ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE L C OSCILLATIONS TRANSFORMER POWER CONSUMED

ALTERNATING CURRENT IN AC CIRCUIT

When the magnitude and direction of Laminated sheets

Average Power dissipation,
current and voltage change continuosly L – R CIRCUIT <P> = Erms I rms cosφ
with time, then current or voltage is said AC SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
L Power factor, cosφ =
to be alternating. L R
q0 C Source Input output
VL VR Average Power R
RESISTIVE CIRCUIT =
Iron core rms Power Z
R E = E sin t
E and I
I=I sin t

I I It is defined as the oscillation

I I
of energy between capacitor Transformer ratio, Wattless Current
O
t E=E0sin t
3 2 2
2 and inductor. Ns No. of turns in Secondary
K= = Erms
T t T
Np No. of turns in Primary (Irmssinφ)
t
E = E0sin t XL Frequency of Oscillation,
-I
-I
φ = 0° Z s
I as a sine function I as a cosine function VI
current and voltage
f=
1 1 co
of t of t Pav = 0 0
are in same phase.
2π LC ASSUMPTIONS I

s
x

rm
2
R Irms

I rms
q0
I = I0 sin(ωt + φ ) or EC EC =
2C
cos2 ωt

sin
I = I0 cos (ωt + φ )
INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT I = I0 sin(ωt − φ) No magnetic flux leakage,
Z= R +X 2 2
t
When the power consumption
I = instantaneous values of current L L
T/2 T Es = Ns in AC circuit is zero, then
I = peak value or amplitude Inductive reactance, XL = ωL
EL Ep = Np

E and I
E = E0 sin t
EL
q0
sin2 t
current is said to be wattless
ω = angular frequency −1  X  2C current.
Phase angle φ = tan  L 
φ = initial phase. O /2 3 /2 2  R 
Wattless current is a sine
t No power loss, efficiency
T/2 T component of current
I = I0 (sin t – /2) (n) = 100%.
R – C CIRCUIT q0
Average or Mean Value E=E0sinωt EC = cos2 ωt pOut
π
I = I0 sin(ωt − ) C R
2C n= × 100% , Pin= POut
q pin Half power Frequency
I
2
π EL = 0 sin2 ωt
I0sin t φ= VC VR
2C
2 Ip = Es = Ns Frequency at which power
π
t
Voltage leads current by •
Is = Ep = Np
0 T/2 T
2 becomes half of its maximum
2I0 P av = 0 value.
Iav = 2V0 E = E0sin t
At half Power frequency,
π Vavg =
π P
LCR CIRCUIT
cosφ = 1 or φ = 60⁰
I O X
CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT R
2V0 L C R Y 2
Vavg = I0sin t C E = E0sin t XL
E and I

π XC Z Q
0
t VL VC VR
T/2 T
t XL–Xc Z Quality Factor
O Q S
/2 3 /2 2
O x
R P It represents sharpness
I = I0sin(ωt + /2) I = I 0 sin ( ωt + φ ) E = E0sinωt I
E = E0sin t R curve (I vs f).
Xc
π Z= R +X 2 2
It is unitless and
ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE I = I0 sin(ωt + ) C • I = I0 sin(ωt ± φ)
2
2I π π Capacitive reactance, XC = 1 dimensionless.
φ = − or R <R <R
Iav = 0 2 2 ωC • Z = R2 + (XL − XC )2
ω0L 1 L
π X  Q=
Current leads voltage by π
• φ = tan−1  C  =
 R   X − XC 
φ = tan−1  L R R R C
Vav =
2V0
Pav = 0 2 •
 R 

π f0
Q=
band width (∆f)
RESONANCE IN SERIES LCR CIRCUIT

Variation of Z with F R
Y
t = T/4 f f Sharpness ∝ Q
I0sin t
I0
I0sin t t Zmin = R
I0cos t t = 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T Variation of I with f
E E
φ = 0° Imax = = 1) f< f 0 , X L< X
φ ( negative )
C
Zmin R Imax
t = 3T/4 Conditions Capacitive in nature.
Z Imax
. The projection phasor on x – axis or y – axis gives for resonance 2) f = f 0 , XL=XC φ=0
E
As frequency (f) increases 2 Imax
the instantaneous value of Alternating Resistive in nature
cosφ = 1 X L = XC R current (I) decreases R
current/voltage. f
3) f> f 0 , XL> X C φ ( Positive ) I
. A phase rotates with angular speed ω about the
VL = VC Resonant
Inductive in nature. f0 f Band Width, ∆f = f 2 - f1
origin. frequency,
. Arrow length of this vector is equal to the peak fo = 1
f1 f0 f2 f
value of Alternating current/voltage. 2π LC

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