enjoged the concert, and the
others atl agreed.. He thinks we should get a bigger
car, but Idon't reailg agree @ith him.. Do gou agree
that most people nou u'ork harder Lhan theA used
to? . Theg're alusags arguing - theg neuer agree
about angthing.
4 5
apprenticeship
air conditioning /eekon,drJnrq/ n U a system or am az i ng/r 'r nc r z t4/a c l j v e t y s u rp ri s i n g a n d d i f f i c u l t t o a p a rt h e i d h f r: t h a rt . -h c rt . f , p (r: l u l . ' t ! ' rt / f r U t h e p o l i t -
piece of equipment for keeping a building cool in hot
believe; You should sec that rnot,ie * lhc -spcLta/ i r: a l s y s t e m t h a t u s e d t o e x i s t i n S o u t h A f ri c a . b y
weather
ellects ate absolutelg amazing. w h i c h p e o p l e o f d i f f e re n t ra c e s h a d t o l i v e ' s e p a ra t e
alarm /a'lom/ n C I a piece of equipment that warns
am az i ngl y /anr el zrrl l i / a d | s a y t h i s w h e n y o u a re l y , a n d b l a c k p e o p l e h a d n o p o l i t i r: a l ri g h t s
you of danger; a ftre atarmlsmoke alarm . Does gour
m enti oni ng s om eth i n g t h a t i s v e ry s u rp ri s i n g : S h t r a p p a l l i n g / a ' p r: l rq / a d l e x t re me l y b a d o r u n p l e a s a n t :
house haue a burglar alarm? (=which makes a loud
u,a: in si.t races and, antazinglg, she &'on Lhem all. ,tn appallirtg .rmcl/ . fic q,lr,c .rn appalling perlor
noise if a thief tries to get in) 2 alarm clock a clock
am bi ti on ,/r c mbr i n/ n C y o u r a mb i t i o n s a re t h e t h i n g s Dltlr1 (-'C.
that makes a noise to wake you up
you want to achieve in the future: One of ntg ambi- a p p a re n t l y / rp rrrn t l i / a d L , s a y t h i s w h e n y o u a re
album /'rlbam/ n C a record or CD with several
tions is to [earn to flg a plarrc. me n t i o n i n g a f a c t w h i c h y o u h a v e h e a rd . a n d w h i c h
pieces of music on it: Haoe gou heard the neut Oasis
ambitious r'rtnrbrJas/ a./j someone who is ambitious y o u t h i n k i s p ro b a b l y t ru e : A 1 ' p , t rt rr1 / i 1l l t < : n c L t l t c a t l
album ?
w ants to bec om e f a mo u s o r t o d o v e ry w e l l i n t h e i r l c a c l rc r i s o n l g . )2 . '
A- level /er,l ev l / n C an adv anc ed s c hool ex am i nati on
job: an ambltlaus goung polalica.]n a p p e a l t o , / r p i : l t u : / r, T i f s o me t h i n q a p p e a l s t o y o u .
that students in the UK do when they are 18. If you
am endm ent /anr cl d mu l / n C a c h a n g e ma d e t o a v o u t h i n k i t i s p ro b a b l y i n t e re s t i n g o r e n j o y a b l e :
want to go to university, you have to pass A-levels in
law or rule lronlur] 7ii.sh likcs :urlboar<lirrc1. bul il (1()c5n'l real[q appca[
two or three subjects. lt is a higher-level exam than
anal y s t / i c n:l ts t/ r t C a n e x p e rt w h o s e j o b i s t o e x a m lo n1e.
the GCSE.
i ne a s i tuati on an d g i v e h i s , / h e r o p i n i o n o n i t : a p p e a r / rp l r' / r' l 1 t o b e o n t e l e v i s i o n . i n a p l a y o r
alien /'etlian/ n C a creature from another Dlanet or
fi nanc i al r nal gs l s b e l i e l c t / ra l i n t e l e s l r; l c s u ' i 1 1 f i l m e t c : a r| r, 1 1 -k -n o rrrn d . l o r r| h o o l l c t l a p p e a rs o n
star: a science fictlon ftlnt about aliens from Mars
probablg ga up aga[n soorl. fll. .Shcls appearing at lhc /Y.rllo,ral Thaail<:lin a
LDho attacked the Eartlt . an alien soaceship
anatom i St hn:r tam r\ t / rr C a n e x p e rt i n t h e s c i e n c e n e l l p ro c l t t c l i , t t o f ' l t l , t t l , t rn B t t t t c rl l q ' . 2 i f s o me '
aloud /a'laud/ adrr read aloud to read something so
of anatomy (=the structure of the body and the way t h i n g a p p e a rs s o me w h e re . y o u s e e i t o r n o t i c e i t
that other people can hear it, instead of reading it
all its parts are connected) there: arr arLlclt' thal appeared in lo./ar/'s papd . A
without speaking
announcement /.r'naunsmJnt/ n C a message or 1 ; o / i c c c a ; -s i l r/ i / t ' t r1 -ry . t l ' p (' . t (' (L 1 l l l t c c ! t d o l l l t e
afright or alf right lrI rat/ adjladtt I good enough,
s tatem ent that y ou ma k e i n o rd e r t o g i v e p e o p l e .51rc('1.
but not very good: Ihe lilm was all right, but not as
information: Tltere are going to be big chanllcs in lhc appeafanCe / r P rrrrn s / n U I t h e w a y s o me o n e o r
gcnd as the last one he uas in.2 not ill or injured or
team , and the n l a n a g e t u : l l l b e ma k i n g an s o me t h i n q l o o k s : . / o n i -: , r/ i t , a r1 . sL L )a rr l J i n (J a b o u l
in danger: Sam is uerg late * I hope she s alngrhl. 3 is
announcement tomot rou). / ri s a p i r3 . 1 7 2 1 1 1 ' 1 ' . 2t h e a rri v a l o f s o me t h i n g or
it alright if ...? a way of asking if you are allowed to
annoy /.r nr r / r l T to ma k e y o u f e e l ra t h e r a n g ry o r s o me o n e : t h e a p p e a ra n c e o f l l t c l i rs l E u ro p c a n s
do something: Is it alright if I smoke in here?
i m pati ent: H e ar ti tt e s l a l e e u s l l d a g , , t n d i l s b c g i rr i t r A o t t ' ri i t t
alternative /rl't3:natrv/ n C when there are several ntng ta annog m e. a p p l i c a n t / rrp l rk rn t / rr C s o n re o n e w h o h a s a p p l i e d
alternatives, there are several different things, ideas,
annoyed ltnttll ad.j feeling rather angrv or impa- for a job: Tttt'tt: rttt'tc or,<t 50 applicants for lhc-iob.
or methods, and you can choose any of them: / need
tient; He gets annoAed iI gou talk to /rinr u,hilc hc s J n d l { , c i rrl c i | i c u ' c d ' r-t o / l / rrrn .
to get this package Lo Japan bg Fridag - uhat are
u,orking.. / think she's annoged LDith nrc bccau-se I application / rrp l rk c rJ n / r C a l e t t e r o r f o rm t h a t y o u
the alternattues? (=what are the different ways of
di dn'l i nIi l e hc t Io t i i ! . Jp rt l L J . send when you apply for a job: Di<1 lltt:t1 r cccit,e
doing this?)
annoy i ng /anr r r 4, i a d j s o me t h i n g t h a t i s a n n o y i n g nlanLJ appl[c,1][on:.) . Plrirsc fil in the application
alternatively /::l'tanarrvli/ ado say this as a way of m ak es y ou feel r ath e r a n g ry o r i mp a t i e n t : W e h a d t o form and scnd il lo l/tis irr/r.lrc-s..
suggesting something different: We couLd inuite
w al t hal l an hour f o r a b u s i t u ' a s . 1 € l g a n n o . i ; i n g . a p p l y f o r / r' p l rr t r: r/ r, T t o s e n d a l e t t e r o r f o rm i n
them here, or alternatiuelg ae couLd all go out to a
I find it annoAing that sltc cli<1n't lell us shc u'as o rd e r t o a s k f o rma l l y f o r a j o b o r a c h a n c e t o s t u d y
resLaurant.
leaLrtng. somewhere: 5/rt'irpplrt'c/ lctt uboul 20.iobs btlt:ra she
although /r:lOei/ conjurrclion 1 used for linking two
annual /r nj ui l / ad J h a p p e n i n g e v e ry y e a r o r re l a t ' q o l l / l ( o n r l h a l s / rc t r, , rrt l e i / .
ideas, when one of them makes the other one seem
i ng to a w hol e y ear: I h e a n n u a [ t a i n f ; t l l / rc rc i s -f u -s l a p p o i n t me n t / rP rrn t n r. rn t / rr C a n a rra n g e me n t t o
very surprising: She alreadg speaks lluent Spanish,
/O 0ntnt. ( =100m m o f ra i n i n t h e w h o l e y e a r) . / h c me e t s o me o n e a t a c e rt a i n t i me , e s p e c i a l l y f o r a
although she has onlg been learning it for two gears.
annual s c hool c oncc rt (= w h i c h h a p p e n s o n c e e v e ry b u s i n e s s o r p ro f e s s i o n a l me e t i n l l : S u z i c l t z rs a n
2 but. however: I enjaged the mouie, atthough t think
y ear ) a p p o i n t me n t @ i t h l t c t 1 1 1 | q c r . rl l (): l 5 o 1 11 1 n u, u o , , t
his lasa one u,as better.
anti que / Lenti :k / acl j o l d a n d v a l u a b l e , a n d o f t e n v e ry lo sce lhe mJnJlj.rf, tlrru /rar,r' lo make an appoint-
altogether /::lro'ge{:r/ adu I when you add all the
beautiful: ant[que fu! nitut eljctL,cllerglsilt'ct ment.
parts together: With the flight, the tLris and the
anx i ety /tq z ar r ti ,/n C , U a f e e l i n g o f b e i n g v e ry w o r- a p p re c i a t e / rp ri rl rc rt , / r, T t o b e v e ry p l e a s e d o r
hotel. il cost about $800 altogether.2 completely:
ried: Problems af the schoo/ u,e/e causin.g a 1ol o/ g ra t e f u l w h e n s o me o n e h a s h e l p e d y o u : l V o u l d
She left herjr:b and decided to gtue up teaching alLo- -q o u
an.\[eLgam ong the s t u d c n l s p d l -c n l s . (= w s 1 g p . k l rt n ri t t rl rn c c l i n c l / ri c , rl t h c . l i t l ro t l ? l ' d t e a l l L l a p p rc t i -
9etner. them feel v er y w orri e d ) .rt. it.
amazed /a'merzd/ adjfeeling really surprised, because
anx i ous /tr l k l es / a rl j f e e l i n g w o rri e d a b o u t s o me - a p p re n t i c e / i p rc n t r\ / n C s o n re o n e w h o w o rk s f o r a
you did not expect something al all: Mario utas
thing bad that might happen; An.ric.us relalirre-srlail c o mp a n y f o r l o w p a y . w h i l e t h e y a re b e i n g t ra i n e d i n
amtue,T uhen I told htm Ihad passed mg driL'ing test.
ed fot more nc:|lls af the planc cias/r.. 1l u,as bcqin a skill: a,l a l )p / (, n l i . -a t l t : c I t I t : i , t n l u t r| i r] c c r/ (J i
am azement /a'm er z m ant/ n 0 to m y /her /thei r
ning to get ilatk-. so arle t0ere anxious to gcl honrc. tttrl harric'
amazement say this when you are mentioning
( =w e w anted to go h o me ) a p p re n t i c e s h i p / i p rc n l r\ 1 rp / rr C t h e j o b o f b e i n g a n
something that is very surprising: We asked the
apart from /r'po:t thrm/ prepositioti in addition to a p p re n t i c e . o r t h e t i me y o u l ra v e t o s p e n d a s a n
bank to lend us some monetl and, to our amaze-
something else: Do gotr /t:rt'c art.q quali/ic.ttions a p p re n t i c e r l l < , i l c t rn , t l o l n t t t e n t o n c q a l t t r l t e l i n
ment, theA agreed.
apatt hom aaut high school diploma? is/rt -shis a/)/)/ryrli{'cslrt/).
aPpropriate
appropriate /apr:opriat/ adj right or suitable for a
situation: Choose some appopriate cloiltes to go lc)
the [nteruieu [n.. Do gou thirrk lhis card [s appro
priate for Ktm's birthdag? -appropriately adL,: apprc-
priatelg dressed (=wearing suitable clothes)
approve /c'pru:r/ I tt T to officially agree that some-
thing can happen: The cilg coLlncil has apptoued out
appllcation to build a neLL,hotel.2 not approve of to
think something is bad or wrong and should not be
allowed: Mg parents d[dn't apy ot'c of me gohlg out
tuith bogs.
approximate /a pmksrnr:t/ adj an approximate mea'
surement. distance. time. amount etc is not exact
but is close to the correct number [ronmar]: fheg
were asked to calculale Llrc aDDro.\imate cosl o/
building a neu hospltal.
approximately /opmksrmetli/ adrr about, but not
exactfy: Ihe accident happened aI approx[malelg
/ O p m . ( =b e tw e e n a b o u t 9 :4 5 and 10:15)
aptitude test /sptrtju:d test/ n C a test you take to
find out whether you are good at something and
whether you find it easy
area /eerir/ n C I part of a city, country, or place; She
has an apartntent [n a fashionable area of Neu'
York.. There uttl[ be heaug ra[t1 it1 LL)eslernareas of
the countrg. . We sat in thc no smoking area of the
restaurant. 2 the amount of space that something
consists of: an oflice tr'ilh an area ctl 15 squarc
metres
argue /o:siu:/ u I to angrily disagree with someone:
Helen and her brother are altuags arguinq. . He left
his job after arguing uith his boss.
ariSe /a'rarz/ [arose, have arisen] u T if problems or
opportunities arise, they start to exist
a r m o u r (B ri ti sh ) o r a rmo r ( Am er ican) /cr :m :r ' l n U a
type of metal clothing that soldiers used to wear in
the past to protect their bodies when they were fight-
ing
arms lunzl n plural another word for weapons. such
as guns and bombs: He was charged uith sttpplging
arms to a terronst group.
a r r a n g e /a re rn d 3 / u I,T to make plans so that som e-
thing can happen, for example a meeting or a party:
Her secretarg spent the morning arrang[ng intet-
oiettts for the nettt-iob.o Jan and I arranged to meet
for a colfee after rtork.
a r f a n g e me n t /a re rn d 3 ma nl/ n C I the ar r ange-
m e n t s a l l th e th i n g s th a t you have to or ganize so
t h a t s o me th i n g ca n h a p p e n: \' { ' ho is in char ge of
the arrangements for the utedding? 2 make an
a r r a n g e me n t to a g re e wi th someone that you will
d o s o m e th i n g to g e th e r: I phone< 1 Anna antl ue
made an arrangenrcrlt to nlect lor a drink on
Fridag.
.l
arrest /Jrcst/ u T the police arrest someone by
c a t c h i n g th e m a n d ta ki n g them to a police station.
i f t h e y t h i n k th a t p e rso n h a s done som ething illegal:
6
Blake uas arrested u'lrcn he Lried to leaL'e tlte coun
lr g.o 51," ur as ar r es ted for s teal i ng a c at:2 under
ar r est som eone w ho i s under ar r es t has been
arrested: 7he t.r,o bank robbcrs uere folloLued Lo thc
a[rpott arld are noui undcr arresl. 3 see house
arrest
ar ticle /dx r Ll / n C I a r epor t i n a new s paper or m dg-
azine: I read an article onlabout a netL' tgpe ol cal
engtne tlnt doesn l carise ar U pollLltion. 2 a thing or
object IFoRMAt.]:The polic:e lound seuer.ii stalen at li
cfes irl /ris Jpa/l/ncnl.
ashore /.r.fr:'/ adu to the land from the sea or from a
boaL ljumpe.l oll the boat drrd sr).inr rshcve.
ashtray llr.ftrcr/ n C a flat container you use to put
the ash in w hen v ou ar e s m ok i ng a ( i gar ette
aspect /r s pel t/ r r C one of the par ts of y our l i fe..l ob.
or school w or k , or one of the par ts of a s i tuati on or
problem: Which aspects of gour job t1o gou erlog
r r r ost? . l Lhi nk LL,e,<hou1c dl
/ s c us s Ll tc fi nanc l al
aspect of tlle problant first.
assassinate /r s ns r nc r t/ r , T to k i l l a fam ous or pow -
erful person: Lhe tnan lrriio lriec/ lo assassin.lle tire
Popc
assault h s J :l l / n C , U a c r i m e of attac k i ng s om eone:
fhe assaull occurred rlhi/e /re u,.r.s rr',rlking /rorne
Iate al nlgttt.
assistant /.)'srst:nt/ n C someone whose job is to work
with a more important person and help them do their
job: He s one t:[ tlrc prcsic/ent s pcrsonal assislafrls..
Shc gol a-lob a.s lhe comprng i assislanl sales diree-
tor. . a shop assistant (=someone who works in a
shop, bu t i s not the ow ner or m anager - c al l ed a
sales cler k i n Am er i c an Engl i s h)
associate /as ar J i c r t...s .r os i / I r r T i f v ou as s oc i ate
one thing or idea with another, you make a connec
tion between them in your mind: 'lVlt"rl do grru asso'
ciatc u,ilh an English u,inler? Cbld u'lttds. lottg
dar k ct,er r l ng,s .anr l r l ar r r r pubs .'2 i f one per s on i s
associated with another. they are conner:ted in some
way, for example by working together or being
friends: Police uranl [o -speak lo angonc tuho ua-s a-sso'
c[at.e<lwith l/re nrissing tlontatt. 3 /r \r)J rJl. : satsi / n
C someone that you work with or have a business
relationship with Irot,u{]: Biian u,as rneeLbtg ane of
/ris busirrcss associales.
astonished /r r tnnr l t/ adj v ety s ur pr i s ed by s om e-
thing, be c aus e i t s eem s al m os t i m pos s i bl e: / ur ,i s
absolutelg astonished u,lten she toltl rne thcg tttere
geLtina mil ricd.
athletic /rce letrL. rt)-/ adi with a strong and healthy-
looking b ody
atmospher e /ttm r s fr r '/ n C the w ay that a pl ac e
m akes y ou feel w hen y ou ar e ther e. for ex am pl e
whether it makes you happy or unhappy: I lot'e gobtg
lo Set,i//ir th( atnbspherc is aluraus so relaring
therc. . I didn L ertiog u,orking lherc - lherc &)as a
bad rtmosp/rere.
attack /akk/ 1 I T to try to harm someone, for
ex am pl e by hi tti n g t h e m o r u s i n g a w e a p o n : A
m ather and he r d a u g h t e r u t e re a t t a c k e d a s
theLt uere u'alking in the park.2 rr C when some-
one attacks another person: ktlice are inL,estigyating
a r J i c i ous attac k o t l a n o t d t a d g . 3 s e e h e a rt a t t a c k
attempt /atempt/ n U when someone tries to do
something: Branscrn is making another attempt to
fig around the urorld in a balloon. . Dana -junlped
into the riL,er in an attempt to .salre lhe dog's life.
( =i n or der to tr y a n d s a v e t h e d o g )
attend /atend/ r) T I attend a school/college/ class
to be a student at a school. col)ege. or class: San'r
attended a well-known scfiool irr Edinburgh.
2 attend a meeting/event to go to a meetinq or other
event: She missed class in ordtr !o atlend lter qrand
mother's funeral.
attendant /r'tendant/ n C someone whose job is to
help customers, for example at a petrol station.
s w i m m i ng pool , or c a r p a rk
attention htenJn,/ n 0 I pay attention to watch or
f isten or do something carefully; I don't kttc:ut ultat
rre harre to do for homeu,ork - I wasn't paulng
attention u)hen the leacher lold u-s. . Do the e\er
cise again, and remember to pag attention to tlrc
spetling. 2 get/attract someone's attention to try
to make someone notice you: I wattecl at lhe [rdil
er to qet his af lentlon.
attitude lrtrtju:d/ n C what you think or feel about
something: She s a good -sludent tr'afh a posiliLrc
attitude towards hcr uork. . There- has be.en a
gradual change In people's allitudes louranJ-s .se.r
and marrlaqe.
attra(t /atr:ekl/ u T to make people go to a place
because they want to find out what is happening
there: a c/ilb for <1ancemuslc, tuhich allua-r/s atr"cls
a lot of students and goung people . Tltr:{r shouLs
soon altaclcd a b[g croLt,d.
attr ac ti v e /a'tr i rk t rv / a d j I g o o d -l o o k i n g : Ihe
bar Lr:asfull L>[attraclit)e, goung people.2 an attrac-
ti v e j ob, w ay of l i f e e t c s e e ms v e ry p l e a s a n t o r
interesting, so you think you would like it: /t'.s a
goocl job. and theg re offering a uer-r/ aftriicti|e
salarg.
audition l:t&lnl n C a short performance that an
actor, musician. dancer etc has to give to see
whether they are good enough to be in a play, film.
or show
aunt /ont/ n C the sister of your father or mother, or
the wife of your uncle: My aunt and uncLr: canle Lo
utatch me in the school concert.. Aunf Je-ssu is mu
fathe,r's gounger sister.
,--'lf someone is vour aunt. you are her nephew
( m al e) or ni ec e ( f e ma l e ).
author /r€a'/ n C someone who has written a book.
newspaper article etc: a rad.[o intart,ieu' tl)ith Stsr]c
J(tnes, author of serera[ books on gerrelics
a
bald
authorities haOorrtir, .r-l n plural the authorities all
the people who have official power and can teil
other people what to do. especially the police and
people who work for the government: When Brad
LDas a leena{.ler, he u,as oflen [n trouble u,ilh l/re
authortties.
available /r'verbbl/ adl I not busy, and therefore able
to see someone or do something for them: I'd like to
tall' to lLs Parker if slte's alailable. 2 ready for some-
one to have or use: / calletl tht: superntarkel to ftnd
out [f tllere u,ere art!l .jc]bs ;tt'ailable.
average /rv.rrrd3/ adl I the average person/child
etc most typical people, children etc: fhe aL)erage
<lrikl .s,ot'nrLsaboul 25 /rours a u-ra:k utaLching TV.2
on average n in most typical cases: ()n ,tuerage. Lhe
u'omcn hcrc e.:rrr lcs-s tltan tlrc men.
aviation fuel / cn i'crJn .liu:al,/n 0 the type of fuel that
i s u s e d i n a i rc ra f t e n g i n e s
nvoid /rv:rd/ r' T to not do something that might
cause problems for you. or stay away from some-
where that might cause problems for you: At.roitl all
the rcrads near !|rc airy)orl - tlrcre's a lot of traflic there
tr:tlau.. The cloclor saus I shctttld aooid eating foods
u,[th sugar [n thent.
awake h we rki I ac-ljnot asleep: /l was alrnosl mid-
n [ q h t . a n d t h t : b a b u u ra -s -s t i l l a u t a k e . 2 [ a w o k e ,
have awokenl L,l to stop sleeping and wake up:
S h e a rl o k c e a rl g l n t h e n rc rn i n g a n d l e f t t h e
h o ust'.
award /i'wl:d/ t, be awarded something to be given
a special prize ior something you have achieved: She
u';r-s arlardcd tlrc Pulitzu Prize for her rutL'el.
EI
IJ
b a c k a n d f o rt h / h rk . n ' f J : 0 / a d i ' g o i n g f i rs t i n o n e
direction, then in the opposite direction: fhc boals go
back arrd /irrfh ircro-ss tlt(: Englisll Clnnncl, maklrry
about ten trips et,er.r,rdag.
background /'brkqraond/ n C the type of family,
s o c i a l c l a s s , a n d p l a c e t h a t a p e rs o n c o me s f ro m:
The girls utere good fr[ends, although theg came
. lvlatt utils from a
from L,erq tliflcrent backqrounds.
farming l:ackground.
badly-behaved / brtlli br hcrvd/ adl children who are
badly-behaved do not do what their parents or teach'
ers want them to do. and they cause trouble, make
noise etc
('The opposite of badly-behaved is well-behaved.
baggage /btqrd3/ n U all the bags you take with you
when you are on a journey.
r: Another word for this is luggage.
bakery /bclkrri,i n C a place where bread and cakes
a re ma d e , o r a s h o p w h e re t h e y a re s o l d
baf d ,thlld/ adl with no hair on your head: Bg the tinle
/rt, ur:r.s l() he rla.s almo.sl b,.tlcl.. Mll brother is going
b a l d . ( = g ra d u a l l y b e c o mi n g b a l d )
ban
ban /ben/ u T to forbid something by making a law
against it: a neu lau' thal uill batt all clgarctte
aduer lislng
bang /ba4/ u I to make a loud noise by hitting some'
thing: Ihe door of the gatage uas banging in the
wind. . We could hear someone banging on Lhe
door of our neighbour's house.
banker /'brqlis'7 n C someone who has an important
job in a bank
bargain /kr:ern/ n C something you buy that costs
less than you expected or less than the usual price: /
got lhis shirt lor onlg Jil0 - il Uas a real bargain.
based on /'berst on/ preposition using something as
the basic idea, and developing from that: Lee's
fannus nouel is based on /ri-s erpedences in l/te
Spanish Cluil War.
basic / bersik/ adj of the most simple and most impor-
t a n t ki n d : b a si c co mputer tr aining. an ar ticle
erplaining the basic tllferences betueen the two
potlticat parties
basicalfy /bersrkliladt, say this when you are explain-
ing the simple, basic facts about something: The job
isn't too difficult - basicallg, gou jusL ltatte to be good
al. talking to people.
bathing costume /berdrq ,kostjom/ rr C a piece of
clothing that you wear when you go swimming,
especially of an old-fashioned type
battery lbrtari/ n C a thlng that you put in a radio,
W a lkma n , to rch e tc to pr ovide electr icity: Plg
Walkman [sn't wotktng I thltlk the batteries are
fat. (=have stopped working)
beach /bi:t.[/ n C an area between the sea and the
land, where people often go to relax, swim in the sea
etc.: a beautiful isLand with long sandg beaches .
Shall we go to the beach todag?
bear /bee'/ u T to carry something [t'otrunl on uren-
ARyl: A seruant entered the roont, bearing a traA u,ith
drinks on il.
beard /brad/ n C hair that a man grows on his face
a n d ch i n
ri'The hair that a man grows above his mouth is
called a moustache.
beat /bi:t/ u T to win a game or competition against
another person or group: Juuentus uere beatert bg
Manchester United in last nighl s game.
beg Aco/ u T to keep asking someone to do some-
thing that you want very much: We begged her to
come uith us. but she rcfused.
b e h ave /b r'h e rv/ r' Ith e way you behave is the things
y o u d o a n d sa y a n d the way you talk to people or
treat them: / think Suzg nrusl be u,orr[ed about
something .-'she has been behatting tterg strangelg.
. Kurt realtzed that he had behaoed badlg tobards
h i s wi fe . (=h e h a d tre ated her badly or unfair ly)
b e h avi o u r (B ri ti sh ) or behavior ( Amer ican)
,6r'herrja'/ rr U your behaviour is the things you do
and say and the way you talk to people or treat
8 9
thenr: Ihe pollce chiel praise.l the beltattiour ol the
Italian tcnLbatl lans.
believe in ,rbr'lii,rnl I u T to be sure that something
exists: Do gou bel[ette ln Cod? 2 to support some-
thing because you are sure it is right or good: Sonre
nTer'tuenL to jail rather than Jight in a ud tlrcg did'
n't belieue in.
belong to /br'lort tu/ u T if something belongs to you,
you are the owner of it: Wro does this calculator
belong to? . Theg stole a car belonging lo a fanrous
rock slar
beloved ,/brl.trd/ adl a beloved person or thing is
one that y ou l ov e v er y m uc h, and y ou do not w ant to
be separated from them: She neuer uent angLL)here
LDitltout her bclot,ed dog.
benefits / benrllts,/ n plural the benefits of something
ar e the good thi ngs about i t that w i l l m ak e y our l i fe
better in some way: a neLD llospit.al uith all tlte ben
elits o[ moda rt rnedlczl sclence . The -iob olfu s an
excellent salarg and other bene/its. (for example
heal th i ns ur anc e, pai d hol i day s etc )
besides /br'sardz/ ado say this when you are adding
another fact or reason to something you already
said: We don'L reallg need a car here, and lsesides
there's noulhere to par k one.
best friend /bcsr liend/ n C the friend that you like
most: She used lo be nlg b€sl frlend uhen ILDas aL
coLrcge.
bilingual /bar'hq,lurl/ ad-l someone who is bilingual
can speak two languages very well: Paola is bilin-
gual in English and l|alian.
biography ,/barograli/ n C a written description of
someone's life: She ls Lhe auLhor af a ueil-knoun
biogr aphg of Pr i nc es s D [ana. - bi ogr aphi c al
/,haregritllkl/ adj: biographical details (=facts about
the events in someone's life)
birthrate /'b::Orcrt/ n C the number of babies born in
relation to the population: a lalllrise in tha birLltrate
bite ,rbarVn C take a bite to bite something with your
teeth: Phil picked up an apple and took a bite.
bizarre lbtzo:'l adj very strange: Mike's neu, step-
rttolher is gounget Lhan he is - il s a bizar re sltuat[on!
blame /blerm/ u T to say that a person or thing is
responsible for something bad that has happened:
Shc altt,ags blames rrre u,hen angthing gets broken. .
He uas LaLefor schtnl, but he blamed it on the trailic.
bleed ibli:d/ u T to have blood coming out of your
body because of a cut or injurl': Slrc cut lrcr linger
and iI slatted bleecling.
blew up: see blow up
blood ibhd/ n U the red liquid that flows around your
body: Whcn he gol ouL of the cal his /ace uras cou-
ered in blood.
blow up /,blao ,rp/ [bleq have blownl r-rI to explode
( - mak e a l oud bang, c aus i ng a l ot of dam age) :
I/rere oas a hole in the luel tanks. artd the plane
b[eLLtup bcfore IL left the grcund.
board Ar:ct/ I l I. T to get on a plane, bus, train. or
ship: Passengeru in rours I to l0 mag board
poLrlma! board the plane nou.2 a plane is board-
i ng i t i s ti m e f o r t h e p a s s e n g e rs l o g e t o n a p l a n e :
Flight BA 128 to Miami ls nou boarding. 3 on board
on a pf ane or ship: Ihe plane crashcd tLtith ot'u 300
per:ple on board.
boarding school /'br:drr.lsku:l/ n C a school where
the students live during the school term
boifing /'brrl14/aCj very hot: Iurn the heaLer ofl - lt's
boiling in here! . a boiling hot dag in June
': T he opposi t e o t b o i l i n g i s f re e z i n g .
book ,tbuk/ L' T to arrange to have a ticket, hotel
room, holiday etc, by asking for it to be kept for you.
Reserve means the same: You can book uaur olane
ti(kets bU phone if gou like.
bookshelf: see shelf
border i'br:dr'/ n C the line that separates one coun'
try from another: a small tou,n in ltalg, clase to the
border with Su) ilzerland
bored /br;d/ adi feeling tired and impatient because
something is not interesting at all: /t uras a long
flight, and the kids soon got bored. . Shc s bored
urith school, and uants to gct ajob irtslead.
boring /b::nq/ adj something that is boring makes
you feel tired and impatient because it is not inter-
esting at all: 'Dld gou enjog the parLg?' 'No. il u,as
reallg brtring.' ' Don't gou find it boring, silling ln
ftont ol a compuLer all dag?
bor r ow /bnra u / r' T t o t a k e o r u s e s o me t h i n g t h a t
belongs to someone else. when you agree to give it
back to them later: C'arr I borraa gour calculaLor? ,
Theg borrowed S5OO0 lrom the bank.
{When you borrow something from another person,
they lend it to you.
boss ,rbns/ rr C the person who is in charge of you at
work: Do Aau get or1 uell u,ith gour bo.ss2
bother /brtc7 r' I not bother to not do something
because you do not think it is important or necessary:
A tot of goung people nout don't bother getting mar
ried/don't bother to get married. . l{'hen gou cross
from Be[gium into Holland, gou dan't haL'e to bother
r ,i th pas 5po rl s . (= p a s s p o rt s a re n ' t n e c e s s a ry )
bow,trau/ u I, T to bend your head and shoulders for,
wards as a way of showing respect for someone: /n
some countries people bow to each aLlrer instead ol'
shaking hands. . Remember to boto gour head
uthen gou meet the king.
bowl ,haol/ n C a round deep dish for putting food in:
a salad boutl o For breakfast, I usuallg hate a boul
of cornflakes.
bow l i ng /ba o h 4 / n U a s p o rt i n w h i c h y o u t ry t o
knock down a set of objects shaped like bottles by
r ol l i ng a hea v y b a l l t o w a rd s t h e m
brand itrrcnd,' n C a product made by one particular
company: Do gou a[uags bu!] lhc same brand of
toothpaste?
burst
brave ,trrcrr'/ adj not afraid to do something danger'
ous or frightening: braoa opponents of the nlilitatg
qouernn)cnl . a braL,cattenlpt lo put aul Lhe lire
breakable /hrtrhbl/ adj not very strong, and easy to
break
bribe ,trrurh/ I n C money that someone gives secret-
ly to a politician. judge, police officer etc to persuade
them to do something dishonest: The neu,spaper said
ha ltatl offered bribes to thc police. 2 t, T to give
someone a bribe: Iheg bribecl Lhe,guatds to let thenl
acro-ss lhc /:;ordr:r:
brief ,/brit/ ad] very short: a brlef des.ription af gaul
lanilg . V'a had a bilcJ rcsL. then sc| ot'l again.
briefcase /bri:t\crs/ rr C a case you use when you are
going to work or to school, for carrying papers and
books
brieffy /'hri:lli/ arlL, for a short time. or using only a few
words: lt'rile a shotl letlcr. brlellq erplainirg u,hg gou
urnt th{r job. . She pau.:a./ bricllg, tlrcn catlLinued
talkirry.
brilliant /brrl.irnt/ adl I extremely intelligent or skilful:
a fuilliant scaenlis|/ntusician 2 very nice, pleasing. or
enjoyable [rxronnaL]: \Uc lnd a brillianl tifite at the
beach. o 'Did gou knou' / passed ng drit'[ng tesL?'
'lYo. fhal s brillLvlt!'
bring up /brr; rp/ [brought up, have brought upl
l T to take care of a child until he/she grows up: After
brinlling uS>tl;rcc chi[dren, Elena got ajob [n a bank..
P.?iili) palrlrl-s clit:cl rultcn /rc tr:.rs goung, and hc uras
brouqltt up bg h[s grandparertts.
I i . R a i s e me a n s t h e s a me . a n d i s t h e u s u a l w o rd i n
A me ri c a n E n g l i s h : H c u ra s ra i s c t / b g l t i s g ra n d p a r-
en 15.
broadcast /'hmlko:st/ rr l. T to produce a radio or tele-
vision programme so that people can listen to jt or
watch it: Channcl 9 bro.rdcasf-san lrcurlg trcus pro-
grarnnrc througlrcuL Lhc night.
brooch /hrrutj/ n C a small piece of jewellery that you
wear fixed to a dress or jacket
brought up: seebringup
n C a planfor howyouwillspendthe
budget /'b,rdlrt/
money that you have, so that you get the best result
bulb or light bulb /trrt h,rlb,irr C a round glass thing
with a thin wire in it, which produces electric light
bump into / brrrrp rntu/ L'T to meet someone that you
know, but without planning to: I bumpcd inlo Annie
Lllrerr / rlas in the suptr ntarkcl this nrorninr.r.
burglar /hsql:'/ n C a thief who goes into someone s
house to steal things. A thief who steals money from
a bank is a robber.
b u rg l a ry / b r: q l rn / rr C , U a c ri me i n w h i c h s o me o n e
goes into another person's house to steal things:
Tlrcre ltat'e becn lour or liue burglar[es in our steel
tl1i5 Llear.
burst lhr:.t/ [burst, have burstl rr I I burst into tears
to suddenly start crying 2 burst out laughing to sud-
d e n l y s t a rt l a u g h i n g

bury
bury /t:eri/ u T to put something in a hole in the
ground and cover it with earth: Theg buried the
sto[enmoneg in a lield.
bust /b.rsV u C a small statue of a famous person.
showing only their head and shoulders:I/rerc u'as a
bust of Karl Marx on his bukshell.
butcher lLytla'l n C someone whose job is cutting
up meat a n d s e l l i n gi t . T h e sh o p wh e r e a b u tch e r
work s is c a l l e dt h e b u t c h e r ' s.
button /b^tn/ n C I a thing you use to fasten a coat.
shirt etc: a blue dressu,ith black buttortsan the lront
2 a t hing y o u p r e s s t o m a k e a m a ch in e wo r k: Io
send a fat, put the paper in here and tlrcn press this
button.
t-
\-
cabin /'k.ebrn/ rr C a small room on a boat. for sleep-
ing in
ca b l e T V or ca b l e i ke rb l ti : r'ir / n U a television sys-
tem that uses wires to carry the programmes.
instead of sending radio waves through the air: lVe
watched tlte basebal[ game on cable TVlon cable.
cage n(erd3/ rt C a place for keeping animals or birds
i n . m a d e of me ta l b a rs: / d o n' t iike to sec u' ild ani
mals betng kept in cages.
ca l c u l a t o r /ka l kj o ,l c'rr:'/ n C a sm all electr onic
m a c h i n e th a t d o e s ca l cu l a tions, such as adding
numbers together or multiplying them
call /k::l/ rr I, T 1 to telephone someone: Sallg callcd
uhile gou Ll)ere in lhe s/rou'er. lf tltis happens
a g a i n . Ao u sh o u l d ca l l th e p o lice.2 call back to tele-
phone someone again, because they were out or
they were busy when you called them before: ff
gou're too busg nouL l'll call back laterll'll call gou
back later.
caller /kr:l:'/ n C someone who telephones: Ask tht:
caller to git,e gou her nuntber, and sag gou ll call het
DACK.
calm down /.k!rxrl dr()n/ u I to start feeling calm
again after you have been frightened, worried. or
angry: Wk gaoe hinr some colfce. and altcr a u,hilc /te
calmed doutn.
campaign /krn r'p e rn / I rl I to tr y to get laws or gov-
e r n m e n t p l a n s ch a n g e d , u si ng public activities like
meetings and marches: People u,ere campaigning
against the nett' roadlcampaigning for a neu,
s c h o o l . 2 n C a n o rg a n i ze d plan designed to influ'
e n c e p e o pl e 's o p i n i o n s o r g et changes in the law:
a n a d o e r ti si n g ca mp a i g n (=when a com pany tr ies
t o m a k e p e o p l e b u y i ts p ro d uct, by putting a lot of
a d v e r t i s e me n ts i n th e n e w spaper s and on the TV
a n d r a d i o ) . a n e l e cti o n ca mpaign ( = when politi
c i a n s t r y to p e rsu a d e p e o p l e to vote for them )
cancel /'krnsl/ L'T to stop an event that was planned
t o h a p p e n , o r sto p a p l a ne, tr ain etc that was
olanned to co somewhere: We had lo c.lncel lh?
10
gante because setteral plagers [)c/? slck- . Nlg 0airt
il ds c< i|cr'//t'd, s o / tooA r l ar i
candidate /k ndr det/ tt C one of the peopl e w ho
have applied for a j ob, or w ho w ant to get el ec ted i n
an election: About 3() peopte appliecl fot Lhejob. and
u)e inlerfact|'ed thc si{ besl candklales. . Hete ls a
lisl o[ tltc randidaLes in nc-\l mcrnlh s e{tclion.
candle /kr ndl / n C a thi ng m ade of w ax , w hi c h y ou
bur n to give l i ght
cannabiS /l r n:br s / n U a dr ug that i s i l l egal i n m os t
countr ies. Peopl e tak e c annabi s by s m ok i ng i t i n
c lgar etr es.
cap /llrpi n C a soft hat. There are various types
of cap. such as the ones worn by police ofticers and
soldier s. or the ones y ou w ear to k eep y our hai r dr y
when you ar e s w i m m i ng or tak i ng a s how er : a
sltourcr cap
capable / kcrp.rbl/ a.,U I capable of able to do some-
thing: a car capable of traoelling at 2OO kph 2 a
capable per s on. teac her . dr i v er etc i s good at doi ng
som ething, and y ou c an tr us t them to do thi ngs w el l :
/ uras looked aller bg Nurse Chang, u'ho .ras L,e/g
capaDte.
capsize ,/k i tps ar z / o I to s i nk or tur n ov er i n the s ea:
Tl.t 'Titanic' hit an icebekl and capslzetl.
captur e /k r ptJ :'/ r 'T to c atc h a per s on or get c on'
trol of a place, especially in a war: fhe cilg utas cap'
tur ed bg anLi-gouarnment soldicrs.
car eer Aar r i '/ n C the ty pe of j ob y ou do for a l ar ge
part of your life: a career in teachingljour rtallsnt . a
tear hitglac!i l tg ddr c ( , . a.l ob r r i t/r a good c ar eer
structure (=a well organized systenr for making
pr ogr ess a s y ou bec om e m or e ex per i enc ed) . H e.s
t,erg career-minded. (=very interested in being suc-
cessful at work)
carefree /'Lc'rlii:/ adj when your life is very easy and
you have no worries; She rentcntbeted urhetr s/te
LL)asgoutlg and carelree. . a carelree !i.[e
car nival /lul nnl / n C a bi g publ i c ev ent w hen peopl e
walk thr ou gh the s tr eets w ear i ng c ol our ful c l othes ,
and ther e i s a l ot of m us i c and danc i ng
car par k /L o: pu{/ n C a publ i c pl ac e w her e y ou c an
leave your c ar for a s hor t per i od of ti m e
r : The Amer i c an w or d for thi s i s par k i ng l ot.
carry out /krri aLrt/ r T to do something that you
have planned or organized: Pol[ce otlicers cat ricd ouL
a thorough search ofllre buildirtg.
case r r C a s i tuati on i n w hi c h thi ngs happen i n
a par s/ ar w ay , es pec i al l y c r i nr es . i l l nes s es , or
ticul
^ier
unusual e v ents : /J te l tc r tr s s l o/ g r t'as abor i l .1 r l ]di l
urlro s:tu-,a rllto.:|. ,rnc1 lltt-'lc [,a-s d sintila/ casc lasl
u'ecft.. f/rer,, halt bctrr st:ucrai cases of peoplt
being ntl.'bt:tl in lfie slrcel.
cash i[r ]/ r r U m onev . es pec i al l y nr oney y ou c ar r y
w ith y ou r n notes and c oi ns
cashier /krr .J r r '/ r r C s om eone w hos e j ob i s to gi v e or
r ecL,r venlo ney i n a bank , s hop, or petr ol s tati on
cashpoint /krJfirnt/ n C a machine outside a bank
from which you can get money by using a plastic
card
('The American word for this is ATM.
casual /'kajual/ adj informal: casual clothe.s. 'l'1i'is
a r asua/ u'dg of srging hello.
catch up /krtJ [caught, have caughtl rr I, T if
^p/
you catch someon eup, or c atc h up w i th s omeone,
you reach them by following them and walking.
running. or driving faster than them: A pol[ce car
chased after the gang and caught them up at the
tratfic lights.
category /'katrgari/n C a group of things or people
of the same general type: He u)on lirsl prize in the
categorgof'Best YoungActor'. . AII the books are
sorted lnlo one ol IhreerJleUories.
cathedral /ka'0irdral/n C a large and important
Christianchurch: CanlerburgCaLhedral
caught up: see catch up
celebration /sele'brerJn/n C an important happy
occasionor party, when somethingspecial has hap-
pened: We had a big celebraLionu,hen ue finished
our exams.
central heating /,sentralhitu;/ n 0 a system of
equipment for keeping a building warm in cold
weather
century /'sentfari/n C a period of one hundredyears:
Cars were inL)entedtn the late 19th centurA. Gnear
the end of the period from 1800 to 1900) . Englistr
peop[e first sellled in Amerlca about four centuries
ago.
ceramics /sa'ritmrks/n pluralthings like plates,cups.
and bowls, especially when they are beautifully
made and decorated: a shop sellirtg hand-painted
cerarnic-sfrom Portugal
ceremony l'seflmani/n C a public or religiousevent
where a set of formal actions are performed: lhe
weddtng ceremonA
certainly / s::tnli/adrrsay this when you are sure that
something is true: Your English has certainlg
improted since gou LueIttto thaL schctol.. 'Are ute
aLlowedto smoke here?' 'No, cerlainlg not!'
certify i satllal/ r) T to state formally that something
is true. especiallyin an official document or form
chain-smoke /'tjernsmark/ u l, T to smoke cigarettes
continually. lighting each one from the one you
smoked before
chal l engi ng/a ch al l enge /' tJ rk ndl ul . a' tIel rnd3/
ad/n when a job or activity is difficult,but also inter'
esting and worth doing: I decided to accept the,iob
becauseit was a cha[lengeJitu.,aschal[enging.
chambermaid /'tJermbameld/ n C a woman whose
job is to clean the bedrooms in a hotel
change /tJeind3/u change your mind to change a
plan or decision,so that you decideto do something
else: / urasplanning to get ajob, buL then I changed
mg mind and uent to col[ege.
11
chrome
channel I {Enll n C one of the different sets of pro-
grammes you can choose on a television: Which
channel is that litm on) . I Aou hate a rem<ttecontro[
gou can change channels Ltiithout leaL,tng gour chair.
chaos /'kerr.s/ n U a very disorganized situation. in
w h i c h a l o t o f d i f l e re n t t h i n g s a re h a p p e n i n g . a n d n o -
one is in control: Ihe Lraflk: ligltts kt tlrc IoLLtncentre
aeretr'L LLtorking.and it uas complete chaos.
charge /tjo:dt r-'T 1 to ask someone to pay a par-
ticular price for something: He charged us S20O Lo fix
the cat. . Hout muclt do theg charge for a hatcul? 2
to tell someone officially that they are believed to be
guilty of a crime and must go to court: Police arrest'
ecl Fratelli antl charged. him uith murder.
chat /tJrV I u I to have a conversation with a friend:
Beckg and Sue oere chatting about their
boglriends. 2 n C a conversation between friends:
Whg don't gou come ouer for a chat some ttme?
chat show /'tj.et Jl/ n C a television programme in
which a host (=person who introduces the pro-
gramme) has an informal conversation with famous
people who are invited on to the programme
ti'The American word for this is talk show.
checkout /'tJc'kaut/ n C the place in a supermarket
where you pay for all the things you have bought:
Slre ha<J a part-time-iob otr tlrc, checkouL in the local
suDermarket.
cheeky /tJi:ki/ a(la little rude, but not in a very seri-
ous way [srirrsn]
cheerful ttlnfll adj always happy and friendly
chef /Jet7 ri C someone whose job is to cook in a
restaurant or hotel
chemist's /kcmrsts/ n C a shop that sells medicines
a n d a l s o t h i n g s l i k e ma k e -u p a n d c l e a n i n g ma t e ri a l s
rlThe American word for this is drugstore.
childhood /tjarldhud/ n U the time when you were a
chifd: / liued the,re during mq cttildhood . a
happgl unlnppg childhood
/ ' t J a rl dn ra rn d . r' ln C s o me o n e w h o s e j o b
c h i l d mi n d e r
is to look after small children while their Parents are
at worK.
Il Someone who looks after children when their par-
ents go out in the evening is called a babysitter.
Someone who lives with a family and looks after
their children is cailed a nanny.
choPsticks /'lfDpsttks/ n pluralthe two thin sticks that
p e o p l e u s e t o e a t f o o d w i t h i n s o me A s i a n
countries
choreographer /,kuri'oqr:frr/ n C someone whose
job is to decide and arrange the way that dancers
move in a performance
chores /tjr:z/ rr plrrral the jobs you have to do in order
to keep your home clean and tidy: oashing. irontng
:rrrl uthcr household chores
chrome /krarm/ n U a special kind of shiny metal used
especiaffy on cars and motorcycles: an o[d American
car utith g><tlisherlchronte urheeLs
c hunk
chunk /tJnlk/ n C a part of something larger which
has been separated: Theg diuided up the farnt and
sold a big chunk of land to a propertg deueloper.
circuit /'srkrV n C a series of sports competitions that
people take part in when they do the sport as their job:
Tiger Wcnds ruon his first tournament s(nn after he
joined the professionalgolf circuit.
circulate /sakjulerr/ u I to walk around a room and talk
to all the people there: Iong was circulattng u)ith some
glassesof wine lor il1eguesls.
circulation /,sakju'lerJn/n U the way blood moves
around your body: There tuas a dtagram ort the tuall.
showing the circulation of the blad.. Regular exer-
ctsecan improue gour circulation.
circumstances lsakam,stansrz.-sten-/n plural the situ-
ation at a particular time or in a particular person's life,
and the way this affects what happens: The tuo
children had been brought up in oerg different
circumstances.. In some circumstances (=in certain
conditions), gou maA be allouted to lake the eram
again.
citizen /'srfizn/n C someone who belongs to a particu-
lar country and has legal and political rightsthere: Shes
worktng in Hong Kong now, but she s a British citizen.
n (l someone who has Canadian
citizenship /'stttzr,1"ry/
citizenship, British citizenship etc has the legal and
political rights of a citizen of Canada. Britain etc: He
moued to New York fiue gears ago, and now he has US
citizenship.
civilization /,srvrlar'zerjn/n C a society that has a high
level of social and political organization, and has its
own special culture: the ancient ciuilization of the Inca
people of &:uth Ameica
claim /kterd u T to say something is true, even though
you cannot prove it: Mulder claims that he sau an alien
spacecra|claims to haue wn an alien spacecraft.
clan /klery'n C a group of families who are closely relat-
ed to each other, in the traditional social systems of
some countnes
classmate /'klo:smerVn C someone who are in the
same class as you: One of mg classmatesis going to
college in the US ne:ctgear.
clerk /klo:ld n C someone who deals with customers in
a hotel, shop, or ticket office: a ticket clerk at a rail
waA station. a desk clerk in a hotel
SIn American English a shop assistant, who serves
customers in a shop, is called a sales clerk.
Clich6 /kliife/ n C a phrase, idea, story etc that has
been used so often that it seems very boring and not at
all original or different: The president'sspeeclt u-tasfull
of ctiches.
client /ktaant/ n C someone who pays a lawyeq
accountant, or other professional person for their
advice or services
climate /klarmat/ n C the kind of weather that is
typicaf of a pface or area: a countrg uith a uarm, drg
climate (=where the weather is usually warm and dry)
t2
close Alss/ adj people who are close have a spe-
cial relationship, and they talk to each other a lot
and know each other very well: Mg brother is ten
gears older than me, and u.te'ueneuer been uerg
close to each other. . Jan is one of mg closest
friends.
clue /klu:/ n C anything that helps you to find the
answer to a difficult questjon or helps the police to
find out about a crime: Detectiuessearched the
bank for clues.
coast A&st/ n C the area of a country that is close
to the sea: the east coast of the United Stales ' St
Andreus is on the coast.
coastal /'kaustl/a4l on the coast, near the coast, or
typical of the coast: Coastalareas will haue a lot of
rain todaA. . a coastal climaLe
coastline /kaust-larn/n C the shape or length of a
country's coast: t,estern Scotland s rocku coast'
Iine
coincidence /k2'rnsrdans/ n C when two similar
things happen without being planned, and this sur-
prises you: What a coincidence that we were both
traoel[ing on the sanle train! . BA coincidence, her
bogfriend had the same last name as her.
collapse /ka'laps/ u I 1 to suddenly fall down
because you are too weak or too tired to stand: She
tried to get out of bed, but she collapsed almost
immediatelg. 2 if a wall, building. or bridge col-
lapses, it suddenly falls down becauseit is weak or
damaged
colleague /'kolilgi n C someone you work with: She
uent out for a meat tuith some colleagues.. He'sa
colleague of mine (=one of my colleagues)
collectively /ka'lektrvli/ adu together, as a group:
Al1 cleci.sionsaffecting the compang are taken col-
Iectiuelg bg the uhole staff. . England, Wales and
Scolland are knousncollectiuelgas 'GreatBrttain'.
colloquial /k: laukwial/ adj colloquial words or
phrases are used in informal conversations
colonist /kolanrst/n C someone who goes to anoth-
er country to start a new community (a colony),
especially in the past: English colonistsin Australia
in the 18th centurg
come out with /,krm aut wro/ u T to say some-
th in g , e speci al l y somethi ng si l l y or surpri si ng
Irrronn,rr]
come up /,krm 'np/ u I to happen suddenly, when
you are not expecting it: A problem came up at
work, so I had to stag at the oflice.
comment /koment/ n C something you say or write
to give your opinion, for example in a meeting or
discussion: We asked an expert to gioe his com-
ments on the tatesteuentsin Rwanda.
commercial /ka'm:lJl/ adj connected with business
and making profits: Her ftrst nouel was uery good,
but it LLtasn'ta commercial success. ( =it did not
m a ke a lot of money)
commi t /ka'mr? u T to do s omethi ng i l l egal :
Sutcliffe ILad committed seLteralmurders. . Police
sag the crinte was committed betueen midnight
and 3am.
committee /ka'mrti/n C a small group of peoplewho
have the power to make decisionsfor a largergroup.
in business,politicsetc: Thecompang'sfinancecom-
mittee decides whether emploAees' salaries will go
up.
common /'koman/n have something in common to
be similar in some way, for example by having the
same interests, experiences, or characteristics: /
don't know tuhg shegoes out uith him - theg don't
haoe much in common. . What do the-setuJostorles
haue in common2(=in what ways are they similar?)
COmmOn sense /,kDmansens/n 0 someonewho has
common sense is always sensibleand practical,and
is good at deciding what to do in any situation
communicate /ke'mjurnrkert/ u I to exchange infor-
mation with another person,for example by speak-
ing, writing, tefephoningelc: He Ieft home two gears
ago, and hasn't communicated with his familg
since then. . Mg girLfriend liuesin Japan, so rre com-
municate bg e-mail.
community /ka'mjunni/ n C a group of people who
live togetherin the same area, especiallypeoplewho
are alike in some way: There'sa large Polishcom'
munitg in Chicago.
commuter /ke'mjufte'/ n C someone who travels
every day by train or car in order to get to work
compartment /kampo:tmant/ n C one of the parts
that a train is divided into: sittlng in a non-smoktng
compartment
complain /kam'plerrV u l, T to say you are fed up or
not satisfiedabout something,for example because
it is annoying, unfair, or not good enough: She's
aLtuagscomplaining about her brothe,r. You should
complain to the manager if your room isn't clean. .
Some of the students complained that their teacher
was always late.
complete /kamplir/ 1 ad-i in every way: Kabila's
armA is now ln complete control of the countrA. . lt
u.)asa complete surprise.2 adj all of something, with
nothing missing: a complete set of Jane Austen's
nouels 3 r' T to finish doing something, or to do
everything that needs doing: She completed her
studies ln 1996. o Complete these sentences bg
adding the correct preposition.
Composef /kam'pzuzar/n C someone who writes
music, especiallyclassicalmusic: famouscomposers
Iike Mozart and Tchaikotjskg A composer composes
music: Who composed'Theltlagic Flute'?
comprehensi ve s c hool or c omprehens i v e
/,kompn'henstv ,skuC/n C a school in Britain for chil-
'l
dren aged between I and 18- Comprehensive
schools are paid for by the government, and they
accept studentsof all types of ability.
13
confirmation
compulsive /k:rnprlsrv/ arll a compulsive smoker,
drinker, gambler etc cannot stop doing something,
even though it is bad for them
compulsory /kam'pnlsari/adj when the laws or rules
say that you must do something: You can choosc
which languagelo.studg,but maths and scienceare
compuls019.
riThe opposite of compulsory is optional.
con(ept /'konsept/n C an idea of what something is
like: a book that erplains lhe basir: concepts of tlte
lslamic religion
concerned /kansr:nd/adj worried becauseyou think
something bad may have happened: She dicln't
come home at the usual time, so her parents began
to get concerned.
concerning kanstnr4/ prepsilion about a particular
subject{ron,u,arl: a letterfrom the bank manager con'
cerning our request for a laan
conclusion /kankluc,n/n C the last part of some-
thing, or the way somethingends: the conclusion of
a nouel
condition /kan'drjn/n C I something that one per-
son must promise to do, before another person will
agree to do something else: You can borrou the car
on one condition (=if you promise to do one thing)
- gou must bring it back before m{dnlghl. 2 the
conditions in which you live or work are all the
things about your situationthat make it pleasantor
unpleasant: The citg utas under attack, and people
u-terelitting in terriblecondation.s,ruith no electricilg
and noL much food or Ltater. . lt's a reallg modern
factorA, and the pag and conditions are prettg
good.
conduct /k:n'drkt/ u T to do something in order to
collect informationand find out about something:Do
gou think .scientists should conduct experiments
LDithIiL'eanimals?
conference /'kDnfaranr/n C a large meeting that
goes on for several days, where people like scien-
tists, teachers, or business people exchange ideas
about their subject: Shes going to a conferenceon
computers in education.
confidence /'knnfrdans/ n U someonewho has confi-
dence believesin their own ability,so they do not feel
shy and they do not worry about failing: a talented
goung ntusician ulth plentg of confidence
confined /kan'farntl/a<!l be confined to to have to
stay somewhereand be unable to leave, becauseof
illness:She had a bad r:aseof flu and uras conlined
to bed for ouer a ueek.
confirm /kan'fs:m/ u T to say that something is
definitely true: She sags s/re u,as at home lasl
ni ghl and her parents haue c onl i rmed thi s ..
Jackson confirmed that the runlours about a
true.
diuorce LLtere
confirmation /,kunl:merjn/ n U proof that some-
thing is definitelytrue or has definitelyhappened
confuse
confuse /lienlu:z/ u T to make a mistake. when you
think somethingis somethingelse:She confused her
bag LDith mine, and took the urong one. . People
often confuse me uith ng brotlrcr because ute lc,ttk
t:erg altke.
confused /kan'l-ju:zdladj feeling that you do not
understand something or you do not know what is
happening: It was a complicated sLorg, and I got
Derg confused... You look confused - shaLLI e-xplain
it again?
confusing ,&an'fju:z-r4l adl somethingthat is confus-
ing is difficult to understandor makes you feel that
you do not know what is happening: I don't under
sland theseinstructions- thell're so confusitg. . Ihe
a[rport uas large and crooded, and Dan found it
oerg confusing,
COngestion /kan'd3estjan/ n 0 when there is a lot of
traffic and it is moving very slowly: Therewas heaog
congestion on aLIthe roads going ouL of Lou.ttl.
Congratulations /&en,ErrtJu'leljnz/ n what you say
to tell someone you are pleased about something
special they have done: Did gou get the job? Oh,
congratulations!
connect /ka'nekt/L,T to show that there is a connec-
tion between two people, events, facts etc: Police
found euidence that connected. Paterson LDith the
murdered man.
connected with /ka'nektrdwr<)/n having some con-
nection with: l'm not sure what herjob is, but I think
it's connected tl}ith lourism.
Connection Aianekjn/ n C, 0 a way in which two
people, facts, or situationsare related or similar, so
that one affects or influences the other Scientists
belieue there mag be a connection between lack c:l
sunlight and some tgpes of ntentaLlllness. . Police
could not find ang connection beLtueenthe lua
crimes. (=could not prove that they were related in
any way)
consciousness /'knnjasnas/n U the state when you
are awake and know what is happeningaround you:
She lost consciousnessafter falling and hitting her
head. . to regain consciousness afteran operaLion
consequently /konsrkwantli/ado say this to show
that one thing happens becauseof another [ronlr,ar-]:
There were problems uith Lhe airport's cornpute/s.
and consequentlg seueral tlights uere delaged.
COnSefvative /kan'srvatrv/acll rather old-fashioned,
and not liking change or new ideas: /l s a uer3 con-
serL,atiLte school.. conserLtatiLte ideas aboLtt
marrrage
consider /kansrda'/L'T I to think about something.
especiallywhen you have to make a decision: / con-
sidered al[ the adoantagesand disadttantages,and
decided not to go Lo college. . HaLtegou eLtercon-
sidered working u'ith computers2 2 considered to
be thought by most peopie to be: Walking is consid-
ered to be one of the best fornts of erercise.
t4
considerable 4l:n'srdarabll adj quite large Ironuar]:
a cttnstderable distance (=a long way) . Ihe cosl o/
the repatrs could be considerable. -considerably
aclt: Takirry the plane LLicluldbe considerablg more
erpensiue.(-would cost a lot more)
consist of ,4Gn srst Dv/ rr T to be made of different
parts: Ihe f€.st consrsls of tLDo uritten papers and
one oral exant.
constitution /k ons tr tj u:.fn/ n C a c ountr y 's c ons ti tu-
tion is the set of laws that control how it is governed
and describe the rights and duties of the people who
live there
consult /lian srlt/ u T to get information or advice by
asking a person or looking at a book. map etc: We
consulted the map, and realized LUe L,ere on the
utrong road. . ll Lhe pain gels u.rorse, consull a
doctoii
consume /kan sjurm/ u T to eat or drink something,
or to use something such as petrol, electricity. or
gas {ronnnrl: Sma// cars consume Less luel than
[arger ones. . The auerage famtlg consumes about 2
kilos ol sugar per week.
contact /knntekt/ 1 n U when people communicate
with each other: Iheg used to be good frlends, but
after theg Left school theA lost contact. (=stopped
seeing each other or talking to each other) . Mg
cousin lrues ln Netu ktrk now, but ute keep in con-
tact. 2 u T to communicate with someone, by writ-
ing, tefephoning etc; f gou need more information,
contacl the school secrelarA.
contents /kontents/ n plural 1 everything that is in
a container, a box, a drawer etc: He opened the
botlle and poured the contents down the slnk.2 a
list at the beginning of a book that shows how the
book is divided and what each separate Dart of it
conta lns
context /kontekst/ rt C all the words or sentences
that come before and after a Darticular word and
help you understand it: nU lo gues.s urhat it meanr
bp |ooklng at Lhe conte.xt.
Continent /'kDntrn.nl/ n C one of the very large
areas of land that the world is divided into. such as
Afr ica. As i a. and South Am er i c a
contract /kontrrkt/ n C a legal agreement between
people or c om pani es , w hi c h s ay s w hat w or k s om e-
one will do, and how m uc h they w i i l be pai d: She
has a contract LDith a design compang. . Sorne peo-
ple u)ork for .just one emploger, others wark on a
contract basis for set'eraI tlifferent emp[t>gers.
contrast /knntru:st/ r, T to show the differences
between two situations, events etc: The poem con-
trasts the horrors of uar uith the slmple Dleasures
of life in peacetime.
contribution /kuntrr bju:Jn/ n C all the work some-
one does or all the help they give: The concerL uas
a Err€al succes,s, and l'd like Lo thank gou for gour
contabulaon.
controlled /kanrr.elld/ aclj if something is controlled.
there are clear rules that put limits on who can do it,
who can have it etc: The sale of alcohol i-ssticllg con-
trolled.
controversial /,kontre'v::Jl/ adl a controversial idea,
subject, decision etc is one that people disagree about
and sometimes get angry about: He maclc a t:ontro-
uersial speech saAing tltat u,ornen ['ith r:hi[tlren
should ncrt go out to uork.
controversy /'kDntrevnsi. kan'tmvasi/ n 0 when there is
a lot of public disagreement. for example in the news-
papers and on television, about something someone
does or says: a lilm about drug-taking. uhich caused
a lot of controDercg
convent /'konvant/ n C a place where nuns live (=a
community of religious women). A convent school is
a convent where students are taught by nuns.
convict Aan vrkt/ u T be convicted of to be fbund guilty
of a crime: McShane tr'as coni]icled of murder arld
sentenced to 3O gears in jail.
convince /kan'vrns/ u T to make someone believe that
something is true: She trled to conDince them that
she t,as innocent.
convinced /kanvrnst/ adlfeeling sure that som€thing
is true, even though you cannot prove it: l.Ve [)erc con
ulnced that the business uoutd be a success.
convincing /kanvrnsrq/ adj making you feel sure that
something is true or real: She told us her ttaln [,as
delagerl - It wasn't a L'erg conuincing ercusc. . De,\iro
gaue a conuincing performance as a gangster.
cope /Iiarp/ L)| to deal with a difficult situation. and do
things well: Shes doing tLL)o jobs as u'ell as taking her
degree - I don't krrotr /ron' slre copes. . When his par-
ents died he had to cope with a lot (f extra /esponsi-
bilitg
corruption /karrpjrV n U dishonest and illegal behav-
iour in business, politics etc: Ihe ne/.], goL,ernmenL
promtsed to put a sLop to police corruption.
cosmologist /knz'mnlad3rst/n C a scientist who stud-
ies the structure of the universe and the way it was
formed
cosmopolitan /,koznr:polrtan/ adj a cosmopolitan
place is interesting and exciting because there are
people from all over the world there: Sgdneg i-sa
-qrcaf
cifg - il s so cosmopolitan.
cost of living /kDst ev 'lrvny'n C the amount of money
you have to spend in order to buy the basic things you
need, like food. clothes, and a place to live: Ihe co-sl
of liaing in Japan is much higher than it is in Gk€(r('.
costume /kostjom/ n C a special set of clothes. for
example worn by an actor or actress: The filn
uasn't uerg gcnd, but lhe coslumes t|erc fanta.slic'. .
ln the carnioa| the chllc7ren urore traditional uillage
costume5.
count ,/kaont/ n at the last count the last time a num-
ber was counted: Neutman collects old racir!/ cars.
and had 15 of them at tlrc |ast counL
15
. critic
counterpart /kaunt..txrx/ n C a person or thing of the
same type. but iri a different place: ,f'elchcrc hrre
e,rrn le-s-sLltan tl1(.ir Gernlaln coLrlLery).1tts ( =less than
teachers in Germany ) . a rncclinq be tueen !tal11s
f in.rn r:c llini-ster a nd h i.s J.]pa / rc.se .o LIn LerI )a r l
c o u p l e / k . \ p l / n C I t w o p e o p l e w h o a re ma rri e d o r
in a relationship: ()ur nekthbours at? a q()urn coLtple
ru i l / r a b a b q . 2 a c o u p l e o f t w o [ l N t o k f l A I l : I b c t t t g l t l
a couple- of neu) .shirl.s.
courageous Ai;rct<lias/ ,?d/ very brave and deter'
mi n e d
court or law court /b: kr:t,/ n C a building where
l e g a l t ri a l s t a k e p l a c e , t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r s o me o n e i s
guilty of a crime
courtroom /L:rtrunn. -r(rm/ /r C one of the roonrs in
a c o u rt b u i l d i n g . w h e re l e g a l t ri a l s t a k e p l a c e
c o u s i n / k ^ z n / rr C t h e c h i l d o f v o u r a u n t o r u n c l e :
Geerur is nlu cou.si/l - lv:r nrothcr i.r nt.q d:d.s sislet:
coverage /knvrrid;/ rt U reporting of events in a
newspaper or on television: Tltart: u,ill b<t [ttl[ cat'er
aqe of the OlLlmpic (iante-s ort Charttte/ 3. . a neu's-
paper u)ith good r:oLteragleol [nle,rnaL[onal tleLLrs
craft /liHr:l]/ n C a traditional activity in which you
ma k e t h i n g s u s i n g y o u r h a n d s . f o r e x a mp l e p o t t e ry
(= ma k i n g p l a t e s , b o w l s e t c f ro m b a k e d c l a y ) o r
w e a v i n g (= ma k i n g ma t e ri a l s o r c a rp e t s u s i n g w o o l .
cotton etc)
c ra s h i l f t J / I 0 l t o h i t s o me t h i n g v e ry h a rd , c a u s i n g
a lot of damage: 7he p[an<: cra"shcd irrlo lhe -sitleo/ a
/ n o u / l l d i n . 2 n C a n a c c i d e n t i n w h i c h p l a n e s , c a rs .
trains etc crash into something: fhe Ptini;css u'a.s
killetl in J car crash it1 Paris
create /liri !'rt/ L, T to make something that did not
exist before: The presidenl announced /)lans lo c,t
ale sH frer| uni|er.sities. . one of the carta)Il charac'
ters create<l bg lUalL Disnetl
creative /lri'crtrv/ adi using your imagination to
create stories, pictures, new ideas etc: .5^hrt.sa t,erg
creafi.)e drl/d. . creatiDe uriting (=writing stories,
poems etc)
crEche /kre]. krcrJ/ n C a special place in a factory.
c o l l e g e , l a rg e s t o re e t c w h e re b a b i e s a n d y o u n g c h i l -
dren can be left and looked after while their Parents
a re w o rk i n g . s t u d y i n g . o r s h o p p i n g
credit card /'krt'drt ko:d/ n C a plastic card provided
by a bank. which you can use to buy things with and
pay for them later
creeP ikri:p/ [crept, have creptl t/ I to move very qui-
etly and slowly because you do not want anyone to
see you: V/e oept up lhe.stairs irr the clarkrtes-s.
critic i krrtrk/ n C someone whose job is to write about
new books. films. plays etc and say whether they are
good or bad: the Neu, Yr-'rlt' Posl's ntoL,ie
criLi: o l tlidtr'l real{q artjoll lter last book, buL the
crilir;-s lorrrrl il
' : Th e re p o rt t h a t a c ri t i c w ri t e s { o r a n e w s p a p e r o r
md g a z rn e i s ra l l e d a re v i e w .
criticize
Criticize /'kntlsatzl u T to say what you think is bad
about a person, thing, idea etc: Mg father alusags
criticizes mg friends and the uag theg dress.
crystal /'krrstl/ n U a high-quality, expensive type
of glas s
cult ure /k ^ l t l e ' / n C , U a co u n tr y' s cu ltu r e is its
general w a y o f l i f e , a n d i t s a r t, m u sic, cu sto m s,
and traditions
Cure /kjuar/ t n C a medicine or medical treatment
t hat mak e s a n i l l n e s s d i s ap p e a r : Wh e n will th e g
deuelop a cure for AIDS?2 u T to make a sick per-
son better, or make an illness disappear: Theg told
her that she could not be curedlthat her cancer
coutd not be cured.
curly /'k3rli/ adj curly hair is not straight. lt has
c urls in i t ( = h a i r t h a t g r o w s in a r o u n d e d , cu r vin g
way )
currency /'krransi/ n C, U the type of money used
in a particufar country: What currencg do theg use
in Greece?
current /'k,rrant/adj the one that exists at the pre-
sent time, but may not exist for long: The current
cost of phone catLsis lower than it was two Aears
ago.o his current girlfriend
currently /'krrantli/ adu at the present time, but
maybe not for long: She's currentlg utorking in a
bar, but she'splanning to go back to couege.
cushion i kUJn/ n C a soft thing that you put on a
c hair t o m a k e i t m o r e c o m fo r ta b le . Cu sh io n s a r e
cloth containers filled with soft material.
Custom /'krstem/ n C a traditional activity or way
of doing t h i n g s , w h i c h t h e p e o p le in a p a r ticu la r
c ount ry o r a r e a h a v e d o n e fo r a lo n g tim e : a
guidebook for tour[sts, uthlch describes the local
custorns and all the interestingplaces to see . an
old Chinese custom
cut off /krt ofl [cut off, have cut offl o T to dis-
c onnec t s o m e o n e ' s t e l e p ho n e , e le ctr icity su p p ly
etc: lrheg cut off our electricitAbecause usehadn't
paid the bill.
cut-throat /knt oraut/ n C a violent criminal or
murderer, especially a long time ago
Cutting edge /'k^trrj edS/ n C 1 an advantageover
someone else: Ihe extra qualifi.cations will gioe gou
a cutting edge.2 the cutting edge of something is
the most advanced form of it. and uses the newest
and most exciting methods, technology or develop-
ments: a compang at the cutting edge of computer
technologg
CV / s i: ' v i : / n C a w r i t t e n d e scr ip tio no f yo u r wo r k
experience and your education, which you send to
an emplo y e r w h e n y o u a p ply fo r a jo b .
SThe American word for this is r€sum6.
16
n declare idr'Hea'/ u T to say in an official or public
L)
damage Tdemrd3/u T to harm something,for exam-
ple by breaking part of it or spoiling the way it looks:
Don't pul that pan down there - Aou might damage
the table.. Her car toas badlg damaged in the acci-
dent-
damn /dam/ used when something very annoying
has happened: Oh damn! I forgot to lock the door.
danger /dernd3a'/n U in danger when there is a pos-
sibility that something bad will happen, or that
someone will be injured or killed: The police are
guarding him - theg belieue his tife is in danger. .
These animals are in danger of becoming extinct-
dare /dea7 D I to be brave enough to do something:
Our teacher utas uerg strtct,and no-onedared to dis'
obeg her. . 'Haue Aou euer tried bungee-jumping?'
'No, I tuouldn't dare.'
date /derVn C an arrangementto go out with some-
one, especiallywith a girlfriend or boyfriend: / can't
see gou tonight * I haoe a date @ith Adam. c How
old LDeregou when Aou lirst .Dent out on a d.ate?
(=went out with a girlfriendor boyfriend)
day /del n day and night all the time, without stop-
ping or resting: Theg drooe dag and night tit theg
reached the Mexican border.
daylight /derlarr/n U the natural light of the sun dur-
ing the day: In the middle of the northern winter,
there are onlg a fetu hours of daglight. . I prefer to
driue during daglight hours.
deal /di:l/ n big deal or no big deal say this to show
that you do not think somethingis very important or
!mpressiveItnronxnl]
deal with /'dirl wri)/ [dealt with, have dealt withl u T
to take decisions and do what needs to be done: ff
there is a seriousorob[em. the headteacherwtil deal
uith it. . Thejob mostlg inuolues deallng with cus
tomers. (=helPing them, answering their questions
etc)
dealer /'dirla'/ n C someone who buys and sells
things, especially works of art (art dealer/antique
dealer), cars (car dealer), or illegal drugs (drug
dealer)
debt /det/ n C money that you owe, because you
have borrowed it and you have not paid it back: As
soon as she gels her salarg, she uanrs to pag off her
debts. \=pay back money she has borrowed) . Wntle
I was a student in London, I ran up a tot of debts,
(=graduallyborrowedmore and more money)
decade /'dekerd,de'kerd/n C a period of ten years
decay /dl'ke/ n 0 the natural chemical process by
which some things are slowly destroyed.Decay affects
things like wmd, bones, dead plants, and teeth.
decision /dr'srsn/n C something you decide to do,
especially after thinking about it or discussing it:
Getting married is a big decision. (=an important
decision) . I hope theA make the right decision.
statement: A gooernment tnspector declared that
the house uas not safe Lo Uue in.
decline /dr'klarn/ l' I to become less in amount or
importance [ron,unr]: The number of jobs tn the min-
ing industrg has declined ln recent gears. (=there are
fewer jobs now than before) o the prestdent's declin-
ing popularitg
decrease /dr'kri:s/ u I to get less (the opposite of
increase): Computers hat'e increased in power and
decreased tn price.
defeat /dr'fi:t/ u T to win against someone in a game,
war, election etc: She reached the final, but u'as
defeated bg Hingis in an exc[ting game.
defend /dr'tend/ u T I to try to protect a person or
place from being attacked: Theg buitt thick u,alls tc)
defend the citg-o tyou,O gou use a gun to defend
gourselp2 to explain why your ideas, decisions etc
are right, when other people criticize them
define /dr farn/ u T to explain the meaning of a word
(by giving a definition)
degree ldrgritl n C a high-level qualification you get
by attending a university and successfully finishing a
course: Sfte uants to go Lo uni.Ltersitg and get a
degree.. a degree in biologgla biology degree
deficious /dt'hlasl adj food that is delicious tastes
very good: Those peaches are absolutelg delicious.
defighted /dr'lartrd/ adj vety pleased and happy
about something: She's been gioen a ptace in med-
ical school, so of course she's delighted. . We were
delighted to hear about gour new babg-
demonstrate /'demanslre(/ u T to show what some-
thing is like or how something is done: A computer
e\pert came to demonstrate how the neu.t llbrarg
. sgstem arorks,
densely /densli/ adu a place that is densely populat-
ed has a lot of people living close together
density /'densati/ n the density of a place's popula'
tion is a measurement of how many people there are
in relation to the amount of space. For example,
Canada has a low population density, but Hong Kong
has a high population density.
dentist /'dentrst/ n C a person who is trained to look
after people's teeth
deny /dr'nar/ L' T to say that something is not true or
that you did not do something: Lucas denies the
charge of murderldenies murd.ering his u,ifeldenies
that he killed his wife.
depart /dr'port/ L' I to leave (used in public announce-
ments, for example at airports or stations): The nelt
lltght to Barcelona departs in 30 minutes.
department store /drpormant ,str:t/ n C a large
shop that sells many different types of goods, such
as clothes, furniture, and kitchen equipment
depend /dr'pend/ u I it depends say this when you are
not s ur e w hether t o s a y ' y e s ' o r' n o ' , because your
answer may change according to the situation: 'Are
l7
determined
gou comlng to tlrc.partg?' 'lt depends - I ntag be too
busg.' . We're hoping to go to thc beactt, buL it
depends on the uteather.
deposit ldtpozrrl n C I oil/mineral deposits an
amount of oil, gold, diamonds etc under the ground
2 deposit box or safe deposit box a special contain-
er in a bank or similar place, where money, jewellery
etc can be kept safe 3 r, T to put money in a bank
account or other safe place
depressed /dr'prcst/ aQj very unhappy. and not
enjoying your life aI all: After his girlfrien'J teft him,
Ph{l became LterA depressed.
depressing /dr'presry' adJ making you feel very
unhappy: What depress[ng u;eaLher - / ('ish lh€ sun
utould shinel . a depressing neLL,sreport about cllil
dren working in factaries
deputy /dcpjuti/ rr C the person who has the second
most important job in an organisation: The Director
isn't here - utould gou like to speak to her deputg? .
the deputg head teacher
deserve lthzt|l tt T if you deserve something, it is
fair that you should be given it. because of what you
have done: The.judge said Viccei deserted a long
prison sentence. . I think nurses deseroe to be paid
more ntonea.
desperate /desp:rat/ adl I when you want some-
thing very much, and you will do anything to get it:
Theg were desperate to harte. children/tlteg desper-
atelg wanted to hate chtldren 2 a desperate prob-
lem or situation is very serious, and you do not know
how the situation could get better
desperation /,dcspa'rerJn/n U you do something in
desperation when you feel that your situation is so
bad that you will do anything to make it better: /n
desperaLiorl, some lamilies were selling their fur ni'
ture in order to bttg food.
despite /<\spanl preposition although something is
true: Despite the bad uteaLher (=although the weath-
er was bad) we all enjoged Lhe picnic.
destination /,clcstrncrJn/ n C the place someone is
going to: a popular holidall destination . fhe space'
craft tL.ok ouer three u'eeks lo reach its destination.
destroy /dr'stnr/ l' T to break or damage something
so badly that it no longer exists: A large apartment
block u,a.s cornpletelg de,stroped Lthen a gas tank
exploderl.
detention /dr'tenJn/ n C, U a punishment for doing
something bad at school, when you have to stay
behind after the other students have gone
deteriorate /dr'lrariirert/ u I to get worse (the oppo-
site of improve): Clonditions itl the hospitals uere
detertorating due to lack of moneq.
determined /dr't.r:mrnd/adl when you really want to
do something, and you will work hard to get what
you want: You haoe to be L,erg deterrnined if gou
uoant Io bec()me an actor. . She's determined to pass
ner ta[' e\arns.
develop
develop /dr'velep/ I u T to design or invent some-
thing: Scieniists hatte deaeLopecl a neu, tApe of eLec
tric batterg.2 u I to gradually change and grow: I/rt:
goung bir<1s deuelop quite quickLg after llrcg are
born.
developed /dr'velapt/ adj countries or areas that are
developed have modern economic and industrial
systems
device /dr vars/ n C a small machine or piece of
equipment that does a particular job: a deoice for
measuttrrg the speed of tennis balls
devise /drvarz./ u T to make a plan of how to do
something
devote /di vaot/ u T devote your time/life/energy to
to spend your time, Iife, or energy doing something:
Since she rettred front her job, stte deootes nrcsl ol
her Lime Lo gardening.
dial /darali rr T to push the buttons on a phone in
order to call someone's number: To call lhe oolice.
dial 999.
diary l'dararil n C I a book in which you write details
of things you have to do, for example meetings or
classes you have to go to. ln American English the
word for this is calendar. 2 a book in which you keep
a record of things that happen to you each day and
of your private thoughts
differ /'drla'/ u I to be different [r.or+rnr-]: EngLish dif-
fers from Cerman in seuera/ urags.
dig /drg/ [dug, have dug] u I, T to make a hole in the
ground, using a tool called a spade or a large
machine: Tlrcre uas a garry ol uorkmen digging a
hole [n the road- . I spent the morning digging in the
garden.
dilemma /dr'lemc. dar / rr C a situation in which you
have to make a difficult choice or decision
dining room /darnrrl ru:m. -rirm/ n C a room where
you eat meals, either in your home or in a hotel
diploma /dl'phrma/ n C a qualification you get by
successfully finishing a course of study, usually for
one or two years: a diploma in jourrnltsm
director /drrektar. dar / n C a senior manager, who is
in charge of a company or of one of the departments
in a company: She s the Finance Director of a pub-
Iishing companA.
disadvantage /,drsed'volnttd3/n C the disadvantages
of a person, place, method etc are the bad things
about it, which make it less good than others of the
same type: Wltal are the disadoantages of liuing ir1
central London? . We discussed the adDantages
and. d.isad.oantages ol all Lhe people utho applied f<;r
thejob.
disappear /drsa'pr:r/ u I I to become invisible, for
example by going away or being covered by some-
tiing: fhe car sped ofl and dis;tppeared around a
corner. . Tlte sun had disappearcd behind a cloud.2
to stop existing: old custo/ls LhLlt are graduailll dis-
appearIng
1B
disappointed /drs-r'prrntld/ adj feeling a little upset,
because things did not happen the way you hoped
they wouf d: She ditln't get l/re-iob. so obr,iousl-iyshe s
disappointed.
disappointing /drsrp:rnti4/ adj not as good as you
hoped; a disappotnLing result for the England Leanl
tn lasl right's game
disaster /dr zo:sta'/ n a very serious accident, especial-
ly one that causes a loi of damage and kills a lot of
people: a major alr disaster, tuhen luto pLanes collide.l
ancl ouer 400 peaple u:ere kllled . a natural d.isaster
(=caused by rain, winds, or other natural events)
discus ldrskcs/ n C a round, flat, heavy object that
people throw as a sport, to see how far they can
throw it
disease ldtzitz.l n C, U a medical condition that
makes you ill: tropica[c.liseases like malaria and Ael
Iout feoer r Lack o/ erercise can lead to ltearl d[sease.
dishwasher /drj wn.hr/ n C a machine in the kitchen
for washing plates, cups, glasses etc
dislike /drs larki 1 t' T to not like someone or some-
thing 2 /'drslark/ n your likes and dislikes the things
you like and the tlrings you do not like
display /drsplcr/ I o T to put something in a place
where everyone can see it: The children's paintings
utere displaged cvr lhe uralls all around the school.
Things that are displayed are on display; ancaenl
Mexit:an jewellerg on displag at the nTuseufir
2 n C part of an electronic machine, for example a
computer, fax machine, or photocopier, where infor-
mation is shown
dissident ldrsrdant/ n C someone who publicly
opposes and criticizes the government, in a country
where people are not allowed to do this
distant /drst:nt/ adl a distant relative or cousin is
someone who belongs to your family but who is not
cfosely related to you: / haue some dtstant relatittes
up in Scotland, but I hauen't seen them for gears.
distribute /dr strrbjul/ u T to give something to all the
people in a group: She ualked around lhe room d[s-
tributing books lo all tlrc students.
diversity /darv:rsati, dr-/ n U when something con-
sists of many different parts, and this makes it inter-
esting: Brazil is knou,n for its cultural dioersitg.
divorce /drv:rs/ 1 n C, U the legal ending of a mar-
riage: a countrg where diuorce is not uerA
commonluhere there is a lou dioorce rate . She
uanls to get a d.iuorce. 2 u T to legally end your
marriage with someone: She married Bruce after
diL,orctng her first husband.
divorced /drv::st/ adj no longer married because
your marriage has been legally ended: MA parenls
are diLtcYced, and mg mother is getting married
again soo/r. . TheA got marriecl u)herr theg tuereonlg
l'/, and Lheg got dioorced fiue gears later.
ti'Married people who have stopped living together,
but are not divorced, are separated-
D IY i .di l ar utat/ r t U d o i n g j o b s i n y o u r h o me . s u c h a s
pai nti ng, r epai r i n g e l e c t ri c a l t h i n g s , o r p u t t i n g i n n e w
bathr oom equi pm e n t . D I Y s t a n d s l o r' d o i t y o u rs e l f .
because you do these jobs yourself instead of payinct
s om eune to du t h e m f o r y o u .
do /dur/ t) T to take action in order to solve a prob-
lem: Paui is reallg oterueigltt - lrc ougltL tLt clo
something about it. . I didn'L knau) @hat to do -
sLag in mg -jab or look for anolher one.
dock /dok/ n C an area in a port where ships go to be
l oaded and unl oa d e d
domestic /d.'mcstrk/ adj connected with your home
and family: donleslic clutie-s(=things you have trr do
at hom e, l i k e c le a n i n g . c o o k i n g . o r t a k i n g c a re o f
children) . donrestlc applian('e-J (=machines for
us i ng at hom e , l i k e re f ri g e ra t o rs o r w a s h i n g -
machines )
dom i nate /donr rn e rt / r' T t o b e t h e mo s t i mp o rt a n t
feature of something: She spends so rnuch llln(l
at the oflice - tr'orr(- seenls Lo dont[rutlt: her lili' .
I/ri-s ueeks ns[,s /rirs becn clonrinaletl bg l.lte:U5
eleclion.
doorbell /d:;bel/ n C an electric bell outside a house.
which you ring to make people in the house open the
door: I rang the doorbell. (=nrade it ring)
dot /dnV Ir C a small round marK
double /dnbl/ 1 LrT to increase an atrrount so that it
becomes twice as large: Iht: ncur c/oler nrneril c.lol
bled Lhe anrcuntof tnoneg beinq spenl on (rdu(ali(xl.
2 r r Ito i nc r eas e a n d b e c o me t w i c e d s l a rq e : S a l . l i c s
/raue almosl cloub[eLI ii the last lilrt: 3 double
-qetrr.s.
the size/amount etc twice as big or twice as much:
Theg xtld the trcuse for rlouble the annunt theu pai.l
for it.
doubt /daot/ 1 n C a feeling that vou are not sure if
something is right; She agreetl to nntrg ltlnt, but
then she started to haoe doubts about ll.2 u T to
think something is probably not true or not going to
happen: / doubt uhether he'II ,oass thc lesl '. h{r
hasrt't done much LLtork.
downstairs /drur slef,1./ac/u on the qround floor of a
buifding: / rlas in mg beelroont. but I couLd hear tht,
fV dou,nstairs.
drag /drcg/ t, T to pull something heavy along the
ground: / coult/n't llft the table so I dragged il ircro-ss
the lloor.
drain /dremi n C a pipe that carries used water away
drama /dro:nra/ n Ll the study of plays and acting: J
drarna sclxtol (=a school where students learn how
to ac t i n pl ay s a n d f i l ms )
dramatic /drrnrctrk,/ adj very excitinq or surprising:
the drarnatic sLorg of hott lhe hos|.rgc-su]cft'/(r,s.tu(11
ftL)tn tlle terrorisls . a dra/)ralic irrcrr,:.sc (=a sudden
very large increase) itl th€ cosl ol breal
dr am ati c al l y /d ra rn rt rk l i / a d rr i n a w a y t h a t i s v e rv
surprising and noticeable: I/re siltiataon /ta-sr;/t,rtrr7erl
,1r .tr ,,r l i c ,r 1/g>i tt r l r ri r' rd , t q
l9
duty-free
d re s s i n g g o w n / d re \ rrl q u r, n / rt C a p i e c e o f c l o t h i n g
f o r me n o r w o me n . l rk e a l i g h t , l o o s e c o a t . w h i c h y o u
w e a r f o r e x a n i p l e a f t e r l ra v i n g a b a t l r. o r b e f o re y o u
g e t d re s s e d i n t h e mo rn i n q .
t : Th e A me ri c a n w o rd f o r t h i s i s b a t h ro b e .
d ri f t / d rrl l / i ' l t o b e mo v e d a ro u n d b v t h e s e a . u n a b l e
to control where you are going. If a boat is drifting,
y o u c a n s a v i t i s a d ri f t .
d ri n k -d ri v i n g . / t l rri ; h d ra n rq / rr U d ri v i n g a c a r w h e n
y o u a re d ru n k : D ri rt k , / ri r i n q r: a u -s c -sa l o l o l
.r.r'idcnl.s.
rl Th e A me ri c a n w o rd f o r t h i s i s d ru n k -d ri v i n g .
d ri v e / J ra n / [ d ro v e . h a v e d ri v e n ] 1 t l . ' f t o g o s o n re
w h e re i n a c a r: S l o rt ' d o t t rn - t l o u ' rc . J ri l , i n rl l o o / a s l
. SoilrclrrIra5 | clrit'c: to i{'(r'4. .sonrcllnrcs / l,lk(' lire
b u -s . o I J rc l / ri c i \ ' s { rr{ a l ,r/ rl ' i rrr7 ; i ! . t rq < ,L r' l t i t r o a n . 2
drive someone mad/crazy to make someone feel
v e rv d n q ry o r rrn p a u e n t
d ri v i n g l i c e n c e / i l ra rv rl l rrs n s / (B ri t i s h ) o r d ri v e r' s
l i c e n s e / d ri rrv . rz l a rs n s , /(A me ri c a n ) rr C a n o f f i c i a l
d o c u me n t t h d t s a y s y o u h a v e t h e l e g a l ri g l rt t o d ri v e
b e q a u s e y o u l ra v e p a s s e d a d ri v i n g t e s t
d ri v i n g t e s t / t l rrrv rl t rs l / / r C a n o f f i c i d l t e s t t h a t v o u
h a v e t o p a s s b e f o re y o u a re a l l o w e d t o d ri v e a r: a r;
.Sltr:lr taking lur driuing tesl tnt itktn<laL1.. ll lluLt
pass rjol/ driDing test, r/()u (irri brrrrorI rrrr/ r:;lr:
drove: see drive
d ro w n o r b e d ro w n e d / d rro n . h i r d rt rrl n (l / r' 1 . T t o
die by heing under water, because you cannot
breathe: .Scltra/ /rr-sscngc/-sc,lrou,rrr:r1laut'tr cft rrlnc.l
rr'/rrrr f/rt' li:rrq s,rrrk In iltt' rrtiJdlt- ol tha ltk<'
d ry -c l e a n e r' s / d ra r k l i : n ru l rr C a s h o p w h e re y o u
t a k e c l o t h e s t o b e d ry -c l e a n e d (-c l e a n e d b y a s p e -
c i a l p ro c e s s . u s i n g c h e mi c a l s i n s t e a d o f w a t e r a n d
soap): / tarl rlr.q suil lo lhe r/rr1r:lcarrcr-s.
due to /dju: tu:/ acU 1 because of: Dac lo ,ut lnjurq.
Jollrtst:n rl,art l l-ra tunnin<1 ilr &rrl,r.t7ls r;trr:. 2 expect-
e d t o h a p p e n o r d o s o me t h i n g a t a p a rt i c u l a r t i me :
Ihc nc\l rar:c i.s tlue to -sl.rfl al 3i,1.').
dug: see dig
dull /ilnl/ aiif not interesting, exciting. or enjoyable: /i
u,a.s .r prt:llJ/ clttll par\y. . 1/e .s rjrrikr .r nice brr.ry.brl
rather dull.
duty /d.;u:ti/ n C something that you have to do.
especially because it is part of your job: Lier tlut[e:
int ludc q[uirlq k ri;r/ at.ft,ict,lr) lhe /rc-si!,|€]nl
duty-free /dtu:ti lii:/ arll duty-free goods, such as
c i g a re t t e s . w h i s k y , a n d p e rf u me , a re s o l d a t a i rp o rt s
. Th e y
or on planes and ships. a re c h e a p e r t h a n u s u a l
because there is no tax on them: a lttt!lt, ol tlttLtl-lree
r)()(1 { . i . t l t ( d u l A -f re e s h o p i n t . l 1 (' . ri ry x )/ l(-" w h e re
y o u c a n b u y d u t y -f re e q o o d s )