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Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

IConAMMA 2018

Effectiveness of Material Modification of Shear Walls in Reduction

of Seismic Vibration Transmission
Libin Poula , Sruthy Sb
Department of Civil engineering, Amrita school of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India, libinpaulpp@gmail.com,
Department of Civil engineering, Amrita school of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India, s_sruthy@cb.amrita.edu.

Abstract

Damages that happen to any structure during any seismic event can be reduced by imparting inherent damping properties to
building elements. Researches have proven that natural fibres exhibit inherent damping capacity. Incorporating the natural fibres
to building elements is one way in which damping can be imparted to any building. In building with shear walls, shear walls
serve as a major lateral load resisting element when subjected to earthquake loading. This paper studies the effectiveness of
incorporating natural fibres to a shear wall in improving the seismic performance. The fibres selected for the study are flax fibre
and coconut fibre. These fibres in various percentages are used to modify the shear wall. Hysteresis loops are generated using
ANSYS for various percentages of these fibres to study about the energy dissipation capacity of the modified concrete. A
building with shear wall is selected, modelled in ANSYS Workbench incorporating the fibres in shear wall alone. A transient
analysis is done with El - Centro Earthquake data as the external loading and the responses are compared with that of a building
without any modified concrete. The material properties which are required for the analysis in ANSYS Workbench are obtained
by conducting experiments. Incorporating the fibres showed a better seismic response than a conventional building without any
fibre inclusion, Coir fibre performing better than flax fibre.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Materials and
Manufacturing Applications, IConAMMA 2018.

Keywords:Shear wall; Coconut Fibre; Flax fibre; Seismic analysis; Transient Analysis; Hysteresis loop; Damping.

1. Introduction

A strong ground motion is earthquake which causes damage to life and property. A strong earthquake can
damage building structures and even they may cause the collapse of the building. Several researches are done to

2214-7853© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Materials and
Manufacturing Applications, IConAMMA 2018.
1078 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089

Nomenclature

CFRC Coconut Fibre Reinforced Concrete

FFRC Flax Fibre Reinforced Concrete
PC Plain Concrete

reduce the ill effects of earthquake on building. Base isolation and vibration damping are major techniques which
are in use nowadays. Structural damping is energy dissipation from a vibrating structure that results in bringing it to
a quiescent state. One method to achieve this is to incorporate materials in to concrete which have the capacity to
dissipate energy. This study is on the material modification on the shear wall thereby improving the inherent
damping of the building. The damping capacity is defined as the ratio of the energy dissipated in one cycle of
oscillation to the maximum amount of energy accumulated in the structure in that cycle. Material damping and
interfacial damping are two important categories of damping.
Material damping contribution comes from the complex molecular interaction within the materials in the
concrete. Therefore, in this method the damping is depended on the type of material, method of manufacturing and
final finishing process. By using various natural fibres in the RCC the dynamic properties of the shear wall can be
increased thereby improving its vibration and damping properties. Many studies have been conducted on the
dynamic behavior of concrete by the addition of various natural fibres. By using this dynamic nature enhancing
materials in shear wall the performance of the shear wall in dynamic and lateral loads can be increase further.
The effect of fiber content on dynamic properties of fibre reinforced concrete beam is determined by conducting
tests on compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture. Various
studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of fibre in improving the damping properties of concrete, with 3%
fibre content there was a remarkable increase in the damping ratio and natural frequency of the concrete to that of
the normal concrete [1].With 0.5 % to 2 % of volume fraction of coconut fibre in cement paste the modulus of
rupture and splitting tensile strength increased and the failure pattern observed was due to formation of cracks and
not due to spalling, which shows the increase in the ductility of the CFRC. An experimental on coconut fibre
reinforced concrete under impact load is studied using the strain gauges and load cells, the impact transferred
through the specimen is determined in which energy transmitted and the waves arrived at the bottom of the CFRC
specimen was very less compared to the plain concrete[17].By the replacement of steel reinforcement with the coir
fibre, the crushing strength of the concrete increased and it is recommended to use in earthquake areas because of
the high crushing strength[7].The Mechanical and dynamic properties of CFRC, with fibre length of 2.5 cm, 5cm,
7.5 and 1%, 2%, 3%, 5% fiber content by mass of cement is studied, damping has increased and fundamental
frequency has decreased in concrete with fibre reinforcement [8]. Coconut fibre is the toughest among the natural
fibres with tensile strength of 21.5 MPa and has strain 4 to 5 times greater than other natural fibres. Chemically
treated natural fibre in polymer composite shows better performance in the dynamic behavior due to its improved
the bonding property of the fibre matrix [5]. Flexural strength and fracture properties of flax fibre reinforced cement
motor were studied by R. S. P. Coutts, there was significant improvement in the flexural strength and toughness.
[14]. Damping properties of flax fibre reinforced composite is studed by using dynamic mechanical analysis and
vibration beam testing the composite with flax fibre has shown improved damping property [9]. By considering
these improved dynamic properties of concrete and composites by using natural fibers, the analysis is carried out by
using properties fibre reinforced concrete in shear wall of a fully modelled building.
Shear walls are constructed in building to improve its resistance to earthquake damages. They are
reinforced concrete walls constructed throughout the height of the building. Buildings with shear walls performs
better in the earthquakes than the building without it. Several studies were conducted on the configuration and
positioning of shear walls for better performance. In this study the seismic behavior of the building with fibre
reinforced concrete in shear wall is studied.
In this study, the effectiveness of incorporating fibres (in shear wall) in improving the dynamic behavior of
building during seismic vibration is studied. The fibres used for the study are Flax fibre and Coconut fibre, a shear
walled building is selected, designed in STAAD Pro and then transient and model analysis is done in ANSYS.
Different percentages of fibre (0 %, 1%, 2%, 3% by weight of cement) are added to concrete in shear wall. A normal
concrete building and those with fibre addition are analyzed in ANSYS, the values required as input (compressive
 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089 1079

strength, split tensile strength, density, Poisson’s ratio) were determined experimentally. Cyclic load tests were also
done to compare the energy absorption capacities. Shear wall with and without opening were also analyzed.

2. Materials and testing

2.1. Materials Used

Ordinary Portland Cement (Dalmia) of grade 53 is used. The cement has specific gravity 3.15. Fine aggregate
used is river sand with water absorption 0.5 % and Specific gravity 2.65. Coarse aggregate of maximum size 20 mm
which has specific gravity 2.68 and water absorption 0.7%. In order to regulate the fluidity of concrete the Glenium
B12 with solid content 35 % is used as super plasticizer. Coconut fiber and flax fiber were the two natural fibers
chosen for study are first chemically treated for durability and strength. The properties of the fibers are shown in
Table 1.
The coconut fibre is treated with 4% NAOH for 48 hours and rinsed in distilled water and oven dried for 24
hours.[5] The flax fibre is first washed with 2% clothing detergent and rinsed in distilled water. Then is dried in oven
for 24 hours and immersed in 5% NAOH solution for 2 hours and then oven dried for 24 hours. [5] These fibers are
added to concrete as reinforcement with different percentage by weight of cement.
The Physical properties of the fibres are shown in table 1.

Table 1. Properties of Coconut Fibre and Flax fibre [19-21]

Properties Coconut fibre Flax fibre
Type Natural fibre Natural fibre
Length 50 mm 38 mm
Diameter 0.16 mm 0.2 mm
Density 1.4 g/cc 1.54 g/cc

2.2. Modified concrete – composition and properties

The mix design was formulated as per the procedure of IS 10262:2009. The mix prepared was M35 with w/c
ratio of 0.45.
The details of different specimens used for various tests are shown in table 2. Upon testing the control specimen
and fibre reinforcement specimen as per Indian Standards the following results are obtained. The properties of
Coconut Fibre Reinforced Concrete and Flax Fibre Reinforced Concrete obtained after testing is shown in Table 3

Table 2: Details of Specimen

Name of specimen Name of test Size of specimen (mm)
Cube Compressive strength 150x150x150
Cylinder Modulus of elasticity 150x300
Cylinder Cyclic load test 150x300
Cylinder Split tensile strength 100x200

Table 3: Properties of CFRC and FFRC

Density Young’s Modulus Compressive Strength Splitting Tensile Strength
Concrete
Kg/m3 (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Plain Concrete 2557.73 29996.44 38.6 3.18
FFRC (1 %) 2594.07 35952 51.31 4.27
FFRC (2 %) 2613.3 32461.6 42.19 4.01
1080 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089

FFRC (3 %) 2453.27 31446.11 42.16 3.6

CFRC (1 %) 2639 33512.76 50.44 4.77
CFRC (2 %) 2604.90 31984.83 44.81 4.21
CFRC (3 %) 2485.97 30643.58 40.36 3.5

2.3. Cyclic Load Analysis

To compare the energy absorption capacities of various percentages of natural fibres, hysteresis loop is developed
for a shear wall incorporated with various percentages of the flax fibre and coconut fibre using ANSYS. The
dimensions of the shear wall are Length 3m, Height 3.5m, and thickness of wall is 0.2m. The boundary conditions
are assigned as fixed at the edges of the wall.

Figure. 1.Model of Shear Wall

Shear wall is modelled in the Geometry of ANSYS workbench. The boundary elements are fixed and
displacement is analyzed in the Modal analysis. Displacement is along the lateral z direction of the wall. The
modeled shear wall is shown in figure 1. A displacement controlled analysis is done and the hysteresis loop
developed for lateral loading is shown in figure 2.
(a) (b)

Figure. 2. Hysteresis loop for different percentages of fibre in Reinforced Concrete Shear wall (a) FFRC, (b) CFRC

Comparison of the performance of shear wall subjected to lateral displacement with various proportions of fibers is
shown in Table 4. The comparison is based on the number of cycles, maximum load and area of the hysteresis
curves.
 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089 1081

Table 4: Number of cycles, Maximum load and area of the Hysteresis curve of Plain and Fibre Reinforced Concrete Shear wall
Number of Maximum Load Area of first loop
Material cycles (kN) Joules
PLAIN CONCRETE 5 787.9 17086
FFRC 1% 5 1028.1 22769
FFRC 2% 5 970.56 21339
FFRC 3% 5 880.47 19332
CFRC 1% 5 1136.9 24853
CFRC 2% 5 1014.3 22219
CFRC 3% 5 858.37 18810

These shows the best performing concrete is CFRC 1%. Maximum load taken by the plain concrete is 787.9 kN.
Whereas CFRC 1% takes 1136.9 kN and FFRC 1% takes 1028.1 kN load. Also the area of first loop is height in the
CFRC 1%. It shows the energy absorption capacity of the material is more compared to other materials.

3. Building Analysis

3.1. Building Configuration

3.1.1. Building Plan

Figure 3: Plan of the building selected for analysis.

Table 5: Details of the building selected for analysis

Parameter Dimension
Length 17.90 m
Breadth 11.30 m
Height 36.7 m
Column 0.45 m X 0.45 m
Beam 0.25 m X 0.45 m
Shear wall thickness 0.2 m
Floor area 1683 m2
1082 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089

3.2. STAAD Pro Analysis

Building ( plan of which is shown in figure 3) is analyzed in STAAD Pro for gravity loads. Sections provided
were found sufficient in the post processing. M25 grade of concrete is used and no beams or columns were failed
during the analysis. Live load and dead load on the structure were used according to IS 1893. Reinforcement were
also designed in the software and the sections (table 5) were found safe. The models used for analysis are shown in
figure 4.

(a) (b)

Figure. 4. (a) STAAD Pro Model (b) ANSYS model

3.3. Earthquake Data for Analysis

For the base acceleration the Peak Ground Acceleration value of El-Centro earthquake was chosen as shown in
figure 5. It is one of the severest earthquake with maximum PGA value. The data (table 6) is obtained from the
website www.vibrationdata.com

Figure. 5. Accelerogram of El-Centro earthquake

 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089 1083

Table 6: Step Control for Peak Ground Acceleration

Step Control for Peak Ground Acceleration
Number of steps 54
Step Defined by type Time
Time step Seconds

3.4. Modelling and Analysis in ANSYS

Analysis is done for the building with shear wall using different material properties in shear wall. First with the
normal concrete is analyzed. Based on the properties obtained from the experiments the analysis is carried out. The
analysis results are compared with modified concrete shear wall. The values compared are primary mode frequency,
maximum deflection, base shear, and equivalent stress in the structure. The building to be analyzed is modelled in
the Geometry, as it is a framed structure and is difficult to run the analysis in 3D the modelling is done as one
dimensional units with sectional properties. The plan is imported from AUTOCAD and is developed in ANSYS.
Various properties obtained from the experimental results such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength,
young’s modulus and poisons ratio are used as input for the sections. Discretization is done with fine meshes the
details of the mesh and model is shown in (Table 8). The whole structure is meshed with uniform mesh size of
0.2658 m. This is the most important process in the finite element analysis. Fixed support are assigned at the bottom
nodes of the structure. In this structure total 24 vertices were chosen for support they are all fixed. All the element
used were beam element or 2d elements for columns and beams and for shear walls the element used is surface
element. The model is then analyzed for model analysis were in we get the total deformations, natural frequency of
building and the different mode shapes. By inputting the values of the ground acceleration the transient response of
the structure is determined the results obtained in this section are Total Deformation, Equivalent stress, Directional
deformation and Base shear. Maximum bending moment and shear force in each floor is also determined.

3.5. Building Analysis

The selected building is modelled and analyzed– in the ANSYS. The building consists of line elements (beams
and columns) and surface elements (Shear wall), and the sectional properties are assigned. Both shear wall with
openings and without openings are analyzed. Similarly, the building chosen is analyzed in the ANSYS using
properties obtained Experimental work (Table 3). For various percentage of fibers the analysis is done.
Different models analyzed are
• Building with conventional concrete in all structural members and shear wall
• Building with conventional concrete in beams and columns, Modified concrete (CFRC 1%, 2%, 3% and
FFRC 1%, 2%, 3%) in shear wall
• Building with conventional concrete in beams and columns, Modified concrete (CFRC 1%, 2%, 3% and
FFRC 1%, 2%, 3%) in shear wall and boundary elements of shear wall.
• Building with conventional concrete in beams and columns, Modified concrete (CFRC 1%, 2%, 3% and
FFRC 1%, 2%, 3%) in shear wall with openings
In total the number of models analyzed are 13 and details of model analysed is shown in table7.
Table 7: Details of Model
Model details
Type Design Modeler
Unit system Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A), Degrees
Element Control Program Controlled
Scale Factor Value 1
Active Bodies 40
Active Nodes 3598
Active Elements 2268
1084 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089

Mesh Size 0.26458 m

Solver type Model, Transient
Solver target Mechanical APDL
Support type Fixed support
Support Geometry 24 vertices at bottom

4. Results and Discussion

Various values for deformation, stress and base shear is obtained from the transient response. Graphs are drawn
for every results with respect to time.

4.1. Shear walled building without opening

4.1.1. Modal Analysis

Properties of CFRC concrete is first checked for various percentage of the fibre in concrete and their results are
compared with the result obtained from the model with plain concrete. The analysis is done with the properties of
concrete obtained from the experimental values which are shown in Table 3.

Table 8: Frequency Time period and variation of a shear walled building without opening for various percentages of Fibre reinforced concrete

Building without openings Modal Analysis

X Axis Y Axis
Frequency Time Period Frequency Time Period
(Hz) (Sec) (Hz) (Sec)
Plain Concrete 1.8305 0.5462 1.9537 0.5118
CFRC (1 %) 1.843 0.5425 1.9481 0.5133
CFRC (2 %) 1.842 0.5428 1.941 0.5151
CFRC (3 %) 1.837 0.5443 1.9460 0.5138
FFRC (1 %) 1.841 0.5431 1.9495 0.5129
FFRC (2 %) 1.836 0.5446 1.9437 0.5144
FFRC (3 %) 1.843 0.5425 1.9481 0.5133

The frequency of the model for different percentages (table 8) does not have much differences.

4.1.2. Transient Analysis

Transient response of the same building and frame is obtained by analyzing the structures with same material
properties and with an base acceleration. The results are again compared with transient response of the plain
concrete.
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Table 9: Deformation, Base shear and Equivalent stress variation of a shear walled building without opening for various percentages of Fibre
reinforced concrete
Building without Transient Response
openings
X- Axis
Percentage Base Shear Equivalent Percentage
Lateral Drift Percentage
Reduction Stress Reduction
(N) Reduction
(mm)
(Pa)
Plain Concrete 28.172 2407.5 21.466
CFRC (1 %) 27.773 7.09 2368 1.64 21.798 6.37
CFRC (2 %) 27.780 5.29 2357 2.09 21.532 5.74
CFRC (3 %) 27.715 0.87 2378 1.22 21.217 1.15
FFRC (1 %) 26.287 6.69 2376 1.28 20.447 4.74
FFRC (2 %) 27.03 4.05 2355 2.16 20.63 3.89
FFRC (3 %) 27.8 1.32 2356 2.13 21.15 1.47

Using the base acceleration in the transient analysis maximum shear force developed in each floor is determined
(table 9). The shear force value is time dependent in this case based on the acceleration. Maximum shear force at
each floor is plotted in the figure 6 along the height of the building.

(a) (b)

Figure. 6: Variation of shear force in each floor of shear walled building without opening for different percentages of (a) CFRC (b)FFRC

Similarly, the Bending Moment variation in different floor levels of the building in transient analysis is plotted in
figure 7. From the graphs it is observed that the bending moment and shear force is maximum at the base level of
the building and it decreases with the height. Building provided with normal concrete shear wall has higher values
of bending moment and shear force in every floor when compared with fibre reinforced concrete.
1086 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089

(a) (b)

Figure. 7. Variation of Bending Moment in each floor of shear walled building without openings for different percentages of (a) CFRC (b) FFRC

Table 10: Variation of Maximum bending moment and shear force at ground floor level of the building
Building without
Variation of maximum bending moment and Shear force
openings

Bending Moment Percentage Shear force Percentage

(N.m) Reduction (N) Reduction
Plain Concrete 102040 102040
CFRC (1 %) 99370 2.6 105610 3.3
CFRC (2 %) 99088 2.8 102140 3.2
CFRC (3 %) 98991 2.9 101830 3.5
FFRC (1 %) 99478 2.5 101570 3.8
FFRC (2 %) 99173 2.8 102110 3.8
FFRC (3 %) 98613 3.3 105610 3.3

The reduction in the bending moment and shear force in overall building improves the dynamic properties of the
building. The change in shear force and bending moment also increases the load carrying capacity of the structure.
(table 10).

4.2. Shear walled building with Opening

4.2.1. Modal Analysis

Properties of CFRC concrete and FFRC concrete with 1 %, 2% and 3 % of the fibre by weight of cement is used
for analysis. The result obtained (table 11) from the model with plain concrete shear wall is compared with the
results of model with modified concrete shear wall of the building. The analysis is done without any external load.

Table 11: Frequency Time period and variation of a shear walled building with opening for various percentages of Flax Fibre reinforced concrete
Building with openings Modal Analysis
X Axis Y Axis
Time Period Time
Frequency Frequency
(Sec) Period
(Hz) (Hz)
(Sec)
Plain Concrete 1.830 0.5464 1.9537 0.5118
 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089 1087

FFRC (1 %) 1.843 0.5425 1.9481 0.5133

FFRC (2 %) 1.842 0.5428 1.941 0.5151
FFRC (3 %) 1.837 0.5443 1.9460 0.5138
CFRC (1 %) 1.841 0.5431 1.9495 0.5129
CFRC (2 %) 1.836 0.5446 1.9437 0.5144
CFRC (3 %) 1.843 0.5425 1.9481 0.5133

4.2.2. Transient Analysis

Transient response of the same building and frame is obtained by analyzing the structures with same material
properties and with a base acceleration. The results are again compared with transient response of the plain concrete
(table 12).

Table 12: Deformation, Base shear and Equivalent stress variation of a shear walled building with opening for various percentages of Coconut
Fibre reinforced concrete
Building with openings Transient Response
X- Axis
Percentage Base Shear Equivalent Percentage
Lateral Drift Percentage
Reduction (N) Stress Reduction
(mm) Reduction
(Pa)
CFRC (0 %) 28.020 2580 29.529
CFRC (1 %) 25.12 10.34 2540 1.55 27.158 8.02
CFRC (2 %) 26 7.20 2538 1.62 27.27 7.65
CFRC (3 %) 26.52 5.35 2550 1.16 28.13 6.58
FFRC (1 %) 25.919 7.49 2551 1.12 27.105 8.20
FFRC (2 %) 26.52 5.35 2530 1.93 27.63 6.78
FFRC (3 %) 26.8 4.35 2547 1.27 27.85 5.89

In transient analysis the bending moment and shear force of the different floor levels are also determined and
compared with building with conventional concrete shear wall in figure 8 and figure 9. Bending moment and shear
force tends to decrease from the base of the building to the roof level
(a) (b)

Figure. 8. Variation of Shear force in each floor of shear walled building with openings (a) for different percentages of CFRC (b) for different
percentagesof FFRC
1088 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089

(a) (b)

Figure. 9: Variation of Bending Moment in each floor of shear walled building with openings for (a) different percentages of CFRC (b) for
different percentages of FFRC

Both in CFRC and FFRC the Bending Moment and Shear force is less than that of plain concrete. The
changes are less but there is reduction in the bending moment and shear force. Table 13 shows the percentage
reduction of bending moment and shear force when different percentages of fibre is used.

Table 13: Variation of Maximum bending moment and shear force at ground floor level of the building

Building without
Variation of maximum bending moment and Shear force
openings

Bending Moment Percentage Shear force Percentage

(Nm) Change (N) Change
Plain Concrete 97739 96857
CFRC (1 %) 95935 1.8 94987 1.9
CFRC (2 %) 95865 1.9 94943 3.5
CFRC (3 %) 95445 2.3 94535 2.3
FFRC (1 %) 95611 3.2 94609 2.3
FFRC (2 %) 95878 1.9 94948 1.9
FFRC (3 %) 95279 2.5 94344 2.5

5. Conclusion

From the area of the hysteresis loop generated for the shear wall with modified concrete, CFRC 1% shows 31 %
more capacity to absorb energy than conventional concrete, and FFRC 1 % shows 24 % more energy absorption
capacity. 1% mass fraction of fibre in the concrete has shown highest load carrying capacity and also they have high
energy absorption capacity. There were no significant changes in the frequency and base shear of the structure when
fibres are incorporated. Building without opening in shear wall had significant reduction in the deformation and
equivalent stress, they reduced up to 7.09 % and 6.37 % respectively when CFRC 1% is used in shear wall. Minor
reduction in bending moment and shear force is also observed, both CFRC 3% and FFRC 3% performed better by
above 3% reduction in maximum bending moment and shear force at the base of the structure. In the case of shear
wall with openings, the percentage of reduction of deformation and equivalent stress is 10.34 % and 8.02%
respectively for CFRC 1% which is higher than shear wall without openings. Bending moment and shear force also
reduced more than 2.5 % for CFRC 3% and FFRC 3%. 1 % CFRC showed better load carrying capacity and energy
absorption capacity in static and dynamic analysis.
 L. Poul and Sruthy S. / Materials Today: Proceedings 24 (2020) 1077–1089 1089

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