EAPP

Nature and Characteristic of an

Academic Text
- A reading material that provides
information which include concepts
and theories that are related to
the specific discipline.
Examples:
Research Paper Thesis/Dissertation
Conference Paper Reviews
Feasibility Study Essay
Academic Journal Reports
Structure
- formal and logical (Introduction,
Body, Conclusion)
- must be cohesive and possess a
logically organized flow of ideas
Tone
- refers to the attitude conveyed in
a piece of writing
- arguments of others are fairly
presented and with an appropriate
narrative tone
Language
- Formal language and the third
person point-of view
- Clear topic sentences enable a
reader to follow your line of
thinking without difficulty
- Technical language appropriate
to the area of study may also be
used
Citation
- Citing sources in the body of the
paper and providing a list of
references as either footnotes
or endnotes is a very important
aspect of an academic text.
- quoted text that have been used
in a paper as a defense against
allegations of plagiarism
Complexity
- addresses complex issues that
require higher-order thinking skills
to comprehend
Evidence-Based Arguments
- opinions are based on a sound
understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and
academic debates that exist within,
and often external to a specific
discipline
Thesis-Driven
- a particular perspective, idea or
position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as
establishing, proving, or
disproving solutions to the
questions posed for the topic
EAPP
Nature and Characteristic of an
Academic Text
- A reading material that provides
information which include concepts
and theories that are related to
the specific discipline.
Examples:
Research Paper Thesis/Dissertation
Conference Paper Reviews
Feasibility Study Essay
Academic Journal Reports
Structure
- formal and logical (Introduction,
Body, Conclusion)
- must be cohesive and possess a
logically organized flow of ideas
Tone
- refers to the attitude conveyed in
a piece of writing
- arguments of others are fairly
presented and with an appropriate
narrative tone
Language
- Formal language and the third
person point-of view
- Clear topic sentences enable a
reader to follow your line of
thinking without difficulty
- Technical language appropriate
to the area of study may also be
used
Citation
- Citing sources in the body of the
paper and providing a list of
references as either footnotes
or endnotes is a very important
aspect of an academic text.
- quoted text that have been used
in a paper as a defense against
allegations of plagiarism
Complexity
- addresses complex issues that
require higher-order thinking skills
to comprehend
Evidence-Based Arguments
- opinions are based on a sound
understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and
academic debates that exist within,
and often external to a specific
discipline
Thesis-Driven
- a particular perspective, idea or
position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as
establishing, proving, or
disproving solutions to the
questions posed for the topic
EAPP
Nature and Characteristic of an
Academic Text
- A reading material that provides
information which include concepts
and theories that are related to
the specific discipline.
Examples:
Research Paper Thesis/Dissertation
Conference Paper Reviews
Feasibility Study Essay
Academic Journal Reports
Structure
- formal and logical (Introduction,
Body, Conclusion)
- must be cohesive and possess a
logically organized flow of ideas
Tone
- refers to the attitude conveyed in
a piece of writing
- arguments of others are fairly
presented and with an appropriate
narrative tone
Language
- Formal language and the third
person point-of view
- Clear topic sentences enable a
reader to follow your line of
thinking without difficulty
- Technical language appropriate
to the area of study may also be
used
Citation
- Citing sources in the body of the
paper and providing a list of
references as either footnotes
or endnotes is a very important
aspect of an academic text.
- quoted text that have been used
in a paper as a defense against
allegations of plagiarism
Complexity
- addresses complex issues that
require higher-order thinking skills
to comprehend
Evidence-Based Arguments
- opinions are based on a sound
understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and
academic debates that exist within,
and often external to a specific
discipline
Thesis-Driven
- a particular perspective, idea or
position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as
establishing, proving, or
disproving solutions to the
questions posed for the topic
EAPP
Nature and Characteristic of an
Academic Text
- A reading material that provides
information which include concepts
and theories that are related to
the specific discipline.
Examples:
Research Paper Thesis/Dissertation
Conference Paper Reviews
Feasibility Study Essay
Academic Journal Reports
Structure
- formal and logical (Introduction,
Body, Conclusion)
- must be cohesive and possess a
logically organized flow of ideas
Tone
- refers to the attitude conveyed in
a piece of writing
- arguments of others are fairly
presented and with an appropriate
narrative tone
Language
- Formal language and the third
person point-of view
- Clear topic sentences enable a
reader to follow your line of
thinking without difficulty
- Technical language appropriate
to the area of study may also be
used
Citation
- Citing sources in the body of the
paper and providing a list of
references as either footnotes
or endnotes is a very important
aspect of an academic text.
- quoted text that have been used
in a paper as a defense against
allegations of plagiarism
Complexity
- addresses complex issues that
require higher-order thinking skills
to comprehend
Evidence-Based Arguments
- opinions are based on a sound
understanding of the pertinent
body of knowledge and
academic debates that exist within,
and often external to a specific
discipline
Thesis-Driven
- a particular perspective, idea or
position applied to the chosen
research problem, such as
establishing, proving, or
disproving solutions to the
questions posed for the topic
What is Summarizing?
Buckley (2004), in her popular writing text Fit to Print, said that summarizing is reducing text to
one-third or one-quarter of its original size, clearly articulating the author’s meaning, and
retaining main ideas.
Diane Hacker (2008), in A Canadian Writer’s Reference, explains that summarizing involves
stating a work’s thesis and main ideas “simply, briefly, and accurately”.
From dictionaries, it is defined as taking a lot of information and creating a condensed version
that covers the main points; and to express the most important facts or ideas about something or
someone in a short and clear form. From the definitions, take a look on the pool of words and
phrases
Reducing text
“simply, briefly, and accurately”
Clearly articulating
condensed version
Thesis
most important facts or ideas
Main ideas
short and clear form

Various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts

1. Read the work first to understand the author’s intent. This is a crucial step because an
incomplete reading could lead to an inaccurate summary. Note: an inaccurate summary is
plagiarism!
2. One of the summarization techniques you can do is to present information through facts, skills
and concept in visual formats. You can provide the cause and effects charts, time lines, and Venn
diagrams, templates for outlines, use flow charts or infographics.
3. To avoid difficulty, you need first to know the main points and the supporting details. You can
exclude any illustrations, examples or explanations.
4. You need to analyze the text to save time in thinking what you will do.
5. Think what information you will put in your summary. Be sure to cover the main points and
arguments of the document.
6. One of the best things to do in auto summarizing is restating the words into different one. You
should avoid using the original words of the author instead; use your own vocabulary but be sure
to retain the information.
7. You will fully understand what the document is when you organize all ideas.
8. One of the things you can do is to write down all information in a coherent and precise form.
Keep in mind that a summary is a condensed version of the original paper, so avoid making it
long.
9. You can also decide to represent information by using dimensional constructions in
representing concepts, skills, or facts.
10. Paraphrasing is one of the skills you can do in writing a summary. With it, do not use the
same words with the author.

With the tips above, you will no longer worry whenever you need to summarize because it is
your one stop solution to having a fantastic summary that offer nice details to readers. Follow the
tips and you will not make mistakes.
Here’s how you start writing your summary.

Example 1: Japanese Rail Tunnel

Due to an increase in traffic between the various islands which make up Japan, and
predictions of a continuing growth in train travel, a rail tunnel was built to connect the islands of
Honshu and Hokkaido. The Seikan Tunnel in Japan is today the longest tunnel in the world, with
a length of almost 54km. When the tunnel was opened in 1988, all existing trains went through
it. However, newer Japanese bullet trains have never used the tunnel because of the cost of
extending the high speed line through it. Consequently, the train journey from Tokyo to Sapporo
still takes about ten hours. In contrast, the journey by air takes only three and a half hours. This
has combined with the fall in the cost of flying, has meant that more people travel by plane than
train and the tunnel is not used as much as forecasters had predicted.

Increase in traffic
connect Islands (Honshu & Hokkaido )
Predictions and continuing growth
The longest rail tunnel
opened 1988
54km
Opened in 1988
Bullet trains
Never used tunnel
Fall in the cost of flying
Not used as much as forecasters predicted

Summary
The longest railway tunnel in the world links the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. This 54km
tunnel was inaugurated in 1988 to deal with the predicted increase in rail traffic. However, the
fall in the cost of flying and the fact that high-speed trains cannot use the tunnel have resulted in
the tunnel being less widely used than expected.

Example 2 : The Sydney Opera House

The Sydney Opera House is one of the most famous architectural wonders of the modern
world. Instantly recognizable both for its roof shells and its impressive location in Sydney
harbour, it has become one of the best known images of Australia. Situated close to Sydney
Harbour Bridge, this large performing arts centre was started in 1959 and completed in 1973.
After a competition to choose the design, the Danish architect Jorn Utzon was chosen. The Opera
House includes five theatres, five rehearsal studios, two main halls, four restaurants, six bars, and
several shops.The construction of the Opera House was fairly controversial as the final cost of
the building was much higher than predicted. It was expected to cost $7 milllion, but in fact, the
final cost was $102 million. This was due to difficult weather conditions, problems with
structural design, and changes to contract. The remarkable roof shells were also difficult to
construct. Furthermore, the construction too longer than planned. Completion of the building was
initially expected in four years, in 1963. Unfortunately, because of the many problems and
changes which were necessary in the design, the building was not completed until ten years later,
in 1973.It was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth 2 on 20th October 1973, and millions of people
attended the ceremony. The event was televised, and included a fireworks display and classical
music performance.
Most famous architectural wonders of the modern world
Recognisable both for its roof shells
Location in Sydney harbour
Performing arts centre
Started in 1959 and completed in 1973
Competition: the Danish architect Jorn Utzon
Five theatres, five rehearsal studios, two main halls, four restaurants, six bars, and several shops
Controversial: expected $7 milllion / the final cost $102
Difficult weather conditions, problems with structural design, and changes to contract.
Inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth 2 on 20th October 1973