CHAPTER 20—VIRUSES AND PROKARYOTES

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Evolution of a Disease OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis

5. An adenovirus
1. AIDS is short for a. is a naked virus.
a. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. b. does not have a lipid envelope.
b. Accelerated Immune Death Syndrome. c. has a spiked protein coat.
c. Accentuated Induced Deficiency d. infects animals.
Syndrome. e. all of these.
d. Advantageous Immunity Deficiency ANS: E PTS: 1
Syndrome. DIF: Difficult
e. none of these. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge 6. Which of the following is false?
a. The outer coats of all viruses are alike.
2. Sequencing of HIV-1 revealed that it is most b. The virus contains either DNA or RNA at
closely related to which of the following? its core, but not both.
a. simian immunodeficiency virus c. Viruses infect organisms in all three
b. feline immunodeficiency virus domains of life.
c. bovine immunodeficiency virus d. Most viruses have a protein coat or
d. hepatitis B covering.
e. all of these e. Some viruses benefit us indirectly.
ANS: A PTS: 1 ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension |
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
3. Once inside the human body, HIV primarily
infects Viral Replication
a. liver tissue.
b. kidney tissue. 7. Which of the following is(are) NOT involved
c. red blood cells. in the reproduction of all viruses?
d. white blood cells. a. attachment and penetration
e. all of these. b. replication and synthesis
ANS: D PTS: 1 c. assembly
DIF: Moderate d. latency
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge e. release
ANS: D PTS: 1
Viruses and Viroids DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic
of viruses? 8. Which of the following is NOT true of type I
a. Contains DNA or RNA genetic material. Herpes simplex?
b. Contains cytoplasm and ribosomes. a. It is a DNA virus.
c. Has a protein coat. b. It has a latent phase in its replication cycle.
d. Can only replicate inside a living host cell. c. It remains in nerve cells for a time.
e. Is very small. d. Sunburn or other stress can activate it.
ANS: B PTS: 1 e. Once activated it causes a form of skin
DIF: Easy cancer.

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 ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension |
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 13. Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional
groups use CO2 and inorganic substances to
9. Herpes and other enveloped viruses enter their produce energy?
host cells a. photoautotrophs
a. through pores. b. chemoautotrophs
b. by dissolving the host plasma membrane. c. photoheterotrophs
c. by fusion of the viral membrane with the d. chemoheterotrophs
cell’s plasma membrane. e. none of these
d. by activating transport proteins in the host ANS: B PTS: 1
cell's plasma membrane. DIF: Moderate
e. any of these. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate 14. Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension groups use organic substances for carbon and
photons for energy?
a. photoautotrophs
10. Retroviruses are characterized by b. chemoautotrophs
a. an RNA core. c. photoheterotrophs
b. integrating DNA into the host’s d. chemoheterotrophs
chromosome. e. none of these
c. the enzyme reverse transcriptase. ANS: C PTS: 1
d. having one strain that causes AIDS. DIF: Moderate
e. all of these. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ANS: E PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate 15. Of all organisms, prokaryotes are
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension a. the smallest.
b. the most abundant.
c. the most metabolically diverse.
“Prokaryotes” – Enduring, Abundant, and Diverse d. the most widespread.
e. all of these.
11. Which of the following lack a nucleus and are ANS: E PTS: 1
structurally simple? DIF: Easy
a. eukaryotes OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
b. prokaryotes
c. fungi 16. Prokaryotes are the ancestors of
d. algae a. protists.
e. all of these b. fungi.
ANS: B PTS: 1 c. plants.
DIF: EASY! d. animals.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge e. all of these.
ANS: E PTS: 1
12. Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional DIF: Easy
groups use CO2 and sunlight to produce OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
energy?
a. photoautotrophs
b. chemoautotrophs
c. photoheterotrophs
d. chemoheterotrophs
e. all of these
ANS: A PTS: 1

Viruses and Prokaryotes 175

 b. function in reproduction.
c. extend from the cell surface.
d. be transferred between cells.
Structure and Function of “Prokaryotes” e. function in cell locomotion.
ANS: D PTS: 1
17. Which of the following does NOT characterize DIF: Moderate
most prokaryotes? OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
a. no nucleus
b. a single circular chromosome 22. All of the following are located on the exterior
c. cell wall surface of a prokaryote EXCEPT
d. complex internal membranes a. flagellum
e. great metabolic diversity b. pilus
ANS: D PTS: 1 c. plasma membrane
DIF: Moderate d. capsule
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis e. none of these
ANS: C PTS: 1
18. Which of the following is a correct description DIF: Moderate
of a prokaryote shape? OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
a. A coccus is corkscrew shaped.
b. An archaean is arch shaped. 23. In what way does prokaryotic fission resemble
c. A bacillus is rod shaped. eukaryotic mitosis?
d. A spirillum is shperical. a. mechanism of chromosome movement
e. All of these are correct. b. genetically equivalent daughter cells are
ANS: C PTS: 1 produced
DIF: Moderate c. chromosome attachment
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis d. production of a cytoskeletal framework for
separating chromosomes
19. Peptidoglycan is a compound in e. all of these
a. bacterial flagella. ANS: B PTS: 1
b. bacterial cell walls. DIF: Difficult
c. archaean cell walls. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension |
d. archaean flagella. Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
e. all of these.
ANS: B PTS: 1 24. Plasmids
DIF: Moderate a. are self-replicating circular molecules of
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension DNA.
b. may be transferred between bacteria.
c. may pick up genes from other prokaryotes.
20. Which of the following distinguishes bacterial d. contains genes separate from the bacterial
flagella from those of eukaryotes? chromosome.
a. number per cell and structure e. fit all of these descriptions.
b. structure and mechanism of movement ANS: E PTS: 1
c. function and mechanism of movement DIF: Difficult
d. number per cell and mechanism of OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
movement
e. number per cell and function
ANS: B PTS: 1 Bacterial Diversity
DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension 25. Which of the following is NOT true about
cyanobacteria?
a. Cyanobacteria have the same
21. Pili may do all of the following EXCEPT light-capturing chlorophylls as plants.
a. help cells attach to surfaces.

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 b. Chloroplasts evolved from ancient DIF: Moderate
cyanobacteria. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
c. Cyanobacteria can fix carbon.
d. Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen. 29. Endospores can resist
e. Cyanobacteria put nearly all of the nitrogen a. boiling water.
into Earth’s atmosphere. b. acids.
ANS: E PTS: 1 c. irradiation.
DIF: Moderate d. disinfectants.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: KNowledge e. all of these.
ANS: E PTS: 1
26. Which of the following statements is true of DIF: Moderate
the proteobacteria? OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
a. They are the most diverse group of bacteria.
b. Some are photoautotrophs. 30. A dangerous form of food poisoning is caused
c. Some are chemoautotrophs. by
d. Some are chemoheterotrophs. a. Clostridium botulinum.
e. All of these are true. b. Clostridium tetani.
ANS: E PTS: 1 c. Bacillus anthracis.
DIF: Moderate d. Heliobacter pylori.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension | e. Thermus aquaticus.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
27. Gram staining divides bacteria into ____ OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
groups based on differences in the composition
of their ____. 31. Which of the following is an intracellular
a. two; DNA parasite that causes sexually transmitted
b. four; capsules disease?
c. two; cell walls a. Chlamydia
d. four; cell walls b. Cyanobacteria
e. two; plasma membranes c. Clostridium
ANS: C PTS: 1 d. Chondromyces
DIF: Moderate e. all of these
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
28. Gram-positive bacteria have ____ and appear
____ under the microscope. Archaea
a. thick walls; pink
b. thick walls; purple 32. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in all of the
c. thin walls; pink following ways EXCEPT
d. thin walls; purple a. size.
e. none of these b. shape.
ANS: B PTS: 1 c. plasma membrane composition.
DIF: Moderate d. absence of a nucleus.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge e. mode of cellular division.
ANS: C PTS: 1
29. Most species of Gram-positive bacteria are DIF: Moderate
a. photoautotrophic. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
b. photoheterotrophic.
c. chemoautotrophic. 33. In which of the following ways are archaeans
d. chemoheterotrophic. similar to eukaryotic cells?
e. photochemoautotrophic. a. size
ANS: D PTS: 1 b. shape

Viruses and Prokaryotes 177

 c. presence of histones b. chemoheterotrophs; carbon dioxide
d. DNA polymerases c. chemoautotrophs; water
e. presence of operons d. chemoheterotrophs; methane
ANS: C PTS: 1 e. chemoautotrophs; hydrogen gas
DIF: Moderate ANS: E PTS: 1
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

34. The methanogenic archaeans belong are ____. 36. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-sensitive pigment
a. aerobes found in ____ archaeans and used to supply
b. facultative anaerobes energy for ____ production.
c. strict aerobes a. halophilic; ATP
d. facultative anaerobes b. thermophilic; carbohydrate
e. strict anaerobes c. methanogenic; methane
ANS: E PTS: 1 d. halophilic; carbohydrate
DIF: Moderate e. thermophilic; ATP
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
35. The methanogenic archaeans are ____ that pull OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
electrons from ____.
a. chemoautotrophs; oxygen

MATCHING

Classification. Answer the following questions using the five groups listed below:
a. halophiles c. thermophiles e. methanogens
b. cyanobacteria d. proteobacteria

37. These bacteria live in temperatures that are not usually conducive to life.
38. These produce CH4.
39. These bacteria can live in water of very high salt concentration.
40. These can form heterocysts, valuable in nitrogen fixation.
41. These are the most diverse monophyletic group of bacteria.

37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge MSC: Classification
38. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge MSC: Classification
39. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge MSC: Classification
40. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge MSC: Classification
41. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge MSC: Classification

SHORT ANSWER

42. A __________ is a noncellular infectious particle with a protein coat enclosing DNA or RNA.

ANS: virus PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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43. A virus infects a host cell and takes over the host's mechanisms of replication and __________
synthesis.

ANS: protein PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

44. A __________ is a virus that infects only bacteria.

ANS: bacteriophage PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

45. Some viruses cause disease; they act as __________ in humans.

ANS: pathogens PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

46. Bacteriophages may multiply by a __________ pathway in which the new viral particles are made
quickly and released by lysis.

ANS: lytic PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

47. Bacteriophages may reproduce using a __________ pathway in which viral DNA becomes part of the
host chromosome.

ANS: lysogenic PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

48. __________ or __________ extend from many prokaryotic cells and serve in attachment and motility.

ANS: Pili; flagella PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

49. The __________ is a circular molecule of DNA that resides in a region of cytoplasm called the
__________.

ANS: prokaryotic chromosome; nucleoid PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

50. The 3 types of horizontal gene flow that occur in bacteria are __________, __________, and
__________.

ANS: conjugation; transduction; transformation PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

51. Archaeans include three main groups:__________ (methane producers), __________ (salt lovers), and
__________ (heat lovers).

ANS: methanogens; extreme halophiles; extreme thermophiles

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

52. Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

Viruses and Prokaryotes 179

 ANS:
The first reason is that viruses are not cells, and cell theory states that all living things are cells. The
second reason is that viruses are unable to replicate on their own and depend on host cells to facilitate
the process.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

TOP: VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

53. How does the lysogenic cycle differ from the lytic cycle?

ANS:
For the most part the two are similar. But in the lysogenic cycle, the virus incorporates its genetic
material into the host cell genome. This allows the virus to be replicated along with the host cell
without damaging the host cell.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

TOP: VIRAL REPLICATION

54. How do archaea differ from bacteria?

ANS:
For one, archaea are for more likely to be anaerobic. Second, archaea are more closely related to
eukaryotes. Third, archaea are more apt to prefer extreme environments.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

TOP: ARCHAEA / "PROKARYOTES" - ENDURING, ABUNDANT, AND DIVERSE

55. Why are endospores so dangerous to food production?

ANS:
Endospores are capable of withstanding drying, boiling and radiation. These are the primary
mechanisms by which the food industry sterilizes its products. As a result, the survival of endospores
in food products is a constant danger.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis

TOP: BACTERIAL DIVERSITY

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