Lived Experiences of Parents’ Interference on Deviant Behavior of

Pupils at Risk of Dropping Out (PARDO)

A Research Proposal

Presented to
The Faculty of the
Graduate School Department
Franciscan College of Immaculate Conception, Baybay Leyte, Incorporated
6521 Baybay City, Leyte

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTERS OF ARTS IN EDUCATION MAJOR IN
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT(MaED)

JANICEL OTERO FERNANDEZ

July 2023
 Graduate School Department
College of Education
Franciscan College of Immaculate Conception, Baybay Leyte, Incorporated
6521 Baybay City, Leyte

Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Management

A Research Proposal

APPROVAL SHEET

Title: LIVED EXPERIENCE OF PARENTS’ INTERFERENCE ON

DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF PUPILS AT RISK OF DROPPING
OUT(PARDO)

Author: JANICEL OTERO FERNANDEZ

janicel.fernandez@fcic.edu.ph

Approved: MARIA VICTORIA A. GONZAGA, PhD

_______________ Department Head
Date
 Graduate School Department
College of Education
Franciscan College of Immaculate Conception, Baybay Leyte, Incorporated
6521 Baybay City, Leyte

TRANSMITTAL

This research proposal report entitled, “LIVED EXPERIENCE OF

PARENTS’ INTERFERENCE ON DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF PUPILS AT RISK
OF DROPPING OUT (PARDO)’’, prepared and submitted by JANICEL O.
FERNANDEZ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Masters of
Arts In education Major in Educational Management is hereby accepted.

MARIA VICTORIA A. GONZAGA, Ph.D

Learning Facilitator

__________________
Date

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of

Arts in Education Major in Educational Management.

MARIA VICTORIA A. GONZAGA, PhD

Head, Graduate School Department

__________________
Date
 CHAPTERS I

Introduction

School drop-out is a common major issue that remains unsolved. Despites from the

different programs implemented by the Department of Education and intervention

created by the schoolteachers still there are learners oust to be at risk of dropping out.

Based on the 2017 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS), about nine percent of the

estimated 39.2 million Filipinos aged 6 to 24 years old were out-of-school children and

youth (OSCY). OSCY refers to family members 6 to 14 years old who are not attending

formal school; and family members 15 to 24 years old who are currently out of school,

not gainfully employed, and have not finished college or post-secondary course. Which

is supported by the statement made by Senator Sherwin Gatchalian that “four out of ten

learners who enter Grade 1 end up leaving school by Grade 10. The challenge for us is

how do we save the 40 percent that disappear by Grade 10. This is something for us to

think we should focus on how to keep kids in school from Grades 1 to Grade 10”. He

added during the ongoing efforts by the Second Congressional Commission on

Education (EDCOM II), amid on the on-going efforts to review the K-12 Program.

Student at risk of dropping out is a person who because of a wide range of

individual, personal, financial, family, social, or academic circumstances may

experience school failure or other unwanted outcomes unless interventions occur to

reduce the risk factors (North Carolina Sate Board of Education, 2007). To address the

crisis on learners dropping out there should be a further run-through to the different
programs implemented by the government in prioritizing and addressing the issue of

dropping out.

Parental involvement is one of the main grounds why the learners pursue their

education and on the contrary, also the reasons for them not to attend school. Hence,

promoting cooperation between families and schools to join efforts to cope with this

problem is necessary ( Martinez y Alvarez, 2005).

Background of the study

According to Garnier et al. (1997) found that the events leading to school dropout

began in the family. In terms of family structure, at-risk students often come from

broken homes or single-parent families (Pong & Ju, 2000; Walker et al., 1998). The lack

of parental support to the learners to stay in school specifically their unsupportive

attitudes and individual risk factors towards schools can increase the risk of dropping

out. Parental attitudes towards school can play a crucial role in preventing school

dropout. Low parental expectations towards school achievement and inadequate

supervision of day-to-day activities are variables strongly associated with the child’s

dropping out of school.

Generally, students have rights to go to school everyday but are exempted to if they

face some serious illness, family losses, and important matters involving family issues.

This is supported by a letter stating the reason of their absence to their teacher

afterwards. Dropping out is when the students discontinue school for almost two to three

consecutive weeks in one admission. To understand the term “at-risk”, Horton (2015)
defined it as frequently used to describe individual students or groups of students “who

are considered to have a higher probability of failing academically or dropping out of

school.”

For the students who dropout, issues such as depression, life dissatisfaction and feelings

of alienation are often present (Larsen & Shertzer, 1987; Tidwell, 1988). Cheng (2001)

also maintained that Family factors may also cause deviant behaviours of pupils. The

causes of deviant behaviours among primary school pupils may be associated with poor

parent-child relations, (poor supervision, lack of discipline, low parental involvement in

the training of the child, low parental warmth), and psychological factors (daring,

impulsiveness, poor concentration), family structure/type, family size, child neglect,

parental conflict, and disrupted families (Lipsey & Derzon, 1998).

In consideration with these factors on students dropping out, the study focuses

on the lived experience of parents interferences on deviant behavior of pupils at risk of

dropping out. This is why I need to conduct this study to find out what are other hidden

factors that driven the learners to drop-out and to provide substantial solutions for such,

the effort of the parents and their full participation on their learners having an off-task

behavior on school activities.

Problem Statement

Drop out can merely defined as students who did not pass or graduate in one

admission, and there are several reasons why students tend to drop out. This may be

broadly categorized into life events, school-related reasons, financial concerns,

academic disqualification, personal and social issues. They may be a lot of factors to

consider the side of the learners on what brings them to the edge. Especially on the

children’s deviant behavior during adolescence.

One important thing to consider is the collaboration between the school, families

and even the communities in providing comprehensive support to students who are at

risk of dropping out. Engaging, encouraging and envision the student in school activities

lessen the risk of dropping out. With the proper help of the family, schoolteachers and

even to a wider community including the involvement of the parents to the

extracurricular activities, parent education programs and even community partnerships

can have a positive impact and help them to stay on track academically and even

personally.

Parents play a crucial role in preventing their child from dropping out of school.

One way is to support them is by giving their rights on education, encouraging quality

parent-child relationships, supervising their projects and homework and above all

physically involved in all PTA meetings. Parents can help their children in succeeding

their goals and avoid negative consequences of dropping out. Overall, it is significant

for the parents to interfere on their children’s lives and to provide a supportive and

stable environment.

Research Gap

Therefore, the goal of this study is to know the lived experience of a parents on

deviant behavior of their child who are at risk of dropping out of school. Especially,

most of the dropouts in Gabas Integrated School are between the ages of 10-19 years
old. And how the parents intervene and get involve on their child’s education to avoid

the consequences of dropping out.

Purpose Statement

The aim of the study is to describe the experiences and perceptions of parents who

has a children identify as at risk of dropping out. This will give importance to the

parents primarily the illiterate on how they will cope up on their child’s academic

endeavor. At the instance of, some parents may provide insights or opinions on how

the schools and even the communities fail to meet the student needs.

Research Questions

1. What are the common challenges faced by the parents of pupils at risk of

dropping out?

2. How do parents perceive the role of schools in their child’s academic

performance?

3. How can schools encourage and facilitate parental involvement on their child’s

education?

4. How important is the parents’ guidance in their children’s education?

5. What is the most effective parenting style to avoid deviant behavior?

6. What are the parents’ experiences with and perceptions during PTA meetings?

7. How supportive parents can give impact on the students’ academic performance?
 8. What are the factors that cause the pupils to drop-out?

9. What are the intervention made by the teacher and parent’s for the pupils at risk

of dropping out?

10. What are some ways parents can support their child’s learning at home?

Theoretical Frameworks

There are no specific definitions of dropout which heat the diversity of perspectives

of different theories presented. In formal definitions in relations to phenomenon

dropouts are defined as students who leave schools without obtaining any diploma.

The guiding theory applied to this research about dropouts is

GRADEgrade

Significance of the Study

This study will provide new insights into understanding the factors that merely

contribute to students leaving educational programs early. By identifying the factors that

lead them to dropouts, educators as well as the parents can intervene early and provide

support who may be at risk of dropping out.

Through this research, the school and the community will collaborate more in

promoting zero dropout program with the active participation of the parents’ who has a

child who are identified as at risk of dropping out. The voice of the parents can also be

heard through properly communicating the teacher and to his/her child in regards with

the different school activities implemented for them to be involved.

 Moreover, the analysis presented in this study will convey valuable information for

future relative research about lived experience of the parents of their child who are at

risk of dropping out.

Scope and Delimitations

The study will only use self-reported data from parents’ and administer interviews

in person by visiting the areas who has the possible large number of out of school youth

children whose age range from 10-19 years old. In gathering the data, systematic

random sampling can be applied.

Limitations

This study has three main limitations:

1. The first limitation is the small number of participants which depends on the

consent of the parents to be interviewed.

2. Since the study used systematic random sampling techniques other nearby areas

like Brgy. Patag, Brgy. Guadalupe, and Brgy. Kilim might be the target areas to

gather the information.

3. Finally, the researchers cannot control the possible lifestyle factor that may

hinder in gathering the data hence, using online survey and other online

generating tool that will suffice the information needs on the study.
 Definition of Terms

The following are the key terms and phrases are relevant to this study:

At risk students

Refers to generally to youth who are at a heightened risk for school failure/and or

dropping out due to specific factors such as socioeconomic status, disability status, low

academic achievement, truancy, and/or behavioral problems in school. (Donnelly,

1987).

Dropout

It has a broader context about someone who does not complete a program especially

in school.

Deviant Behavior

It is any behavior that is contrary to the dominant norms of the society.

Phenomenology

It is a perspective that explores the nature of lived experiences through description (

Creswell, 2007)

Interference

It is an act of interfering, invading, or poaching.

Parents

Defined as an adult who is either a parent (biological or adoptive) or guardian of the

child who cared the child during his recent years in school leading up to dropping out

Parental involvement

Defined as the active, ongoing participation of a parents or primary guardian on the

education of the child.