Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Linear networks
• Diode
• Non-linear networks
• Load-line method
• Bridge rectifier
Learning outcomes
1. Calculate the voltage, current and power in a non-linear device (e.g. sili-
con diode, l.e.d.) by the load line method or by representing it as a simple
equivalent network.
2. Carry out peak, mean and ripple voltage calculations for capacitor-
smoothed and unsmoothed half-wave and bridge rectifiers.
a
INFINITE
vak RESISTANCE
6
FORWARD
A
A
CURRENT
k POWER
A
P = 0.
A
AU
VOLTAGE
8.2 Application: LR transient suppression
R
+
E
8.3 Real and model diode characteristics
- p
TO OVERCOME
SPRING
Analogous imperfections:
V
1. small threshold voltage ak0 [an operating pressure]
1. an ideal diode
V
2. a constant e.m.f., ak0, acting against current
3. an internal resistance R
Vak0 0:7 V
FIT CURVE
Forward current z
X
l
MODEL:
AT ONE
POINT
+ 9
- WORK >
Vak0
+ HEAT>
>
=
>0
IF
i
>
a
>
>
;
R
l
HEAT
-
Vak0 6= 0,
R 6= 0, FIT
C
C
1. They emit light ( red ... green ... orange ... infra-red ) while conducting
V
2. ak0 is 1.2 to 2 V, compared to 0.7 V for a normal diode
600 Ò E = 10 V:
WHILE
+ 10 600ia 1:3 = 0 V
+ KVL !10
10 V
E 1 3
:
@
@
'$
1.3V ∴i = = 14:5 mA
600
0V &% a
V
More complicated diode model: include ak0, diode resistance in the loop
8.6 Load-line method
SOURCE a x LOAD
ib RS ix Z
Z ix, ib
Current
Z
x SOURCE LOAD
Z
6 6 Z
+
vab vxy
Z
Z
Z
?
Z
E
Z
+
Z
Z
y
Z
Z
Z
CO Z
C Z
C Z
Z
b y
C Z
C Z
C Z
E ibRS vab = 0
KVL: C Z
Z
C Z
OPERATING
Z
Z
NON-LINEAR.
vxy, vab
Z
Z
POINT Z
TEST IT:
Z
Z
Z
Voltage
Z
ON CONNECTION:
Z
i i
Z
b= x
Z
KCL:
KVL: v
ab = xy v
8.7 Power supplies
1. The a.c. voltage is reduced, with minimal power loss, using a transformer.
From now on, we will assume diodes to be ideal, in order to keep the princi-
ples clear.
8.7.1 Half-wave rectifier
Vm
vL
Voltage
e.g.
vac vL
6 6
Time
transformer Load
output
vac
*
Problem 3.3 showed that the average value of a rectified sinusoidal voltage
V = 2Vm=. Here Va = Vm=.
is a
8.7.2 Smoothing
Most loads require smooth d.c. rather than the pulses delivered by a recti-
fier.
To achieve this a large reservoir or smoothing capacitor is connected across
the load.
Voltage
A
A A
A 6 AA
U 6
AAU
6
Time
vac C vL Load
6 6
(e) The diode allows current to re-charge the capacitor as well as supplying
the load.
• If there is no load resistor, the output current from a rectified and smoothed
supply is zero, so that L v = Vm =const. whatever the value of C.
• If there is a load, vL has a mean value Vdc < Vm, and it varies periodically
with a peak-peak amplitude Vrpp, the ripple voltage.
V
The following approximate analysis assumes that rpp is small.
p
Vm (= 2Vrms)
@
@
@
Voltage 1=f -
1
dv
Vrpp f dt
@
R
@ ?
av
Vdc 6
Vdc
6
AVERAGE i =
R L
XX
= 0 AT
dv t = = RL C
Xz
X
= C dt
av
Time, t
1. capacitor is discharging for almost the entire period 1=f between peaks,
2. = RLC is much larger than 1=f , and
3. vL decreases linearly during discharge.
V =RL and vL = vC,
Since the average load current is dc
dvL = dvC = 1 Vdc :
dt dt C R L
Thus, using assumption (3), the fall in voltage during phase (c) is:
vd C Vdc 1
Vrpp t Ét = R C f :
d
(8.1)
L
Note also that, because of assumption (3),
Vdc = Vm 1V :
2 rpp (8.2)
Equations (8.1) and (8.2) are usually sufficient to design a power supply,
although for low output voltages the voltage drop across the diode must be
taken into account.
Example 8.2
Ripple =
Vrpp
= 1 = 0:02, hence C = 1 = 333 F
Vdc f RLC 50 3000 0:02
Also Vdc = 3000 20 10 = 60 V
3
A four-diode bridge rectifier uses both +ve and -ve half-cycles of the a.c.
voltage supply. When the supply voltage reverses, the load is re-connected
to it through a different diode pair.
P N vL P
Voltage
P N
Time
vL
6
vac
?
N P N P
AA
K
A
A