VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LAB REPORT
CLASS CC03 – SEMESTER 211

INSTRUCTOR: VAN HOANG LUAN

HUYNH KY PHUONG HA

AUTHOR:
NGUYEN NGOC THIEN PHUC – 2053340

HO CHI MINH CITY, JANUARY, 2022

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Unit 2: Alkaline earth metal

I/ Experiment purpose:
- Have a firm knowledge of Alkaline earth metal position in the periodic table,
understand their properties through characteristic reactions.
- Learn more about hard water properties, its characteristic, how to soften hard
water, hardness scale.
II/ Experiment results:

Explanation, Chemical equation,

Experiments Experiments’ reactions
Calculation And Conclusion
descriptions, and phenomenal
1
Observed the flames’ colors of
brunt alkaline earth metals : This phenomenon happened due to the salt’s
metal ions absorb energy from the flame,
Dip one tip of clean filter paper the valence electrons are stimulated to the
in the saturated CaCl2 solution, higher energy level, hence when returning
then run through the flame of the to the basic state, they will emit radiation
alcohol lamp, we see the flame is with wavelengths in the visible region that
orange red. are specific to each metal ion and have
different colors.

Conclusion:

Done similarly with saturated
SrCl2 solution and BaCl2
solution, we see a bright red
color flame and greenish yellow
color flame, respectively.
When burning alkaline earth metals’ cation
(in compounds with suitable anion), its
flame will have a distinctive color. In main
group IIA, when going from top to bottom,
the color of the flame will change from red
to yellow, meaning the energy increase,
because of the increasing atomic radius;
electrons will easily change to a higher
energy level.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 2

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Alkaline earth metal react with

2 water:
The reaction happened slowly, due to the
Put in 2 ml of water, some Mg formation of Mg(OH)2, covering the surface
powder and 1 drop of of Mg:
phenolphthalein in 2 test tubes.
Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2↓ + H2↑ (1)
Tube 1:
+ When at room temperature, the Because TMg(OH)2 = 10-9.22, a part of Mg(OH)2
reaction happens very slowly. At dissolved, creating OH-, turning
the contact surface, a light pink phenolphthalein pink at the contact surface
color and bubble (Hydrogen) between Mg and water.
appear.  Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2OH- (2)

+ When heated, more bubbles At high temperature, Mg(OH)2 dissolves

appear, the pink color is darker into water more, creating more OH-, thus
and spread into the solution. making the solution pinker. At the same
time, Mg(OH)2 covers less surface,
therefore, reaction (1) reacts faster, hence
more bubbles appear.
Tube 2:
Add NH4Cl slowly into the tube. When added in NH4Cl, Mg(OH)2 dissolves,
The reaction happened exposing Mg’s surface, causing intensive
intensively. The solution’s color reaction (1), the releasing bubbles make the
faded, and then disappeared. color disappear. After that the color re-
After that, a pink color re-appear appears.
 Mg(OH)2 + NH4Cl → MgCl2 + NH3↑ +
H2O
Because Mg(OH)2 is dissolved, the balance
in (2) is shifted to the right, reducing OH-
leading to phenolphthalein losing its color.
The pink color re-appears due to two
reasons: NH3 is produced in the above
reaction and OH- is produced by reaction

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 3

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(2).

Conclusion:
Alkaline earth metals react weakly with
water at room temperature, but they react
intensively at high temperature or with
suitable catalysts.

Preparing and properties of

Mg(OH)2 :

Add NaOH into 3 test tubes, we

see white insoluble precipitate.
Centrifuging to remove the
liquid and put the precipitation,  MgCl2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl
in equal part, in 3 tubes.

Tube 1:
Let the precipitate react with
3
HCl. The precipitate dissolved
and the solution become clear.  Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O

Tube 2:
Let the precipitate react with
NH4Cl. The precipitate  Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl → MgCl2 + 2NH3↑
dissolved, the solution becomes + 2H2O
clear, and a very pungent odor
appear.

Tube 3:
Add in NaOH. No reaction.
 NaOH and Mg(OH)2 are both base,
hence, no reaction occurred.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 4

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Preparing and properties of
alkaline earth hydroxide
Prepare 4 test tubes, each has 1
mL of ionic salt Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+
and Sr2+ 0.5M
Add in each test tube 10 drops of
NaOH 1M, insoluble precipitate
appeared.
The amount of precipitate
increased in the order of Ba2+,
Sr2+, Ca2+ , and Mg2+.
Therefore, the solubility of
respective Hydroxide decreases.
Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report
 Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2↓
 Ca2+ + 2OH- → Ca(OH)2↓
 Sr2+ + 2OH- → Sr(OH)2↓
 Ba2+ + 2OH- → Ba(OH)2
Because of the increasing atomic radius
from Mg to Ba, nuclear force on the
outermost shell electron decreases. Oxygen
has high electronegativity, so it pulls
electrons in its direction, causing the
Hydroxides to have high polarity, creating a
polarized solution.
Conclusion:
Alkaline earth metal hydroxide can be
produced by letting their soluble salt with
Alkaline metal. Alkaline earth metal
hydroxides have base properties .
Pages 5
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Solubility of Alkaline Earth
Sulfate salts
Prepare 4 test tubes, each has 1
ml of respective solutions MgCl2
, CaCl2 , BaCl2 , and SrCl2.
Add in slowly 10 drops of H2SO4
2N.
The tube with MgCl2 does not
show any phenomenon.
The tube with CaCl2 has a small
amount of precipitates.
The tube with SrCl2 has a cloudy
white color.
4
The tube with BaCl2 is
completely cloudy.
Centrifugal to collect
precipitates, add H2SO4 until the
precipitates stop dissolving.
Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report
Ca2+ + SO4 2- → CaSO4↓
Sr2+ + SO4 2- → SrSO4↓
Ba2+ + SO4 2- → BaSO4↓
The respective solubility product are
TCaSO4 = 10-5.04
TSrSO4 = 10-6.49
TBaSO4 = 10-9.97
Because of the increasing concentration of
SO42- , the equilibrium shifts to the right,
meaning the amount of precipitation
increases.
Conclusion:
The solubility of Hydroxide and Sulfate salt
of Alkaline earth metal are opposite. This is
because the cation activation energy of
sulfate salt is higher than that of lattice
energy. Moreover, going from Mg to Ba,
the X2+’s radius increases , reducing the
polarization in water and Hydrate energy.
Therefore, the solubility decreases from Mg
to Ba.
Pages 6
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Determining the hardness of
water:
Add 10 ml of hard water into
250 mL beacker, add in 100 ml
5 of distilled water, 5mL of buffer
solution and 7 drops of black
Erio T.
Shake well and titrate by ETDA
0,02 until its color changes from
red-purple to complete blue.
Titrating twice.
Soften water:
In a 250 mL beaker, add in 50 ml
hard water, 5 ml Na2CO3.
Boil the solution in 3 minutes
and remove the precipitate.
Titrate water as in experiment 5.
6 X′ < X proved that the amount of Mg2+ and
Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report
V1 = 8.5 mL
V2 = 8.4 mL
`VETDA = 8.45 mL
Vsample = 10 mL
CN ETDA = 0.02 N
Total content of Mg2+ and Ca2+:
X = `V ETDA x CN ETDA x 1000/ Vsample
= 8.45 x 0.02 x 1000/ 10 = 16.9 (mN)
V1 =15,1ml, V2 = 14.9 ml ⇒ VETDA = 15 ml
Vsample = 50 ml.
Total content of Mg2+ and Ca2+ remain:
X′ = VETDA x CN ETDA x 1000/ Vsample
= 15x 0.02 x 1000/ 50 = 6(mN)
Ca2+ decreased, water is softened when
added Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2, the following
reaction happen:
 Mg2+ + 2OH- →Mg(OH)2↓
 Ca2+ + CO32- → CaCO3↓
Reducing the amount of Mg2+ and Ca2+ after
filter.
Pages 7
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UNIT 6: HYDROGEN – OXYGEN- SULFUR

(H2 – O2 – S)

I/Experiment Purpose:
- Producing Hydrogen and Oxygen.
- Understanding chemical properties of Hydro, Oxygen and Sulfur.
II/ Experiment result:

Explanation, Chemical equation,

Experiments Experiments’ reactions
Calculation And Conclusion
descriptions, and phenomenon

Producing hydrogen.

Assembling the gas collecting
system.
Add 3 pieces of Zinc and
5 mL of HCl into the test tube.
Igniting the Hydrogen release
from the tube, a small explosion
can be heard, blue flame appears
with heat.
1
Using a small dry funnel, hold it
above the flame, vapor appeared.
t°
 Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2↑
Because Hydrogen reacts with Oxygen in
the tube, hence there is an explosion. At
first, there were many Oxygen left in the
tube, so the explosion is bigger
 H2 + O2 → H2O
The vapor meets the cold glass, condenses
into water droplets.

Conclusion:

Hydrogen is produced through letting strong

metal react with acid.
The mixture of Hydrogen and Oxygen
produce biggest explosion at 2:1 ratio.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 8

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Atomic Hydrogen and molecular

Hydrogen properties

Add 3-5mL of H2SO4 4N with 1 mL of Hydrogen use in Tube 2 is molecular

KMnO4 0,1M into the test tube. Hydrogen, which is not a strong
Shake well and divide it into 3 tubes. reductant. Therefore, it does not
Tube 1: specimen sample react with KMnO4.

Tube 2: Let Hydrogen go through. The newly produced Hydrogen is

The color did not change compared to atomic Hydrogen, hence its strong
Tube 1. reducing value.
It reacted with KMnO4, decoloring
2 Tube 3: add in a few pieces of Zinc. the solution. The releasing air is
The solution becomes colorless, and air unreacted Atomic Hydrogen
bubbles appeared. combined together, creating
molecular Hydrogen.

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + 2[H]

5[H] + MnO4- + 3H+ → Mn2+ +
4H2O

Conclusion:

Atomic Hydrogen is a stronger

reductant than molecular Hydrogen

3
Producing Oxygen:

Mix 4g KClO3 with 1g MnO2 with  2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

pastel, add the mixture to the dry test
tube. MnO2 is the catalyst.
Assemble the gas collecting system.
Heat the test tube and collect the Conclusion:
releasing gas in an upside down tube in
a bowl of water. KClO3 is easily pyrolysis with

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 9

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suitable catalyst, creating O2

Properties of Oxygen

Using a metal spoon, put a little bit of Sulfur has a great affinity for
burning sulfur into the mouth of a test oxygen, so it can burn in air and
tube containing oxygen, we see a blue- with a green flame that gives off a
violet flare. lot of heat.

4 Put a piece of coal into the second test S + O2 SO2

tube containing the oxygen gas, the coal
ignites with a spark, the reaction and a small amount of
releases a lot of heat.
S + O2 SO3

The tube with large amount of

Add a piece of copper in the third test
Oxygen will react faster.
tube, the piece is blackened.

At high temperature, Carbon is a

strong reductant, so it will react
strongly when meeting Oxygen.

C + O2 CO2↑

The black layer is copper oxide.

 2Cu + O2 2CuO

Conclusion:

Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent

(especially at high temperatures),
easily oxidizing metals and non-
metals to form oxides.

Oxygen maintains and stimulates

combustion.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 10

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Properties of H2O2

H2O2 as oxidant 2I- + H2O2 + 2H+ → I2 + 2H2O

Add 5 drops of KI 0.5N + 1ml of H 2O2 I2 is created, making the glue
3% + 2 drops of H2SO4 2N. The starch blue. The solution has an
solution has an earthy brown color, it earthy color due to excess I2 and
makes glue starch blue. KI.

I2 + KI → KI3 (earthy brown)

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e →2H2O

E0=+1.77(V)
5 H2O2 + 2e = 2OH-
E0= +0.87(V)
H2O2 decomposing
Add 1ml of H2O2 and a small amount of MnO2 act as the catalyst
MnO2. Bubbles form intensively, there  2H2O2 2H2O + O2🡩
is gas released.
Bringing a burning small coal near, it Conclusion:
lighted up, proving it is Oxygen.
H2O2 is unstable.
It has both oxidation and reductant
properties.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 11

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Reaction between S and Fe The white smoke is evaporating

sulfur.
Put in the ceramic bowl 1g of sulfur,
boil it. Use a steel tong to bring an iron  Fe +S → FeS
string in the mouth of the bowl. The
string turn black Conclusion:
6
Sulfur is a strong oxidant at high
temperature.

Thiosulfate as reductant

Prepare 2 test tubes, each containing 8MnO4 + 5S2O32- + 14H+ →

1ml of Na2S2O3 0.5N. 10SO42+ + 8Mn2+ + 7H2O

Tube 1 S2O32- + 2H+ → SO2 + S + H2O

Add in 5 drops of KMnO4 0.5N and 5 The S created causing the solution to
drops of H2SO4. The solution lost its be cloudy.
color. After a while, the solution gets
cloudy. 2S2O32- + I2 → 2I- + S4O62-
7
Tube 2 5H2O + S2O32- + 4Br2 →
Add drop by drop of I2 until I2’s color HSO4- + 8Br- + 8H+
disappears.
Replacing I2 with Cl2 and Br2, the color 5H2O + S2O32- + 4Cl2 →
also disappeared. HSO4- + 8Cl-+ 8H+
Conclusion:
Thiosulphate is a strong reductant
and decomposes easily in acidic
environment, creating sulfur.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 12

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Unit 8: Group IB metals (Cu – Ag – Au)
I/ Experiment Purpose:
- Understanding the property of Cu, Ag through distinctive reactions.
II/ Experiment result:
Experiments Experiments’ reactions descriptions,
and phenomenon
Producing CuSO4.H2O
Weight 2g of CuO, then add it into a
becker with 15ml H2SO4 4N (20% more
than needed). Heat gently on the stove,
stir well.
The CuO dissolves, creating a blue
solution.
1 Continue until the CuO is completely
dissolved. Evaporate the solution
through filtration until the crystal
appears.
Leave it at room temperature, the blue
crystal continues to grow.
Filter the crystals using a vacuum filter
funnel. Obtain the crystal with mass m
= 6.05g
Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report
Explanation, Chemical equation,
Calculation And Conclusion
Black is the color of CuO
 CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 +
H2O
Cu2+ creates a complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+
creating a blue solution.
The crystal is CuSO4.5H2O.
 CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4.5H2O
Efficiency:
= 71.2%
The efficiency is less than 100% due
to partial loss of H2O in the crystal.
Conclusion:
Cu2+ can easily form complexes.
Cu2+ salts usually have Hydrate
form.
Cu2+ solution has a blue color.
Pages 13
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Properties of Cu(OH)2
CuSO4 + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 ↓blue +
In 3 test tubes, each has 0.5ml CuSO4 Na2SO4
5M + some drop of NaOH 2M. Cu(OH)2 CuO ↓black + H2O
A blue precipitate is formed.

Tube 1: Cu2+ form complex with Cl-, creating

Heat and black precipitate form. a green solution.
 Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl→ CuCl2 +
2 Tube 2: 2H2O.
Carefully add concentrated HCl,  CuCl2 + 2Cl- → [CuCl4]2-
creating a green solution.
The violet color is [Cu(OH)4]2-
 Cu(OH)2+2NaOH→
Tube 3: Na2[Cu(OH)4]
Add 4ml of NaOH 40%. Heat up. It
dissolve, creating a violet solution Conclusion:

Cu(OH)2 is insoluble in water,

decomposes on heating, and is
amphoteric (weak).

- Add 0.1g Cu to 1ml and CuCl2 2M + Cu + CuCl2 → 2CuCl2

1ml HCl 2M.
- Boil for about 3 minutes.
- Cool, add water, a white precipitate
3 appears.
- Add 1ml of HCl 2M, heat up. The
precipitate dissolves to form a moss
green color. Add water, the solution is
blue and a white precipitate appears.
[CuCl2]- is black, hence when in a
blue background it appears mossy
green.
CuCl + Cl- → [CuCl2]-
[CuCl2]- is unstable, so it
hydrolyzes.
[CuCl2]- → Cl- + CuCl ↓ (white).

Conclusion:

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 14

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Cu2+ is a weak oxidant.

Add 5 drops of CuCl2 2M and 5 drops  Cu2+ + HCHO + H2O → Cu+ +

of HCHO 40% . HCOOH+ H+
Boil it, and add 1ml of concentrated
NaOH.  2Cu+ + 2OH- → Cu2(OH)2↓
4 yellow.
The yellow Cu2(OH)2 precipitate
appears.  Cu2(OH)2 → Cu2O↓ brick- red +
H2O
Continue to boil and the brick-red
precipitate appears.
Conclusion:

Cu2+ is a weak oxidizing agent and

reacts with reducing HCHO to form
a brick red precipitate.

Prepare 2 test tubes.

Tube 1:  Cu2+ +2I- →CuI2.

5ml of CuSO4 0.5M + some drops of KI CuI2 is not stable
5 1M, a yellow precipitate appeared.  2CuI2 2CuI↓ yellow + I2.
Gently boil it, purple vapor appears, The purple vapor is I2.
making the starch glue blue. The The color brown red is due to the
solution is brown-red color. complex I3-.
 + I2 → I3- brown red solution

Tube 2:
5 drops of AgNO3 0.1M + some drops  Ag+ + I- → AgI↓ yellow.
of KI 1M. A yellow precipitate Conclusion:
appeared. Boil it but it did not change. Ag+ is the stable oxidation state of
Ag .

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 15

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Prepare 4 test tubes:

Tube 1 and 2
5 drops of CuSO4 0.5M + some drops of The blue precipitate is Cu(OH)2
NaOH . Blue precipitate form. CuSO4 + 2NaOH →
Cu(OH)2 ↓blue + Na2SO4
Tube 1:
Test the precipitate with HNO3, creating Cu(OH)2 + 2HNO3 →
a green solution. Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O (green)
6
Tube 2:
Test the precipitate with NH4OH 2 M. Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH →
The precipitate dissolved, creating a blue [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 + 4H2O.
solution. (dark blue)

Tube 3 and 4:
5 drops of AgNO3 0.1M + some drops of AgNO3 + NaOH → AgOH↓ +
NaOH. A gray precipitate appears. NaNO3.
AgOH is not stable
2AgOH → Ag2O↓grey + H2O.

Tube 3:
Test the precipitate with HNO3. It creates Ag2O + HNO3 → AgNO3 + H2O.
a colorless solution.

Tube 4:
Test the precipitate with NH4OH 2 M. Ag2O + 4NH4OH →
the precipitate dissolved , creating a 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O.
colorless solution.
Conclusion:

IB metals have weak amphoteric

properties, easily forming stable
complexes with ammonia solution.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 16

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In 3 test tubes, add 5 drops of AgNO3

0.1M.

Tube 1: add 10 drops of NaCl 0.1M.  Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl- ↓white.

White precipitate appears. Add NH4OH
until it completely dissolves, creating a  AgCl + 2NH4OH →
colorless solution. [Ag(NH3)2]Cl +2H2O.

Tube 2: add 10 drops of NaBr 0,1M.  Ag+ + Br- → AgBr↓ light yellow.
Light yellow precipitate appears. Add
7 NH4OH. The precipitate partly  AgBr + 2NH4OH →
dissolves. [Ag(NH3)2]Br + 2H2O.

 Ag+ + I- → AgI ↓yellow.

Tube 3: add 10 drops of NaI 0.1M.
Yellow precipitate appears. Add  AgI + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]I +
NH4OH, the precipitate did not dissolve. 2H2O.

Conclusion:

The color of the precipitate gradually

darkens from chlorine to iodine.
The solubility in the AgCl, AgBr,
and AgI series decreases gradually
due to the increase in anion radius,
the increased possibility of
polarization.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 17

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Mirror reaction
Put 5 drops of AgNO3 0.1M in
the test tube + slowly 5 drops of
8 NH4OH 10%. The precipitate
appears and then gradually
dissolves.
Add 5 drops of HCHO 40%,
heat up. A bright silver
precipitate appeared on the wall
of the test tube.
AgNO3+NH4OH →
AgOH↓+NH4NO3.
2AgOH →Ag2O + H2O.
Ag2O + 4NH4OH → 2[Ag(NH3)2]
(OH) + 3H2O
4[Ag(NH3)2](OH) + HCHO
4Ag + (NH4)2CO3 + 6NH3 + 2H2O.

Unit 10: GROUP VIB (CHROMIUM)

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 18
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I/ Experiment Purpose:
- Understand the properties of elements and compounds of Cr3+ and Cr6+
through reactions.
II/ Experiment result:

Experiments’ reactions descriptions, Explanation, Chemical equation,

Experiments and phenomenon Calculation And Conclusion

Place 2.5 g of K2Cr2O7 and 1.0 g of Mix and grind fine to increase
saccharose (table sugar) into a mortar. contact area, speed up the reaction.
Mix and grind the mixture carefully, Alcohol acts as a solvent to dissolve
then transfer the mixture to an iron sugar well, and evaporates water a
crucible. little faster.
1 Add 3 mL of ethanol and ignite until the
ethanol is completely burned.
Place the crucible into a furnace and
calcine it at 600 °C for 1 hour then let it
cool down
Dissolve the product in water, then filter The product is: Cr2O3.
to obtain a solid product.
Dry the product, m = 0.85g Efficiency:

Properties of Cr+3 compounds.

Place into 2 test tubes 1mL of Cr+3  Cr3+ + 3OH- → Cr(OH)3

solution, then slowly add a dilute NaOH
solution. Observe the precipitate.
3.
Tube 1:
Let NaOH dilute to excess. We see that  Cr(OH)3 + 3NaOH→
the precipitate dissolves to form light Na3[Cr(OH)6] (light green)

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 19

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green solution

Tube 2:
Add dilute acid, the precipitate  Cr(OH)3 + 3H+ → Cr3+ + 3H2O
dissolves and form green solution (green)
Conclusion:

Cr(OH)3 is amphoteric

Oxidizing properties of Cr+6

compounds.

Place into a test tube 3 drops of 0.5N Cr2O7: orange

4. K2Cr2O7 solution and add 5 drops of Cr3+: green
2N H2SO4 solution.
Slowly add a 0.5 NaNO2 solution to the  (Cr2O7)2- + 3(NO2)- + 8H+ →
test tube, we see that the color changes 2Cr3+ + 2(NO3)- + 4H2O
from orange to green.
 Cr3+ + 6H2O → [Cr(H2O)6]3+green

Conclusion:

(Cr2O7)2- is a strong oxidizing agent

in an acidic environment.

Equilibrium between chromate and

dichromate ions.

Tube 1:  2H+ + 2(CrO4)2- → (Cr2O7)2- +

Add 3-4 drops of K2CrO4 then add 2N H2O
H2SO4 solution drop by drop.
The solution’s color changes from
5. yellow to orange.

Tube 2:
 (Cr2O7)2- + 2OH- → 2(CrO4)2-
Add 3-4 drops K2Cr2O7 then add 2N
+H2O
NaOH solution drop by drop.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 20

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The solution’s color changes from

orange to yellow.

Conclusion:

The balance between Cr2O72- and

CrO42- will change depending on the
pH of the solution to form the stable
form:
Cr2O72- stable in acidic solution
CrO42- stable in base solution.

Slightly soluble chromate salt:

Place 3 drops of 0.5N K2CrO4 in 5

tube:

Tube 1:
Add 2 drops of 0.5N BaCl2 solution.  Ba2+ + CrO42- → BaCrO4↓
The precipitate in white color is formed. (Color of precipitate: white)

Tube 2:
Add 2 drops of 0.5N SrCl2 solution.  Sr2+ + CrO42- → SrCrO4↓
The precipitate in yellow color is (Color of precipitate: yellow)
formed.
6.
Tube 3:
Add 2 drops of 0.5N CaCl2 solution.
There is no phenomenon.

Tube 4:
Add 2 drops of 0.5N Pb(NO3)3  Pb2+ + CrO42- → PbCrO4↓
solution. The precipitate in yellow
(Color of precipitate: yellow)
color is formed.

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 21

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Tube 5:
Add 2 drops of 0.5N AgNO3 solution.  Ag + (CrO4) → Ag2CrO4↓
+ 2-

The precipitate in red color is formed. (Color of precipitate: red)

Centrifuge the tubes and decant the The solubility of SrCrO4 is high
liquid then add to each precipitate (Ksp= 3.2x10-7)
1ML of 2N CH3COOH solution. We
 SrCrO4 → Sr2+ + CrO42-
can see that the precipitate in the test
tube containing SrCl2 is dissolved. so when H+ is added, the
equilibrium shifts to the right
 2H+ + 2CrO42- → Cr2O72- +H2O
Therefore, SrCrO4 is more soluble.

Conclusion:

Chromate salts are slightly soluble

salts
Within a subgroup, the solubility
decreases gradually from top to
bottom

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 22

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UNIT 12: GROUP VIII TRANSITIONAL METALS

I/Experiment Purpose:
- Understand the properties of compounds Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Ni2+ , Co2+
II/ Experiment result:

Explanation, Chemical equation,

Experiments Experiments’ reactions descriptions,
Calculation And Conclusion
and phenomenon
Experiment 1:
Morh’s salt Procedure: Efficiency:
preparation
- Fill the large ceramic bowl with 25ml m=11.45g
of 4N H2SO4 solution. Afterward, 2.5g 56
11 . 45×
m 392
of ferrous debris is added and the bowl H= ×100 %= ×100 %=65 . 4 %
is place in the fume hood while being mtheory 2.5

heated up.
- Filter the solution and proceed with
further heating until a thin film of
crystal can be observed.
- Use small beaker and dissolve 7g of
(NH4)2SO4 in 12ml of distilled water,
slightly heat the solution up for
completely dissolving.
- While the two solution are still warm,
mix them up and well stir. Leave the
solution to cool down and dip the
beaker in ice water for half an hour.
Vacuum filter to obtain crystals. Place

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the crystals on filter paper, air dry and

weigh the product.

Phenomena:

- Appear air gas bubbles (H2) and

solution is grey black.
- After ferrous dissolve completely in
sotuion, it has color of blue (FeSO4) .
- Crystallized product is Morh’s salt
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.

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a. Test of Fe2+:

Procedure:

- Use the Morh’s salt solution to react

with the following solution
respectively:
+ With the indicator K3[Fe(CN)6].
+ With H2O2 solution which was
previously acidized using H2SO4.
+ With K2Cr2O7 solution which was
previously acidized using H2SO4.
+ With KMnO4 solution which was
previously acidized using H2SO4.
+ With 0.2M (NH4)2S.
+ With dilute 2N NaOH.
Experiment 2:
Properties of Phenomena:
Fe2+ and Fe3+
compounds 1. With the indicator K3[Fe(CN)6].  Fe2+ + K3[Fe(CN)6] →
=> Appear blue precipitate. KFe[Fe(CN)6] ↓+2K+

2. With H2O2 which was previously  2Fe2+ + 3H2O2 + 2H+ → 2Fe3+

acidized using H2SO4. +4H2O + O2
=> Solution has yellow color and gas
exits (O2).

3. With K2Cr2O7 solution which was  6Fe2+ +Cr2O72- + 14H+ →

previously acidized using H2SO4. 6Fe3+ +2Cr3+7H2O
=> Appear moss green solution.

4.With KMnO4 solution which was  5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ →

previously acidized using H2SO4. 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ +4H2O
=> Appear light yellow solution.

5.With 0.2M (NH4)2S  Fe2+ + S2- → FeS↓

=> Appear black precipitate.

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6. With dilute 2N NaOH  Fe2+ + OH- → Fe(OH)2 ↓

=> Appear green precipitate which
turns to red brown when it is placed in  4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O →
the air. 2Fe(OH)3↓

b. Test of Fe3+:
Procedure:
-2 drops of either 0.5N Fe2(SO4)3 or
0.5N FeCl3, and 2 drops of 2N H2SO4
are added into a test tube. Next, add 2-3
drops of 0.5N KI.
-Use glucose glue to identify of which
compound the red color belongs to.
-Use 2 test tube, each contain 5 drops
of either 0.5N FeCl3 or 0.5N
Fe2(SO4)3
+ Test tube 1: Add 2 drops of 0.01N
NH4SCN
+Test tube 2: Add 1 drop of 0.5N
K4[Fe(CN)6]

Phenomena:
- Appear purple precipitate. When KI is  2Fe3+ + I-  Fe2+ + I2
added in excess, precipitate dissolve to  I2 + KI  KI3 (KI in excess)
form dark brown solution which makes  Fe3+ + 3SCN-  Fe(SCN)3
glucose glue change color to blue.  Fe3+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] 
+ Test tube 1: Solution turn to red KFe[Fe(CN)6] ↓ + 3K+
blood color. Conclusion:
+ Test tube 2: Dark blue precipitate.
-Fe2+ oxidized easily.
-Fe3+ has oxidation properties in
acid solution but it this salt is stable
in the atmosphere/ room
temperature.

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Experiment 3:
a. Add 5 drops of CoCl2 to each of 2
test tubes prior to introducing a few
drops of 2N NaOH.
Procedure:
- Test tube 1: Heat up (do not shake).
Use the glass rod to stir the mixture
steadily and place it under ambient
atmosphere for a while.
- Test tube 2: Add a few drops of 3%
H2O2.
Phenomena:
- [Co(H2O)6]2+ complexion has pink  CoCl2 + NaOH  CoOHCl
color. When NaOH is added, solution  CoOHCl + NaOH  Co(OH)2 +
changes from light blue to pink and NaCl
red precipitate appears.  4Co(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 
- Test tube 1: Red precipitate turns to 4Co(OH)3
grey.  2Co(OH)2 + H2O2  2Co(OH)3 
- Test tube 2: Red precipitate turn to  2H2O2  2H2O + O2 
grey and air emits.
Conclusion:
- Co2+ can be oxidized easily.
b. Add NiCl2 into 2 test tube, 5
drops each. 2 more drops of 2N
NaOH are added.
Procedure:
-Test tube 1: Place the precipitate
under ambient atmosphere.
-Test tube 2: Add 3% H2O2 solution.
Phenomena:
Appear white-green precipitate.  Ni2+ + 2OH-  Ni(OH)2 
-Test tube 1: Precipitate remains.
-Test tube 2: Oxygen gas emits.  2H2O2  2H2O + O2 

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c.
Procedure:

*Use 4 test tubes:

Test tube 1: 5 drops of Fe2+ and few  Fe2+ + 2OH-  Fe(OH)2
drops of NaOH
+ With concentrated HCl  Fe(OH)2 + 2H+  Fe2+ + 2H2O
+ With concentrated NaOH

Test tube 2: 5 drops of Fe3+ and few

drops of NaOH  Fe3+ + 3OH-  Fe(OH)3 
+ with concentrated HCl
+ with concentrated NaOH  Fe(OH)3 + 3H+  Fe3+.+ 3H2O

Test tube 3: 5 drops of Co2+ and few

drops of NaOH
+ with concentrated HCl  Co2+ + 2OH-  Co(OH)2 
+ with concentrated NaOH
 Co(OH)2 + 2H+  Co2+ + 2H2O
Test tube 4: 5 drops of Ni2+ and few
drops of NaOH
+ with concentrated HCl
+ with concentrated NaOH  Ni2+ + 2OH-  Ni(OH)2 

Phenomena:

-Test tube 1: Appear white precipitate

+ With concentrated HCl: precipitate
dissolves, solution turns to colorless
+ With concentrated NaOH: no
phenomenon
- Test tube 2: red-brown precipitate
+ With concentrated HCl: precipitate
dissolves, solution turns to yellow
+ With concentrated NaOH: no
phenomenon
- Test tube 3: Appear red-pink
Conclusion:
-Co2+ is easy to be oxidized.
-From Fe to Ni, the stability of II
valence compound increases while
that of III valence compound
decreases.
-The hydroxide has strong base
properties.

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precipitate
+ With concentrated HCl: precipitate
dissolves a little, solution turns to light
pink
+ With concentrated NaOH: no
phenomenon.
- Test tube 4: Appear green precipitate
+ With concentrated HCl: precipitate
dissolves, solution turns to light green.
+ With concentrated NaOH: no
phenomenon.

Experiment 4:
Procedures:
Use saturated CoCl2 solution to write
on the filter paper. Then hoever the
filter paper above alcohol lamp.

Phenomena:
- Utilize saturated CoCl2 solution to
write on, the filter paper turn into pink
color. After that, hover above alcohol
lamp, the pink color disappears and is
changed purple-blue.
- [Co(H2O)6]2+ is heated so that it
loses water and create [Co(H2O)4]2+ ,
which makes the solution has the
color purple-blue.

Move to the next experiment:

Procedure:
- Add 5 drops of NiCl2, 1 drop of 2N
NH4OH.
- Then add 1 drop of
dimethylglyoxime into the test tube.
Phenomena:
- The first appearance is green  Ni2+ + OH- → Ni(OH)2↓ (green)
precipitated, then dissolved into dark
blue solution. After adding  Ni(OH)2 + 6NH3→ [Ni(NH3)6]
dimethylglyoxime, red blood (OH)2 (dark blue)
precipitated appeared.

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Conclusion:

- This reaction is used to qualify and

quantify Ni2+ in solution.

Experiment 5:
a.Use 2 test tube, 0.5ml of CoCl2
solution is added to each tube:
- Test tube 1: add excessive amount of
concentrated NH4OH solution.
- Test tube 2: add excessive amount of
concentrated HCl solution.

Phenomena:
 Co2+ + 2OH-  Co(OH)2 
- Test tube 1: Pink precipitate is
presented and then dissolved to create  Co(OH)2 + 6NH3  [Co(NH3)6]
the solution which has brown color at (OH)2
the top and pink color at the bottom.
After the whole shaking, solution turns  [Co(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl-  [CoCl4 ]- +
to the color of brown. 6H2O
- Test tube 2: The solution changes to
blue color.

b. Use 2 test tube, 0.5ml of NiCl2

solution is added to each tube:
- Test tube 1: add excessive amount of
concentrated NH4OH solution.
- Test tube 2: add excessive amount of
HCl.
Phenomena:
- Test tube 1: Green precipitate  Ni2+ + OH-  Ni(OH)2
appeared then dissolved into dark blue

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solution.  Ni(OH)2 + 6NH3  [Ni(NH3)6]

- Test tube 2: The color of solution (OH)2
changes to yellow.
 Ni(H2O)62+ + 4Cl- NiCl42- +
6H2O

Conclusion:
Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 can dissolve
in NH3 due to the ability of creating
stable complex.

TEAMWORK EVALUATION

Task Evaluation
Full name Student ID
(out of 100%)

Nguyen Thoi Sang 1952429 100%

Nguyen Ngoc Thien Phuc 2053340 100%

Le Vien Song Thu 2053629 100%

Inorganic Chemistry – Lab Report Pages 31

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