LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

PART 1 Multiple Choice. More than one choice may apply.

1. Lymph capillaries
a. are open-ended, like drinking straws.
b. have continuous tight junctions, like the capillaries of the brain.
c. contain endothelial cells separated by flaplike valves that can open wide.
d. have special barriers that stop cancer cells from entering.
2. Which parts of the lymph node show increased activity when antibody production is high?
a. Germinal centers c. Medullary cords
b. Outer follicle d. Medullary sinuses
3. Which of the following connect to the lymph node at the hilum?
a. Afferent lymphatic vessels c. Trabeculae
b. Efferent lymphatic vessels d. Anchoring filaments
4. Which of the following are part of MALT?
a. Tonsils c. Peyer’s patches
b. Thymus d. Any lymphoid tissue along the digestive tract
5. Developmentally, embryonic lymphatic vessels are most closely associated with the
a. veins. c. nerves.
b. arteries. d. thymus gland.
6. Which of the following are among the most common indicators of inflammation?
a. Phagocytosis c. Leukocytosis
b. Edema d. Pain
7. Chemical mediators of inflammation include
a. interferon. c. histamine.
b. complement. d. antibodies.
8. Against which of the following will interferon do some good?
a. Infection of body cells by a virus c. Some types of cancer
b. Circulating free viruses d. Bacterial infection
9. Which of these antibody classes is usually arranged as a pentamer?
a. IgG c. IgA
b. IgM d. IgD
10. Where exactly does an antigen bind to an antibody molecule?
a. Heavy-chain constant region c. Light-chain constant region
b. Heavy-chain variable region d. Light-chain variable region
11. Which of the following antibody capabilities causes a transfusion reaction with A or B erythrocyte antigens?
a. Neutralization c. Complement fixation
b. Precipitation d. Agglutination
12. Which of the following is/are examples of autoimmune disease?
a. Type 1 diabetes c. Graves’ disease
b. Multiple sclerosis d. Rheumatoid arthritis
13. The main cellular target of the HIV virus that causes AIDS is
a. helper T cells. c. macrophages.
b. cytotoxic T cells. d. B cells.
PART 2 Short Answer Essay
14. What is the most important function of the lymph nodes?
15. Compare and contrast blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
16. What is the special role of the tonsils? The spleen?
17. Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin and mucosae of the body contribute to body protection in other ways.
Cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, keratin, acid pH, and cilia.
18. What is complement? Besides bacterial lysis, what are some of the roles of complement?
19. Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect
uninfected cells?
20. Define immune response.
21. What is the difference between a complete antigen and an incomplete antigen (hapten)?
22. Differentiate clearly between humoral and cellular immunity.
23. Although the immune system has two arms, it has been said, “No T cells, no immunity.” How is this
so?
24. Define immunocompetence. What indicates that a B cell or T cell has developed immunocompetence? Where does
the “programming phase” occur in the case of B cells?
25. Binding of antigens to receptors of immunocompetent lymphocytes leads to clonal selection. Describe the process of
clonal selection. What nonlymphocyte cell is a central actor in this process, and what is its function?
26. Name the cell types that would be present in a B cell clone, and give the function of each type.
27. Describe the specific roles of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells in cell-mediated immunity. Which is thought to
be disabled in AIDS?
28. Compare and contrast a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid, and why?
29. Describe the structure of an antibody, and explain the importance of its variable and constant regions.
30. Name the five classes of immunoglobulins. Answer the following questions:
a. Which is most likely to be found attached to a B cell membrane?
b. Which is most abundant in plasma?
c. Which is important in allergic responses?
d. Which is the first Ig to be released during the primary response?
e. Which can cross the placental barrier?

PART 3 Critical Thinking and Clinical Applications

31. As an infant receives her first dose of oral polio vaccine, the nurse explains to her parents that the vaccine is a
preparation of weakened virus. What type of immunity will the infant develop?
33. Mr. James, an 80-year-old man, is grumbling about having to receive a flu shot every year. Flu viruses have a high
mutation rate (undergo rapid genetic changes), which results in the appearance of new proteins on the flu virus’s “coat.”
How does this help explain the need to get a flu shot each year?