Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life 13th Edition Starr Test Bank 1

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CHAPTER 13—OBSERVING PATTERNS IN INHERITED TRAITS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Menacing Mucus OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
1. The CFTR protein product is responsible for: 3. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of
a. pumping chloride ions out of the cell. cystic fibrosis?
b. pumping water out of the cell. a. It produces sticky mucus.
c. pumping chloride ions into the cell. b. It leads to increased bacterial lung
d. fighting off bacterial infections. infections.
e. regulating gene expression. c. The amino acid affected is phenylalanine.
ANS: A PTS: 1 d. It causes insufficient water to leave the
DIF: Easy cells.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge e. All of these are true.
ANS: E PTS: 1
2. Where would the CFTR gene not be heavily DIF: Easy
expressed? OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension |
a. Lungs. Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
b. Reproductive system.
c. Intestines. Mendel, Pea Plants, and Inheritance Patterns
d. Brain.
e. Skin. 4. The pea plant was an excellent choice for
ANS: D PTS: 1 Mendel's experiments because
DIF: Easy a. true-breeding varieties were available.
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 105

b. the plant can self-fertilize.
c. it can be cross-fertilized. Mendel’s Law of Segregation
d. true-breeding varieties were available, and
it can be cross-fertilized. 9. According to Mendel, what kinds of genes
e. true-breeding varieties were available, the "disappear" in F1 pea plants?
plant can self-fertilize, and it can be cross- a. sex-linked
fertilized. b. dominant
ANS: E PTS: 1 c. recessive
DIF: Moderate d. codominant
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation e. lethal
ANS: C PTS: 1
5. A gene locus is DIF: Moderate
a. a recessive gene. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
b. an unmatched allele.
c. a sex chromosome.
d. the location of an allele on a chromosome.
e. a dominant gene.
ANS: D PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6. Various forms of a single gene at a given locus

is called
a. kinetochores.
b. alleles.
c. autosomes.
d. loci.
e. chromatids.
ANS: B PTS: 1
DIF: Easy 10. Using the illustration above and the
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge assumption that half of a plant's sperm and
eggs are a and half are A, one can predict that
7. In humans, the locus of the human growth the chance of sperm a meeting egg A at
hormone gene is on chromosome: fertilization is
a. 15. a. 1/2  1/2.
b. 17. b. 25 percent.
c. 19. c. one out of four.
d. 20. d. 1/2.
e. X. e. all of these EXCEPT 1/2.
ANS: B PTS: 1 ANS: E PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
8. The most accurate description of an organism 11. For Mendel's explanation of inheritance to be
with genotype AaBb is correct,
a. homozygous dominant. a. the genes for the traits he studied have to be
b. heterozygous. located on the same chromosome.
c. heterozygous dominant. b. the combination of gametes at fertilization
d. homozygous recessive. has to be due to chance.
e. heterozygous recessive. c. genes cannot be transmitted independently
ANS: B PTS: 1 of each other.
DIF: Moderate d. only diploid organisms demonstrate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application inheritance patterns.
106 Chapter 13
e. none of these apply. a. true-breeding.
ANS: B PTS: 1 b. recessive.
DIF: Difficult c. hybrid.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension d. dihybrid.
e. heterozygous.
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
12. An individual with a genetic makeup of aa BB OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
is called
13. Which offspring in the illustration above are Beyond Simple Dominance
homozygous recessive for both traits?
a. A 15. In ____, a pair of nonidentical alleles affecting
b. B two phenotypes for a given trait are both
c. C expressed at the same time in heterozygotes.
d. D a. pleiotropy
e. none of these b. polygenic inheritance
ANS: D PTS: 1 c. complete dominance
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application d. codominance
e. a multiple allele system
14. Mendel's dihybrid crosses, but not his ANS: D PTS: 1
monohybrid crosses, show that DIF: Easy
a. some genes are linked together. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
b. the two alleles controlling a trait are
divided equally among the gametes. 16. The ABO blood types are controlled by
c. alleles for different traits are inherited a. pleiotropy.
independently. b. multiple alleles.
d. one of the pair of alleles is dominant to the c. incomplete dominance.
other. d. codominance.
e. the crossing of two different homozygous e. multiple alleles and codominance.
forms will not produce any offspring in the ANS: E PTS: 1
first generation that will look like either of DIF: Moderate
the parents. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis

21. A species is found to exist in one of three

colors. Assuming an epistatic interaction, now
many genes would be involved?
a. 0.
b. 1.
17. The illustration above shows the F2 phenotypes c. 2.
from a monohybrid cross in snapdragons. d. 3.
What type of inheritance produces such an e. 6.
outcome? ANS: C PTS: 1
a. complete dominance DIF: Moderate
b. incomplete dominance OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
c. multiple alleles
d. continuous variation 22. Multiple effects of a single gene is
e. epistasis a. expressivity.
ANS: B PTS: 1 b. penetrance.
DIF: Easy c. codominance.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension d. pleiotropy.
e. multiple alleles.
18. Genes at one locus that affect the expression of ANS: D PTS: 1
genes at a different locus are said to be DIF: Easy
a. epistatic. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
b. linked.
c. codominant. 23. Pleiotropic genes
d. penetrant. a. act on secondary sexual characteristics.
e. alleles. b. influence more than one aspect of
ANS: A PTS: 1 phenotype.
DIF: Easy c. are additive.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge d. produce lethal effects when homozygous.
e. are none of these.
19. The F2 phenotypic ratio of 9:3:4 is a result of a ANS: B PTS: 1
cross involving DIF: Easy
a. two genes expressing complete dominance. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
b. a gene expressing dominance and another
gene expressing codominance. 24. Which of the following is FALSE about
c. two genes expressing codominance. Marfan syndrome?
d. epistasis, in which one gene modifies the a. It results from an autosomal dominant
expression of the other gene. mutation.
e. multiple alleles. b. The affected gene produces a defective
ANS: D PTS: 1 form of the protein fibrillin.
DIF: Difficult c. Connective tissues are weakened.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension | d. It affects one in ten thousand men and
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation women.
e. None of these is false.
20. A gene that produces multiple effects is called ANS: E PTS: 1
a. a multiple allele. DIF: Moderate
b. an autosome. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension |
c. an epistatic gene. Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
d. a pleiotropic gene.
e. an incompletely dominant gene.
ANS: D PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
108 Chapter 13
25. Which of the following is NOT a known effect 29. Which of the following can impact methylation
in the expression of Marfan syndrome? patterns?
a. lanky, loose jointed skeleton a. drugs.
b. weakened blood vessels b. exercise.
c. calcium deposits in aorta c. stress.
d. excessive absorption of oxygen causing the d. diet.
blood cells to swell e. all of these.
e. skin becomes inelastic ANS: E PTS: 1
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension |
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis 30. Yarrow will not alter its phenotype in response
to:
Nature and Nurture a. temperature.
b. soil conditions.
26. The role of environmental factors on gene c. being produced by sexual versus asexual
expression is illustrated by reproduction.
a. the varying plant height of genetically d. water conditions.
identical yarrow plants when grown at e. changing altitude.
different elevations. ANS: C PTS: 1
b. the flower color of hydrangeas grown in DIF: Moderate
soils of differing pH. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
c. the depression response that some persons
make to very stressful situations. 31. In which of the following does environment
d. the fur pattern of Himalayan rabbits. not play a role?
e. all of these. a. depression.
ANS: E PTS: 1 b. bipolar disorder.
DIF: Moderate c. schizophrenia.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension d. depression and schizophrenia.
e. it plays a role in all these.
27. In the classic argument of ‘nature vs. nurture’, ANS: E PTS: 1
nature would most correspond with: DIF: Easy
a. genes. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
b. environment.
c. divine intervention. 32. Which of the following has been correlated
d. environment and genes. with the ability of rats to cope with stress as
e. genes, environment, and genes. adults?
ANS: B PTS: 1 a. A nurturing mother.
DIF: Easy b. The number of siblings they have.
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension c. The temperature they are raised in.
d. The altitude they are born at.
28. Which of the following does not stimulate the e. All of these.
production of males in water fleas? ANS: A PTS: 1
a. spring. DIF: Moderate
b. warm water. OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
c. salty water.
d. high competition for resources.
e. crowding.
ANS: A PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate

Complex Variation in Traits 35. Which of the following is FALSE about
camptodactyly?
33. A bell-shaped curve of phenotypic variation is a. Not all individuals who inherit the allele do
indicative of express the allele.
a. incomplete dominance. b. The condition affects the shape and
b. continuous variation. mobility of fingers.
c. multiple alleles. c. Some individuals have abnormal fingers on
d. epistasis. only one hand.
e. environmental variables on phenotypes. d. It is caused by a multiple allele system.
ANS: B PTS: 1 e. Individual differences in the expression of
DIF: Easy this gene may stem from a variety of
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge causes.
ANS: D PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
36. Height, weight, and eye color are examples of

phenotypes that illustrate all BUT
a. polygenic inheritance.
b. continuous variation.
c. pleiotropy.
d. the action of several gene pairs each with
additive effects.
e. the cumulative effect of several gene
products acting to determine phenotype.
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
34. A graph of phenotypic variation similar to the
37. Unexpected phenotypes can be the result of
illustration above strongly suggests
a. altered metabolic pathways.
a. incomplete dominance.
b. a gene mutating in different ways in
b. codominance.
different individuals.
c. epistasis.
c. an environmental effect during
d. polygenic inheritance.
development.
e. environmental effects on phenotype.
d. a post-developmental environmental effect.
ANS: D PTS: 1 e. any of these.
DIF: Easy
ANS: E PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
38. Which eye color has the gene combination to

deposit the most melanin in the iris?
a. blue.
b. gray.
c. brown.
d. green.
e. all are the same.
ANS: C PTS: 1
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
110 Chapter 13
PROBLEM
39. In a certain plant, when individuals with blue flowers are crossed with individuals with blue flowers,
only blue flowers are produced. Plants with red flowers crossed with plants with red flowers
sometimes produce only red flowers, although other times they produce either red or blue flowers.
When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with blue flowers, sometimes only red flowers
are produced; other times either red or blue flowers are produced. Which gene is dominant?
ANS: Red PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
40. Which is easier to establish in a pure-breeding population, a dominant or a recessive gene?
ANS: Recessive PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension | Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
41. Tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d). Give the F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a
pure-breeding tall plant and a pure-breeding dwarf plant.
ANS: 1 DD, 2 Dd, 1 dd; 3 tall, 1 dwarf PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

42. If wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth hair (w), and you find a wire-haired puppy, how would you
determine its genotype by a genetic breeding experiment? Give both the genotype and phenotype
involved with the cross with the unknown.
ANS: do a testcross (answer to first question) ww/Smooth hair. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
43. In poultry, rose comb is controlled by a dominant allele, and its recessive allele controls single comb.
(a) Give the genotype and phenotype produced from crossing a pure-breeding rose comb chicken
with a pure-breeding single comb chicken.
(b) Give the results of the backcross of the F1 hybrid with both pure-breeding parents.
ANS:
(a) Rr, rose
(b) Rr  RR  all rose, Rr  rr  1/2 rose, 1/2 single
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
44. If black fur color is controlled by a dominant allele (B) and brown by its recessive allele (b), give the
genotypes of the parents and offspring of a cross of a black male with a brown female that produces
1/2 black offspring and 1/2 brown offspring.
ANS:
Black male (Bb)  brown female (bb)
offspring: black (Bb) brown (bb)
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
45. If 2 spot (S) is dominant to 4 spot (s), give the genotypes for the parents in the following crosses:

(a) 2 spot  2 spot yields 2 spot and 4 spot
(b) 2 spot  4 spot yields only 2 spot
(c) 2 spot  4 spot yields 2 spot and 4 spot
(d) 2 spot  2 spot yields only 2 spot
(e) 4 spot  4 spot yields only 4 spot
ANS:
(a) Ss  Ss  S__ + ss
(b) SS  ss  Ss
(c) Ss  ss  Ss + ss
(d) SS  S__  S__
(e) ss  ss  ss
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
46. In humans, normal skin pigmentation is influenced by a dominant gene (C), which allows
pigmentation to develop. All individuals who are homozygous for the recessive allele (c) are unable to
produce an enzyme needed for melanin formation and are therefore referred to as albino. Two normal
parents produce an albino child. What are the chances that the next child will be an albino?
ANS: 1/4 chance PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

47. The allele for albinism (c) is recessive to the allele for normal pigmentation (C). A normally
pigmented woman whose father is an albino marries an albino man whose parents are normal. They
have three children, two normal and one albino. Give the genotypes for each person listed.
ANS:
Normal pigmented woman, Cc; albino father, cc; albino man, cc; normal parents, Cc + Cc; three
children, two normal Cc, 1 albino cc
48. In garden peas, one pair of alleles controls the height of the plant, and a second pair of alleles controls
flower color. The allele for tall (D) is dominant to the allele for dwarf (d), and the allele for purple (P)
is dominant to the allele for white (p). A tall plant with purple flowers crossed with a dwarf plant with
white flowers produces 1/2 tall with purple flowers and 1/2 tall with white flowers. What is the
genotype of the parents?
ANS: DD Pp  dd pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

is dominant to the allele for white (p). A tall plant with white flowers crossed with a dwarf plant with
purple flowers produces all tall offspring with purple flowers. What is the genotype of the parents?
ANS: DD pp  dd PP PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

112 Chapter 13
is dominant to the allele for white (p). A tall plant with purple flowers crossed with a dwarf plant with
white flowers produces 1/4 tall purple, 1/4 tall white, 1/4 dwarf purple, and 1/4 dwarf white. What is
the genotype of the parents?
ANS: Dd Pp  dd pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

is dominant to the allele for white (p). A tall plant with white flowers crossed with a dwarf plant with
purple flowers produces 1/4 tall purple, 1/4 tall white, 1/4 dwarf purple, and 1/4 dwarf white. What is
ANS: Dd pp  dd Pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

is dominant to the allele for white (p). A tall plant with purple flowers crossed with a tall plant with
white flowers produces 3/8 tall purple, 1/8 tall white, 3/8 dwarf purple, and 1/8 dwarf white. What is
ANS: Dd Pp  Dd pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

is dominant to the allele for white (p). A tall purple crossed with a tall purple produces 3/4 tall purple
and 1/4 tall white. What is the genotype of the parents?
ANS: Dd Pp  DD Pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

54. In horses, black coat color is influenced by the dominant allele (B), and chestnut coat color is
influenced by the recessive allele (b). Trotting gait is due to a dominant gene (T), pacing gait to the
recessive allele (t). If a homozygous black trotter is crossed to a chestnut pacer,
(a) what will be the appearance of the F1 and F2 generations?
(b) which phenotype will be the most common?
(c) which genotype will be the most common?
(d) which of the potential offspring will be certain to breed true?
ANS:
(a) F1: black trotters; F2: 9 black trotters, 3 black pacers, 3 chestnut trotters, 1 chestnut pacer
(b) Black trotter
(c) Bb Tt
(d) bb tt, chestnut pacers

55. In horses, black coat color is influenced by the dominant allele (B), and chestnut coat color by the
recessive allele (b). Trotting gait is due to a dominant gene (T), pacing gait to the recessive allele (t).
What color horse would you use to find out the genotype of a black trotter? Give the genotype and
phenotype.
ANS: bb tt, chestnut pacer PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

56. Crosses between a yellow rat with a yellow rat always produce yellow. Crosses between a white rat
with a white rat always produce white. The alleles affect the same aspect of coat color. The crosses of
a white with a yellow produce a cream. What happens if you cross two creams?
ANS: 1 yellow, 2 cream, 2 white PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

57. Assume that red plants crossed with white plants give rise to pink plants. Explain how to eliminate red
plants if you start with two pinks.
ANS:
Cross until you get white and use white in crosses until you cross two whites, then all subsequent
plants will be white.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application | Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
58. If long or round are homozygous forms of an incompletely dominant gene, and oval is the phenotype
of the heterozygote, give the F2 ratio of the cross between long and round (both genotype and
phenotype).
ANS: 1 LL, 2 Ll, 1 ll; 1 long, 2 oval, 1 round PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
59. A breeder of cattle has a herd of white cows and a roan bull. Hair color in this breed is controlled by an
incompletely dominant gene. The two homozygous forms are either red or white, and the heterozygous
is roan.
(a) What colors of calves are expected and in what proportions?
(b) Outline a procedure to develop an all-red herd.
ANS:
(a) 1/2 white, 1/2 roan
(b) Roan with white  roan, roan  roan  red, roan  red  red, red  red  red
60. In radishes, two incompletely dominant genes control color and shape. Red and white radishes are
homozygous, whereas the hybrid is purple. Long and round are homozygous and, if crossed, will
produce an oval hybrid. Give the F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratio produced by crossing pure-breed
red long radishes with white round varieties.
ANS:
1 LL RR long red, 2 LL Rr long purple, 2 Ll RR oval red, 4 Ll RR oval purple, 1 ll RR round red, 1 ll Rr
round oval, 1 Ll rr long white, 2 Ll rr oval white, 1 ll rr round white
114 Chapter 13
61. In a certain breed of chicken, an incomplete dominant gene controls color. The homozygous black,
when crossed with the homozygous splashed-white, produces an intermediate gray color pattern
referred to as blue. A second gene controls the shape of the comb. The dominant allele (R) produces
rose, whereas the recessive allele (r) produces single. Give the F1 and F2 genotypic and phenotypic
ratios of a cross between a pure-breeding black single and a pure-breeding splashed-white rose.
ANS:
F1: Bb Rr blue rose; F2: 3 BB R__ black rose, 6 Bb R__ blue rose, 3 bb R__ splashed-white rose, 1 BB
rr black single, 2 Bb rr blue single, 1 bb rr splashed-white single
62. There are three alleles controlling the ABO blood types. IA and IB are codominant genes so that the
combination IAIB produces the AB blood type. The third allele, IO, is recessive to the other two alleles.
Indicate which of these parents could produce the given child:
Parents Child Yes or No

(a) A  AB B
(b) AO A
(c) AB O
(d) A  AB O
(e) A  AB B
(f) BB O
(g) AB  AB A
ANS:
(a) yes
(b) yes
(c) yes
(d) no
(e) yes
(f) yes
(g) yes
63. In horses, there are four alleles at the A locus. Arranged in dominance sequence they are:
A (wild), ab (bay), ac (brown), ad (black)
If you bred several bay mares whose sires were brown to a brown stallion whose sire was black, what
are the genotypes of the parents; what type of offspring would be produced; and in what proportion?
ANS: abac  acad; 1/2 bay, 1/2 brown PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
64. In rabbits, there are four alleles at the c locus. Arranged in dominance sequence they are:
C (agouti), cch(chinchilla), ch(Himalayan), and c (albino)

(a) Is it possible to cross two agouti rabbits and produce both chinchilla and Himalayan
offspring?
(b) Is it possible to cross two chinchillas and produce 1/2 chinchilla and 1/2 Himalayan?
ANS:
(a) no
(b) not likely but possible--would expect a 3:1
65. A cross of two Kerry horses always produces Kerry. A cross of a Kerry with a Dexter produces 1/2
and 1/2. Crosses of two Dexters produce two Dexters for every Kerry. Explain.
ANS:
Kerry is homozygous (DD), Dexter is heterozygous (Dd), dd is lethal.
66. In the late 1920s, a mutation occurred in many silver fox farms around the world. The fox farms that
sold expensive furs were proud of the quality of their furs, and each advertised that it had the best,
purest breed of all the fox farms. The new mutations produced a "platinum" coat pattern that was
commercially desirable, so the farms crossed them to get more. The results of their breeding
experiments were as follows: (1) silver  silver >>> all silver offspring; (2) silver  platinum >>>
equal numbers of silver and platinum; (3) platinum  platinum >>> two platinum for each silver
offspring. Explain.
ANS: PP (silver), Pp (platinum), pp (lethal) PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

67. In poultry, the genes for rose comb (R) and pea comb (P) produce walnut whenever they occur
together (R__ P__); single-combed individuals have the homozygous condition for both genes (rr pp).
(a) Give the F1 and F2 phenotypic results of a cross of a pure-breeding rose comb (RR pp) with a
pure-breeding pea comb (rr PP).
(b) Give the phenotypic results of a cross of Rr Pp  rr Pp.
(c) Give the phenotypic results of a cross of RR Pp  rr Pp.
(d) Give the phenotypic results of a cross of Rr pp  rr Pp.
(e) Give the phenotypic results of a cross of Rr Pp  rr pp.
ANS:
(a) F1: Rr Pp walnut; F2: 9 R__P__ walnut, 3 R__pp rose, 3 rr P__ pea, 1 rr pp single
(b) 3/8 walnut, 3/8 pea, 1/8 rose, 1/8 single
(c) 3/4 walnut, 1/4 rose
(d) 1/4 walnut, 1/4 rose, 1/4 pea, 1/4 single
(e) 1/4 walnut, 1/4 rose, 1/4 pea, 1/4 single
68. Congenital deafness in humans is due to the homozygous condition of either of the recessive genes d
or e, or both of these genes. Both dominant D and E are necessary for normal hearing. Gene D/d
affects the middle ear, while gene E/e affects the inner ear. It does not matter how good the normal
inner ear (as indicated by E__) is; if there is something wrong in the middle ear, the individual is
unable to hear. The same applies for the other gene. Give the phenotypic results of the following
crosses:
116 Chapter 13
(a) Dd EE  Dd EE
(b) Dd Ee  Dd Ee
(c) dd EE  DD ee
(d) Dd EE  Dd ee
(e) Dd EE  DD Ee
ANS:
(a) 3/4 normal, 1/4 deaf
(b) 9/16 normal, 7/16 deaf
(c) all normal
(d) 3/4 normal, 1/4 deaf
(e) all normal
69. White fruit color in summer squash is influenced by a dominant allele W, whereas colored fruit must
be ww. In the presence of ww, a dominant gene G results in yellow fruit, and if the individual had both
recessive genes in the homozygous condition, it would be green. Give the F2 phenotypic ratios
resulting from a cross of a pure-breeding white of genotype WW GG with a green.
ANS: 12/16 W__ __ __ white, 3/16 ww G __ yellow, 1/16 ww gg green
70. In cultivated stocks, the cross of a variety of white flower plants produced all red flowers in the F1
generation, but the F2 generation produced 87 red, 31 cream, and 39 white. Explain these results by
giving the genotypes possible for each phenotype.
ANS:
R-red, r-cream, A-pigment, a-albino
9 R__ A__ red, 3 rr A__ cream, 4 __aa white
71. In summer squash, spherical-shaped fruit has been shown to be dominant to elongated fruit. On one
occasion two different spherical varieties were crossed and produced all disk-shaped fruits. When
these hybrid disk-shaped fruits were crossed, they produced 75 disk-shaped fruits, 48 spherical fruits,
and 9 elongated fruits. Explain these results.
ANS:
9 D__ S__ disk, 3 D__ ss spherical, 3 dd S__ spherical, 1 dd ss elongated; the presence of both
dominant genes produces disk, whereas the presence of either one of the genes as homozygous
recessive produces spherical, and both recessive produces elongated fruit.
72. In sweet peas, genes C and P are necessary for colored flowers. In the absence of either (__ pp or cc
__) or both (cc pp), the flowers are white. What will be the color of the offspring of the crosses listed
below and in what proportions?
(a) Cc Pp  cc pp
(b) Cc Pp  Cc Pp
(c) Cc PP  Cc pp
(d) Cc pp  cc Pp

ANS:
(a) 1/4 color, 3/4 white
(b) 9/16 color, 7/16 white
(c) 3/4 color, 1/4 white
(d) 1/4 color, 3/4 white
73. In sweet peas, genes C and P are necessary for colored flowers. In the absence of either (__ pp or cc
__) or both (cc pp), the flowers are white. Give the probable genotype of a plant with colored flowers
and a plant with white flowers that produced 38 plants with colored flowers and 42 plants with white
flowers.
ANS: Cc Pp  CC pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

74. In a certain variety of plants, a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant
produced an all-red flower F1. In the F2 there were 140 red, 50 cream, and 65 white.
(a) Offer an explanation for this F2 ratio.
(b) What ratio would be produced in a testcross of the F1 hybrid?
(c) What ratio would be produced if all the white F2 plants were crossed among themselves?
ANS:
(a) R-red, r-cream, A-color, a-albino; 9 R__A__ red, 3 rr A__ cream, 4__ aa white
(b) 1/4 red, 1/4 cream, 1/2 white
(c) all offspring would be white because all would be __aa
75. In a certain breed of chicken, two genes control color. A dominant allele (I) inhibits the expression of
any color gene (C). A second recessive gene (c) results in albinism when homozygous (cc). Give the
F2 phenotypic ratio of a colored chicken ii CC with a white II cc.
ANS: 9 I__C__ + 3 I__ cc + 1 ii cc = 13 white + 3 ii C__ = 3 color
76. In mice the allele for colored fur (C) is dominant to the allele for albinism (c). The allele for normal
behavior (W) is dominant to that for waltzing movement (w). Give the probable genotypes of the
parents if they produced the offspring listed after the following crosses:
(a) colored normal  white waltzer produced 10 colored normal, 8 colored waltzers, 2 white
waltzers, 11 white normal
(b) colored normal  white normal produced 35 colored normal, 13 colored waltzers
(c) colored normal  colored normal produced 37 colored normal, 14 colored waltzers, 9 white
normal, and 5 white waltzers
ANS:
(a) Cc Ww  cc ww
(b) CC Ww  cc Ww
(c) Cc Ww  Cc Ww
118 Chapter 13
77. Pure-breeding yellow guinea pigs crossed with pure-breeding white ones produce only cream-colored
offspring. This pattern indicates incomplete dominance. Rough hair is found to be dominant to smooth
hair. Give the F1 and F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross of a smooth, white guinea pig with
a homozygous, rough, yellow guinea pig.
ANS:
F1: rough cream Yy Rr; F2: 3 YY R__ yellow rough, 6 Yy R__ cream rough, 3 yy R__ white rough, 1 YY
rr yellow smooth, 2 Yy rr cream smooth, 1 yy rr white smooth
78. There are nine coat colors known in foxes. If a red fox were crossed with a double-black fox, all the
hybrids would be red above and black below in a pattern known as blended cross. If two blended
crosses were mated, the F2 ratio would be as follows: 1 red, 2 smoky red, 2 cross red, 4 blended cross,
1 standard silver, 2 substandard silver, 1 Alaskan silver, 2 sub-Alaskan silver, and 1 double black.
(a) Using the letters A/a and B/b to serve as the genes for these animals, develop a genotype for
each variety listed.
(b) Two crosses will produce all blended-cross offspring. One is used above (red fox  double
black); what is the other?
(c) List the genotype and phenotype of all the pure-breeding foxes.
(d) Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of a cross between two substandard silvers.
(e) Give the genotype and phenotype of the offspring produced in a cross of a sub-Alaskan silver
and a cross red.
ANS:
(a) 1 AA BB red
2 AA Bb smoky red
2 Aa BB cross red
4 Aa Bb blended cross
1 aa BB standard silver
2 aa Bb substandard silver
1 AA bb Alaskan silver
2 Aa bb sub-Alaskan silver
1 aa bb double black
(b) aa BB standard silver  AA bb Alaskan silver
(c) AA BB red, AA bb Alaskan silver, aa BB standard silver, aa bb double black
(d) 1 standard silver aa BB
2 substandard silver aa Bb, 1 double black aa bb
(e) 1 smokey red AA Bb, 2 blended cross Aa Bb, 1 substandard silver aa Bb
79. In the garden pea, Mendel found that tall (D) green pods (G) and inflated pods (C) were dominant to
their alleles, dwarf (d) yellow pods (g) and constricted pods (c). Given the following genotypes,
determine the chances of producing the offspring shown.
(a) DD Gg Cc  Dd Gg cc  DD gg Cc
(b) DD Gg Cc  Dd Gg Cc  tall green pod, constricted pod
(c) Dd Gg Cc  Dd GG cc  tall green pod, inflated pod
(d) Dd Gg Cc  Dd Gg Cc  D__ G__ cc
(e) Dd Gg Cc  Dd gg CC  D__ G__ C__
(f) Dd gg cc  DD Gg cc  tall green pod, inflated pod

(g) Dd Gg Cc  Dd Gg Cc  Dd Gg Cc
(h) Dd Gg Cc  Dd Gg Cc  dd gg cc
ANS:
(a) (1/2) (1/4) (1/2) = 1/16
(b) (1) (3/4) (1/4) = 3/16
(c) (3/4) (1) (1/2) = 3/8
(d) (3/4) (3/4) (1/4) = 9/64
(e) (3/4) (1/2) (1) = 3/8
(f) (1) (1/2) 0 = 0
(g) (2/4) (2/4) (2/4) = 8/64
(h) (1/4) (1/4) (1/4) = 1/64
80. In tomatoes, red (R) is dominant to yellow (r), tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and smooth (H) is
dominant to peach or hairy (h).
(a) How many different genotypes are there in relationship to these three characteristics?
(b) How many different phenotypes are there in relationship to these three characteristics?
(c) How many different homozygous pure-breeding forms can be produced?
ANS:
(a) 27
(b) 8
(c) 8
81. If you were following the inheritance patterns of two different sets of multiple alleles located on
different chromosomes, how many different possible gametes could be produced if locus 1 had five
possible alleles and locus 2 had six alleles?
ANS: 30 possibilities PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

MATCHING
Classification. Answer the following questions using the group of answers below.
a. 4 d. 12
b. 6 e. 24
c. 8
82. In a dihybrid cross between a parent that is a double heterozygote (Aa Bb) and a parent that is
homozygous dominant for one gene and heterozygous for the other (AA Bb), how many unique
genotypes potentially will be present in their offspring?
83. In a dihybrid cross between a parent that is a double heterozygote (Aa Bb) and a parent that is
homozygous recessive for one gene and heterozygous for the other (aa Bb), how many unique
phenotypes potentially will be present in their offspring?
84. In a dihybrid cross between a parent that is a double heterozygote (Aa Bb) and a parent that is a double
homozygous recessive (aa bb), how many unique phenotypes potentially will be present in their
offspring?
120 Chapter 13
85. Plant species X is diploid (2n = 24) and has a quantitative trait, the expression of which is controlled
by gene loci on each of its chromosomes. What is the maximum number of alleles for this trait that any
one individual of species X could have?
86. Animal species X is tetraploid (4n = 12). Following gene duplication and translocation, a given gene is
found on each chromosome. How many alleles for this gene can be present in an individual of this
species?
82. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application MSC: Classification
83. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
84. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
85. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
86. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
SHORT ANSWER
87. Heritable units of information about traits are called __________.
ANS: genes PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

88. Different molecular forms of the same gene are __________.
ANS: alleles PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

89. The offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait are
__________.
ANS: hybrids PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

90. An individual that has two dominant alleles for a trait (AA) is __________.
ANS: homozygous dominant PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

91. A homozygous recessive where "A" represents the trait has two recessive alleles symbolized by
__________.
ANS: (aa) PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

92. A __________ is a hybrid, with two nonidentical alleles (Aa).
ANS: heterozygote PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


93. __________ refers to an individual's observable traits.
ANS: Phenotypic PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

94. Mendel's monohybrid experiment results led to his law of __________.
ANS: segregation PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

95. __________ assorts gene pairs of homologous chromosomes independently of gene pairs on all other
chromosomes.
ANS: Meiosis PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

96. Provide evidence for and against the now disproven concept of blended inheritance?
ANS:
It is easy to see why people believed in blended inheritance. Speaking generally, and especially for
humans, offspring generally tend to look like a combination of their parents. However, there are two
key observations to oppose blended inheritance. First, sometimes offspring produce a trait not present
in either parent, and this would not occur in blending were in control in inheritance. Second, offspring
often possess a trait present in one parent or the other, not a combination of the two.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

TOP: MENDEL, PEA PLANTS, AND INHERITANCE PATTERNS
97. Explain what genetic ‘trick’ could have confounded Mendel is his recognition of segregation?
ANS:
If Mendel had picked traits controlled by a pleiotropic gene, he would have found that those traits did
move independently. In that case, the clean segregation observed in his other traits would have been
completely absent.

TOP: MENDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION
98. Classically, nature and nurture have been considered as two very separate factors impacting
phenotype. Considering what we have learned of methylation, is this always the case?
ANS:
Methylation provides an interesting combination of nature and nurture. On one hand, methylation is
clearly impacted both positively and negatively by what the individual experiences, making it nurture.
However, those methylation patterns can be passed through multiple generations and impact them,
making it nurture.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

TOP: NATURE AND NURTURE
122 Chapter 13
99. Consider the work Mendel did with his pea plants. Why is the study of human genetics much more
difficult?
ANS:
Compared to peas, humans are a difficult species on which to perform genetics. First, we have a long
generation time making studies of the multiple generations difficult. Second, we produce relatively
few offspring which weakens statistical analysis. Third, we can’t ethically be told who to mate with so
controlling crosses is difficult. Fourth, we can’t self-fertilize. Fifth, many of our traits do not follow
simple Mendelian inheritance patterns. The list goes on and on.

TOP: MENDEL, PEA PLANTS, AND INHERITANCE PATTERNS

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CHAPTER 13—OBSERVING PATTERNS IN INHERITED TRAITS

Menacing Mucus OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 105

6. Various forms of a single gene at a given locus

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 107

21. A species is found to exist in one of three

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 109

36. Height, weight, and eye color are examples of

38. Which eye color has the gene combination to

ANS: Red PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

40. Which is easier to establish in a pure-breeding population, a dominant or a recessive gene?

ANS: Recessive PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

ANS: 1 DD, 2 Dd, 1 dd; 3 tall, 1 dwarf PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 111

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: 1/4 chance PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: DD Pp  dd pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

ANS: DD pp  dd PP PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

ANS: Dd Pp  dd pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

ANS: Dd pp  dd Pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

ANS: Dd Pp  Dd pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

ANS: Dd Pp  DD Pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 113

ANS: bb tt, chestnut pacer PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

ANS: 1 yellow, 2 cream, 2 white PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Parents Child Yes or No

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

A (wild), ab (bay), ac (brown), ad (black)

C (agouti), cch(chinchilla), ch(Himalayan), and c (albino)

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 115

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: PP (silver), Pp (platinum), pp (lethal) PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: 12/16 W__ __ __ white, 3/16 ww G __ yellow, 1/16 ww gg green

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 117

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: Cc Pp  CC pp PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: 9 I__C__ + 3 I__ cc + 1 ii cc = 13 white + 3 ii C__ = 3 color

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits 119

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

ANS: 30 possibilities PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

82. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

87. Heritable units of information about traits are called __________.

ANS: genes PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

ANS: 12/16 W white, 3/16 ww G yellow, 1/16 ww gg green

ANS: 9 IC + 3 I cc + 1 ii cc = 13 white + 3 ii C = 3 color