1. It is defined as an ion or molecule that 5.

What is the respiratory response to the

can accept a hydrogen ion (H+)* increase in hydrogen ion concentration in
the extracellular fluid?*
acid

base 1 point
buffer

alkali increase ventilation rate

Option 5 decrease ventilation rate

production of new HCO3-

2. What is a buffer system?*
reabsorption of CO2

add H+ to ions/molecules from outside 6. What is the most important stimuli for
sources
increasing hydrogen ion secretion by the
reabsorb H+ through active transport
mechanism to maintain homeostasis
tubules in acidosis?*

keep H+ tied up temporarily until homeostasis

is established 1 point

eliminate H+ from the body by binding to

molecules/ions decrease pCO2 in the ECF

3. What is the most powerful acid-base decrease H+ concentration of the ECF

regulatory system?* increase production of new HCO3-

increase pCO2 of the extracellular fluid (ECF)

physicochemical buffering
7. What is the physiologic type of buffer
chemical acid-base buffer system
system?*
respiratory regulation

renal regulation
1 point
4. What is the most important acid-base
buffer system in the extracellular fluid respiratory buffer system
(ECF)?* ammonia buffer system

phosphate buffer system

1 point renal buffer system

bicarbonate buffer system 8. What is the effect of ammonia buffer

system?*
physicochemical buffer

phosphate buffer
1 point
ammonia buffer
 hydrogen ion secreted in the tubular lumen
12. During a fraternity hazing Mario was
combines with a buffer other than HCO3-, thus
addition of new HCO3- forced to drink 5L of distilled water. Which
secretion of H+ by secondary active transport of the following responses is LEAST
at the membranes LIKELY to happened?*
reabsorption of filtered HCO3-

generation of new HCO3- whenever H+ is 1 point

secreted

9. In respiratory alkalosis, what is the Decrease in Plasma osmolality

expected compensatory mechanism?* No change in urinary solute excretion

Decrease in urine osmolality

1 point Increase in urine volume

13. Even in the presence of ADH, the

increase pCO2
tubular fluid in which renal tubule remain
decrease pCO2
hypoosmotic?*
decrease plasma HCO3-

Option 4
1 point

10. In metabolic acidosis, what is the

primary event causing that condition?* Descending loop of Henle

Proximal tubules

1 point Ascending loop of Henle

Late Distal tubules

decrease pCO2
14. What is the minimal volume of urine
decrease in bicarbonate
that must be excreted daily?*
increase pCO2

increase bicarbonate
1 point

11. Which hormones is responsible for the

excretion of water independent of the 50 ml

solute excretion?* 500ml

100 ml

1 point 1000ml

15. What is responsible for creating a

Antidiuretic hormone
hyperosmotic renal medulla?*
Aldosterone

Renin
1 point
Angiotensin II
 ADH
19. During massive increase in the volume
Counter current exchanger of ECF which of the following will occur?*
Low medullary blood flow

Counter current multiplier 1 point

16. Tubular Characteristic* Massive increase of the Intravascular volume

Expansion of the ICF volume

Massive Expansion of the interstitial fluid

volume

Both the Intravascular and interstitial fluid

volume will massively increase in volume

20. Condition that can cause large

increase in blood volume and the ECF
volume*

1 point

Dehydration

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Nephrotic syndrome

Liver Cirrhosis

21. An increase intake of salt without

concomitant intake of water will LEAST
LIKELY result in which response?*
17. What is responsible for minimizing the
washout of solute in the renal medulla?*
1 point
1 point
activation of thirst mechanism
Loop of Henle
Recirculation of Urea activation of the renin aldosterone response
Vasa recta
High metabolic activity of the renal cortex release of atrial natriuretic peptide

18. No question sa form reduce release of ADH from the posterior

Alteration in GFR pituitary gland

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system 22. Which of the following will be expected
Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis in a person with hypoaldosteronism?*
Tubular reabsorption of Sodium
1 point
 Hypertension
Marked decreased in serum osmolality
Hyponatremia
Excessive thirst
23. Which of the following statement
regarding the regulation of Sodium in the
body is LEAST LIKELY to be correct?*
1 point
In normal condition humans tend to ingest
more salt than what is needed by the body to
survive
Sodium is mainly removed from the body by
the kidneys
Changes in serum sodium concentration is
associated with appropriate changes in the
plasma osmolality
Derangement in Serum Na concentration will
lead to alteration in ECF volume
24.
25. In congestive heart failure, there is
continuous reabsorption of Na and water
despite an expanded ECF volume. What
is the underlaying pathology in this
abnormality in Na and water reabsorption?
* 1 point
1 point
Reduced effective circulatory volume
Hyperaldosteronism
Dilutional Hyponatremia
Hypoalbuminemia resulting the accumulation
of fluid in the interstitial spaces
26. Which of the following is the primary
determinant in the movement of fluid in
and out of the cell membrane*
1 point
Sodium
Urea
Glucose
Bicarbonates
27. The receptors located in the large
vessels , pulmonary artery and right atria
are activated by changes in:*
1 point
intravascular volume
All of the above
the interstitial fluid volume
plasma osmolality
28. Which of the following individuals is
most likely to exhibit a rapid and
stronger pressure diuresis and natriuresis
when there is an increase in arterial
pressure?*
 A person with normal blood pressure

A person with chronic hypertension

A person with decreased blood pressure

A person whose angiotensin II control of

natriuresis is impaired

29. What is the effect of Angiotensin II*

1 point

Directly stimulate the proximal tubule to

reabsorption of sodium

Decreases the secretion of Aldosterone

Indirectly increases the peritubular capillary

hydrostatic pressure by constricting the
afferent arterioles

Increase secretion of ADH