UNIT-1

Kogister "amere ad Micraopratis

Hhe data
Cohutor ystm
Soptuan Harduar

Handawhes ouhuter arganigatiom.

Couputen Detign
Cowputer Anchitectues.
Oiilel Cautpukec'
RA)

|Zoput
Oufut Bocesa -[Output
top) wias
devles
Digikad Coutontntss hey are sed as buuildimg bloeks

digilalConapoats ane
(v) Coute
(o) Multhplyer (v) Meria
 Regiitos
Cahahle Stoiny
Tlw a boadex Semse, Rogistex is a grouf ef ip-fop

Conro tasmafeed
0wto Hhe 3egstee.
Counter e registor that goas lasugh a he-delermine
kequtmee States porm Hi agplicaton q tput alses.
Mlawtony Uits t in a Callectom Sterate cells togehn
ih asoeiated Coneattot Cncuty edet to thantor
iahrmalion iat amd Out of Staaaje.
Spetatiom mecded
meeded koy a kardee Modeles ’
* Sed q legister &its -fometen.
*. The Segutme
biany fntortion Stered im agistos
*: Te Cotrel that initates Hhe

1 Rezuoter Thaigeo
Coujuten Kayistes ane daigosted by Capriat datos,
he kegste tht hald an addess fer He meay
Unit Caled a nenany Adhes kapist?
(MAR).
*. Zjomation Tramir hom
duagmated
opator,

benug elaced with

Synbals Jedeibti
hettes
Denotes a kagistx MAR, Ra
Panheses() Demsks a lat qa ksyiste Rlo-, k,(L)
Arvawk
Comma 3 Sepoates

Gmy yade a hdeternmed

Contod Comditon. his Cam he showm loy
by meas of
Qn - Hen Statememt.
4 (P=1) han
Adere a comtral Srgmal gemrated im He Gta!
Secliomm.

Contra R
Cccit lsad

Bloek diaga ttH t42

cloek
Joad

diagam
 2, Bus Aond Memmory ramserts. Ahus Siucs
Comssts Set ommon ina, bne aar ecl. bu
a hegter, aobgh hekica bimay inphmatonio
6me ot a time.
Commam Bus
>Hee State huen gate.
2.257ke Consruetiom d a bus System tor four egis ter w
Shoun below.

Cammog
bus
S

mux 2 nL

3 2 1 o 3 21 0 3 2 1 6

As
A
,Ao
32 i o 3 2 10 |321 O
lagiter) Register-c Register
. A Bus structure Conssts a Set q Common blines,
ib tobsfered a ine.
at a tint
* Each kegstere kas towr bits muwheed 0 Hrayh 3, The
bus coiits q four ix4 meltilsces eacl kawng
8, a Hrouyhk3, aud taus seleetiom mputs,
four data innbies,
S, od Sp.
Sgmifitantfosition im each egste
ar Commeeted to he data ibuts o One Multipleen
 ha bus. us MUX 0 mulliplenes

Jou 4 bits
a hee tao bit
fumetism Table ter Bus
Sa Kegisto Slecte!)
A

t, Ke tao seleeiom l i s S buud Sa a Comeeted to

Hhe Selaetion ihutd g all four wullijlss. The
Selectio lines chos He four bits a Gare ragister
Qud tavee them into he -oul -lane omnon bus.

muttiplces an seleted aud abhied to te Oututd

Hat m He bus. his Causes he bus lines to
Neceie the Cantet
Contet a registe A Sinee he Outputs
His negistene ane omnected to te
He odata inaputs

Registee Cis Seleted tor S,S= l0 aud

tor S, S,=ll Jaspectiwy
.Te Contnol Signel deteine ebich epistee y slete
agster taawsfer.
byby ke bus kauky eacl Poaticulo
g alarmatiom -faonm a bus (mto oue He
das tnetin nazidtevs Cam he accorlisk
Conaecting Hhe bus lies to he inbuts
destimabi Jegites aud ativatny he load Cotael
Q HeHa artieular adestination Joiste Seleted.

Bus
 e he Coteat He
He ott Re bus in loaded iuto He kegidte Ki
by Ativedig doad chal imput.
q hegists mulhiplses eeded to Gstruet
bits
im ereh egist,
*. TLe bus Sytm
eoch to Koodc an m-line Cammon imshe Sire
each lliplnere nwst be Kx1, Sme,it
ltislneus Rdata ie
2.2:> Tee- State fsus uhes
Abus System Caw he comswted th hree-Stete
?stead a nulipacers. At h -State
in a a digital circt Het ekibits hse steute.
the Setes ahe Sigmals esuvolent to dogic 1
Gd O as i a Convantiamal gate. The tird jate
s a high IabedsMe Stat.
TA high hedmee Stete behas ile an opem Cinuit
lich melms Hat the Cutput s discomMeeted oud
doen mot kaue a logic SijfiAmce.

noYmal put A Outiut Y=A,C=1

-Bree sates buer gate

cutput nlreblod
 a hus Sytem weita HseeStete fufHes
tyre helow.
*. The Output feur bulheró ae Conmected togete to
om a Sage bus ine. e Control tafputs to he
bues deterime talhich q He foue normal imputs aul
Camwunicte aet Hhe busline.
Ao Bus lie toy bit o
Bo
Co
Do
Seleetor
S
1
lines So 2

E (Emabte)
Bus ie luih Hree stacte- utend
to eswe Hhat no mane Hhan Gne Catral
iwhut s actiue at auy tin is to uAe a de Coale

Inktm te eahle ihut He secoler is , all q ito

fous outputs are
ihut
O, aud Hhe bus lines in a igk
iwheame Stete becaus all fou butteUs ae disabled.
. wllam He eable inbut is atie, oe a Hhe tee-State.
bufer ll be ative, deptmdinyg bimay alu
the select atuts a He decadee..

2.3:>Memay to kaglster ThaneK.

Merony s a blok q words:
wite
 Shit Addctom&
asokeroions
ane AhiHnete Secomday
Sit (o)
deneniet (v)
neuent t)
Subthactom (i0
Adtion (i)
eratins
ane. Ahithetic basie The
Mrcaoperaliema AitAyaelic 3.
det. t fhe
t
he
addres
eHo. Sphliçed
Heby Alil
be O2d nenay e *.
s.
b
Hue selscted
data he
Conttatq Cutesa this
M[AR]R, ldbite:
statd: beopeotiom
lam lite |he .
R. adldhers
inn ke
Belucied
by M
Nerd ONey hA
fom dhintoinaanai trasfex
q Cause
a is
RAMÍAR] Readi
Retistee.
ARaAddhess
 Desesbten

Content

/Sabiaatiom

3.1 Binay Addex

To intlmemt the add nihscpeotim eith hahalunc
ferfors tae arikmetic adthin
ligital Cowhont Hhat
lineuit that ars He aitetie St
The digitad
two bts omd aa euieus Cary n alled a Fult nthr
Creits tat glnerats tee acttmetie SuM
Te digital
Ugh is alled a
 addse is ComstJwted the full- Asdue cin
Cemectedin Cascaicde, with the output Carry am onue ful
-Addee Cannected to te iuput cawny o
-Adde.. A6
FA A fA

4- bt biwy Adder.
As torr the Abous fye, Ain nbit bruany addue
reguhs
eaeh tul-Addee s Cometed to the impt Cay
the et-hiy-oder tul Adde.
Te mmdata bits tor he Aîaputs Gne rom legiston
(Svcl as ) aud he m-dat bits for he Sfabuts Gue
Bom avnotie hegstr sueh as Re). Ta Som &an be
tamfoud to a tind keyistoe Gy to Ge,
He Brey iouA Coetet.
Jegisto
Adde Subhatoy
32 Baay
T Subraiom
The A-ß Con he dome by talCimy
CGuttlewet adáing ite A.
additorn awd Subaiom operalioms Cam be
ha
Cocct by includig
Couhidito Oe lommom
On excwsiue 0R gate ith each fuY- Add.

AA Shojm in tae Fe, ke Mocle Zosbet M

M
Comtrals the operation. llhen M=0, Re CoaCuct
am odde ewd when Mal,He Circt becomes
Aubtrautoy.
 16.1A 1Ao
TM

PA FA FA

Cu

Ialken M=0 e hane so0=B. Te fell Aodvs secie

Pertorm Aus s.
Co=l, Te S iaht ane ael Coutlerted aud a 1 is

3.3 Biagny nerentnt e noaatnaoja-atio

mUwbor im
adds one to a nube iM a
a wegister. eg ta t-bil
Jogiste has a binny elu ollo, t wit to otl allr

HAr AA

(HA)9 B Cometed. to dogc 1ad heHe olken

fts is
Conmected to ie uast gifCat bit
fo be mUhenented. he Outut a y bom
Adode s Commeeted to ome
Cout
2
As
uX 2
C2
3
C x oArp
CiSo
below
Addi bit t-bnshtute
he tat Cinceta full-Addet
omonlnt
n basic Cieut.
e arcthmelic Coutosite
34:>ithmetie
Cneuit
utput
wdt, toOnseoelds As, trough An
 (

the adder. Cin0, He Output =At6

He add ni hooperotiom eelh ov wuiho

*. talan S,S=01, the Complement a is applied to He Y-intea

A),
Cin=l, hen=AHB+l, 6e 2'5 Goutlemt q B RlusA-6.
Alich s egeuivaleut to a subtaiorn op A-b
Cin=0, Han A= At, tis in eguiualant to a Suhtrad auk
bolow ie A-ßl,

trnstead al o ae imdeted into Hae inputa,

Outhut becomes A= At 0+án , sgt
thom Gn0 His
Ais imuemented
by 1.
*. Whem S, Sh 11, all 1% axe insested tncte Hhe Yinbuts
Hhe adde to roduee the dleereet operation A
iA-L, hem Cru=9, Hn in due to all 13 qual
1(3s Goutlument of biMany
s 1121). Addig a mulken Ato Hu 22 Cotlimut
Ad dn Cin 2,-Hem, -A1+1 -A, MGre Covbact im fablu.
S So Ci Jojput(Y)
B Ad
1 Add ct Cary
C 1
1 A+S+1 Subtact

1 DA+1 Inement A
Serement A
1 Az A ranster A
4. Loge Mioa opNaioms

etormed ucth t s biay vaiabls. Tay Gom he

dateimed hom oll losible hh fablasobtained
Auit tue binay bariahes awd y.as Showm helas
fmeiom in demod by Fa to s
fo

(i-fo) by sehlaeig vadabes by the binany Coatt

ok Jegi ter Aad variable He biany Comtent
9egtee B. Each bit a Jegstex is feted as

re isted helow.
Sooeam fmaiou Miccoopeation
fozo
ftAB AND
fe-An
fA Trafer A
FuyFAaß ANA(A &8)

F= xey eclusie-oR
f&-AvB oR
NOR
F&(y)' Exclusue-NoR
Fla
FA- AvB
fe-A Coubleneut A
 fe-AvB OR
fk-AnS VANA
fe- al 1' Set to ll 1s
1Hardseetaiom of kogje Miogoperalon
Tae karolunae aaslentatom of oyic Mi cosopexatiors
Jraguires at ogic gets b inseted for each bd oy
Pai the egure
dogie omctiom. tor 16 iroogerstm, most CoufutHs
e ony four AND, oR, Xok and Canplamand trom
Sa
Ai

s, utput lG peratiom
4x1 OoEAnB ANO
2
| MUx 6IE-AvB oR
6101| oEAs XoR
3
|omlemeut
Logic diagha 8dun oliom table

It Consst
Hiough
qate hat Perferms he Jraguined dogi. Tha outpits
He gates obplied to the data inputs q ke
Multiplo.The tus Aeleston infputs S, and choose
aud
d t its nalue to th gutput
42 Somt Applistiond ksgee Miaspeator'>
(a) Seletiue Setl>hat w (omsidn tus )ogt ak
Cotent.
e seletme-Set opeanoo Sets to t he brt im

lolo A(befose openalin)

|l008(Jogic opesd)
(6) selcti-(ouhlemtut l’ This opration Cousleruants bila

loloA (befane opoatan)

Il00-> logie oponand)
ol|0 A(Ater opexation)
l0 Celethu -clea This operation clens to 0 bia in
A ony he the ane
lol0 A (bejare operatio)
l100 &(oge ojoland)
0016 > A(Agterjoheratom
(a) MasKin oferalon is Sinilar to he Selectudlesr

181o ’ A(beera opealo)

1( 00
(AND peuti 1000A(Ater operatint
(e) Ionrt theo o0eation esert a mew value rto
9yroup g bits."in es clone hy biost mating the hits and
e olo
D000
loloAC befexe operati)
>S(mask)
0000 loloA(Atu maskin
 one in A Shift doic (a)
Slht nnetie Arit ()
Shigt inelan (6)
sugt Aogical (a)
, Conjumeliom
cik wed
im also are Tay
Sesial
Micrangelatiws Skit 5.
(AG6). A o0 0
lolo
|oloA
egual. ae
d im
Awonds Caubars
the operatióm hin Cleal 4
imserin) (Aa A tolo
toseet)
0o00s |o01
ofern) ’A(betore tolo Go00
vale miy (mset
the hOed
 iato
sl Siym Quulow,
aaud in 4l,.
an thue 4
ounlsu) This
Otew owenlow, am
Couses
by2 he asBani Skif. the
hamges
in Kni bits
in He0cus rensal Sign A
n So
amd koni rom bit
ht. he to
mUbor HeShitt Oud
hid Sgnaus
umthanyed. hit Sig
He
2. wbor
by oiwdest skife-ght cc acit An'
2 by
mulhpesa leftslit- mels aorih An
yht. Hator mwor
to bimany Sigmed
 s
Serial
-Ho
1

Ao

Ha
Seal

but data
htm S=0 , te tbut data are Suilted ight.
ktm S-1, tabut ata
tometinal Table
Selet Output
Ho H, H Hs
A
A
6 Aetketi kogie Shg Uhit
Tke axiKmetic,loge and She cihits Cam be Guhinal

trosterad to o astiata

Ss
S
Ci

Arituetic
LSeleet

Cil 2
 . A Vasdi war wtroaralians in Selted wta
*. A UX1 nejlear at Hu Ostput co h t nod
iabts S, So.
ay
Sehet in dot, by Sa 0d 3z.

Touts
Camnected to ka iabut ay Ha et stage in
Eok atzimopesti

Opatn Sohet
Cig
F=A ramter A
F-A+! Ayikmetic
Additom
Seleetie
1 Subtroct uik baloal7S,-00
1 Subtio
1 1 F= A-l JeeretA
4 Thamsfue A
F=AnS ANA Jogic
F= A vB oroatio
X X-oR Selaet
F=A
Fshe A
FzShl A