Unit-2-Chemical Changes

MYP-2,Part-1
Key Concept Change
Related Concept Interaction,Transformation

Global Context Scientific and Technical

Innovation
Area of Exploration How systems have
developed to explain the
model.

Statement of Inquiry:How interaction can bring transformation and

change
Which ATL Skills will you develop in this unit?

Thinking Skills Creative Thinker

Knowledgeable
ATL SKILLS
 Why Chemical Symbols?

● Writing the full name of the elements would be time-consuming so

abbreviated form has been assigned to each element.

● The abbreviations used to represent each elements are called Chemical

Symbols
 Significance of Chemical Symbols?

● It represents name of the element

● It represent one atom of the element.
● It represents a definite mass of the element.

Element Nitrogen

Symbol N

1 atom of Nitrogen

14 grams of Nitrogen
Earlier attempts- Pictorial Symbols by Dalton
 Modern system(Berzelius –Swedish Scientist)

● The first English letter appearing in the name of the element is used as its symbol.
Hydrogen (H),Carbon (C )

● When two or more elements have their name beginning with the same letter,one
more letter is added to the symbol. For some elements, the second letter in their
name is added such as Calcium(Ca),Cobalt(Co)

● In some cases, another distinct letter is used like Chlorine(Cl),Magnesium

(Mg),Manganese(Mn)
Symbols by Latin Names
Let’s write symbol for some element(Notebook)

Element Element Element

Aluminium Potassium Gold
Fluorine Phosphorous Mercury
Barium Lithium Lead
Boron Nickel Iron
Uranium Copper Bromine
Calcium Hydrogen Iodine
Helium Zinc Sulphur
Nitrogen Silicon Oxygen
Check your answers!

Element Symbols Element Symbols Element Symbols

Aluminium Al Potassium K Gold Au
Fluorine F Phosphorous P Mercury Hg
Barium Ba Lithium Li Lead Pb
Boron B Nickel Ni Iron Fe
Uranium U Copper Cu Bromine Br
Calcium Ca Hydrogen H Iodine I
Helium He Zinc Zn Sulphur S
Nitrogen N Silicon Si Oxygen O
 Atomicity

● Many elements exist as molecules because atoms of such elements cannot exist
independently.
● The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is known as its
atomicity.

Depending on the atomicity, molecules can be:

● Monoatomic
● Diatomic
● Triatomic
● Tetraatomic
Atomicity of Elements

Atomicity Type of molecules Examples

1 Monoatomic Helium(He),Neon(Ne),Sodium(Na),
Potassium(K)

2 Diatomic Hydrogen(H2),Oxygen(O2)

3 Triatomic Ozone(O3)

4 Tetraatomic Phosphorous(P4)
 Chemical Formulae

● As elements are represented by symbol,chemical compound is represented

by chemical Symbols

● The representation of a molecule of a compound using chemical symbols of

its constituent element is called a chemical formula.
Let’s write some Chemical Formulae

Name Formula Name Formula

Water H2O Nitric acid HNO3
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Hydrochloric acid HCl Sodium Chloride NaCl

Note: The chemical formula can be derived if we know the constituent elements and their valency.
We know that Valency is Combining capacity of the atom of an element.(tendency to gain or lose electrons)
Let’s Check valency of few elements

Element Valency Element Valency

Hydrogen 1 Sodium 1
Carbon 4 Magnesium 2
Oxygen 2 Copper 1 and 2
Iron 2 and 3 Aluminium 3

Note: Some elements exhibit variable valency.If you know the

group number to which element belong then the valency can be
known.
 How to write a Chemical Formulae

● Step-1:Write down the symbol of the constituent elements.

● Step-2:Write down the valency of the elements.

● Step-3:Cross over the valencies and write down as subscripts.

● Step-4:If the valency is divisible by a common number,then divide and simplify the
formula
 Let’s write a Chemical Formulae for water

● Step-1: Constituent elements are Hydrogen(H) and Oxygen(O)

● Step-2: Hydrogen Oxygen

1 2

● Step-3:Hydrogen Oxygen
1 2 H 2O

● Step-4: The valencies are divisible by 1 so the formula is H2O

 Let’s write a Chemical Formulae for Carbondioxide

● Step-1: Constituent elements are Carbon(C) and Oxygen(O)

● Step-2: Carbon Oxygen

4 2

● Step-3: Carbon Oxygen

4 2 C 2O 4

● Step-4: The valencies are divisible by 2 so the formula is CO2

Let’s write a Chemical Formulae(Do in Notebook)

1.Sodium Bromide
2.Sodium Chloride
3.Hydrogen Chloride
4.Aluminium Oxide
5.Magnesium Chloride
6.Potassium Bromide
7.Potassium Chloride
8.Aluminium Chloride
9.Magnesium Oxide
10.Sodium Oxide
Let’s write a Chemical Formulae

1.Sodium Bromide -NaBr

2.Sodium Chloride-NaCl
3.Hydrogen Chloride-HCl
4.Aluminium Oxide-Al2O3
5.Magnesium Chloride-MgCl2
6.Potassium Bromide-KBr
7.Potassium Chloride-KCl
8.Aluminium Chloride-AlCl3
9.Magnesium Oxide-MgO
10.Sodium Oxide-Na2O
 Let’s write a Chemical Formulae for Sodiumbromide

● Step-1: Constituent elements are Sodium(Na) and Bromine(Br)

● Step-2: Sodium Bromine

1 1

● Step-3:Sodium Bromine
1 1 NaBr

● Step-4: The valencies are divisible by 1 so the formula is NaBr

 Let’s write a Chemical Formulae for Aluminium Oxide

● Step-1: Constituent elements are Aluminium(Al) and Oxygen(O)

● Step-2: Aluminium Oxygen

3 2

● Step-3:Aluminium Oxygen
3 2 Al2O3

● Step-4: The valencies are divisible by 1 so the formula is Al2O3

 We Learnt:

● How to write symbols of elements?

● How to write symbols using Latin names?
● How to write chemical formula when two element combine to give compound?

● We will learn more on compound by studying about radicals and how radical
and element combine to form compound?