Analog Electronics I

Daniela Charris Stand

dmcharris@uninorte.edu.co

Universidad del Norte

Barranquilla
SCHEDULE
7:30 a.m. - 7:45 a.m. : Day 8 recap
7:45 a.m. - 9:45 a.m. : BJT Transistors - AC models
9:45 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. : Break
10:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. : Exercises
11:00 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. : Lab Activity: BJT Transistors

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DETAILED COURSE PLAN

Exam 3:
BJT Transistors
EVALUATION

Tuesday,
July 5th

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TRANSISTORS

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 BJT Operation Modes
CUT-OFF
npn pn
p

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 BJT Operation Modes
ACTIVE
np pn
n p

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 BJT Operation Modes
SATURATION
np pn
n p

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Analysis of Circuits with BJTs

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 Analysis of circuits with transistors
The analysis is conducted in two steps, using superposition:

1. DC analysis 2. AC (small-signal) analysis

Find out for each transistor: • Compute the linearized equivalent AC model of each
• Operation mode transistor (gm , ro, etc.), based on the DC analysis.
• All voltages and currents at its terminals • Find Ri , Ro , Avo of the amplifier and
express it in the canonical form (blue box):

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 BJTs - DC Analysis

Useful Formulas and Examples

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Useful Formulas

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Current Sources with BJTs

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Current Source: Basic Concept

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Current Source: Basic Concept

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Current-source Circuits

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Current-source Circuits

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Current Mirror

This is the preferred

biasing method in
integrated circuits
(IC chips)

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Current Mirror

This is the preferred

biasing method in
integrated circuits
(IC chips)

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AC (small-signal)
analysis

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 Analysis of circuits with BJTs

The analysis is carried in two steps, using superposition:

1. DC analysis:
Find all voltages and currents at each transistor: VE , VB , VC , IE , IC , IB

2. AC (small-signal) analysis:
Find Ri , Ro , Avo of the amplifier and express it in the canonical form (blue box):

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 Analysis of circuits with BJTs
More detailed:

1. DC analysis:
a) Find all voltages and currents at each transistor: VE , VB , VC , IE , IC , IB
b) This means that you must also find the correct operation mode for each transistor!
There are three possible modes: OFF, ACT or SAT.
c) Then you compute the “AC (small-signal)” parameters: gm , re , rπ , ro

2. AC (small-signal) analysis:
a) Using the linearized models of the transistors (with the AC parameters),
Find the input resistance, output resistance and gain of the amplifier: Ri , Ro , Avo
b) Express the amplifier in the canonical form.

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 Analysis of circuits with BJTs
DC + AC Only DC Only AC
Full analysis (bias) analysis (small-signal)
analysis

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 BJT equivalent models for small signal analysis (npn & pnp)

“Pi” Models

“T” Models

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𝜋-model for small signal analysis

When emitter to ground in

small signal analysis

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 T-model for small signal analysis
When base to ground in
small signal analysis

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 NPN and PNP use the same
small signal models “𝜋” and “T”

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 NPN and PNP use the same
small signal models “𝜋” and “T”

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Derivation of the small-signal parameters gm , re , rπ , ro .

Approximate ic = gm · vbe
linear behavior
for small
varying signals

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Basic BJT Amplifiers

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 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 Common-Emitter with Re (CE+Re) Amplifier

Figure 6.66 (a) A common-emitter amplifier with an emitter resistance Re. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained by replacing the
transistor with its T model.

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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 Common-Emitter with Re (CE+Re) Amplifier

Figure 6.66 (a) A common-emitter amplifier with an emitter resistance Re. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained by replacing the
transistor with its T model.
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 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier

Figure 6.67 (a) A common-base amplifier using the structure of Fig. 6.64. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained by
replacing the transistor with its T model.
Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier

Figure 6.67 (a) A common-base amplifier using the structure of Fig. 6.64. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained by
replacing the transistor with its T model.

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 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier

Figure 6.68 (a) An emitter-follower circuit based on the structure of Fig. 6.64. (b) Small-signal equivalent circuit
of the emitter follower with the transistor replaced by its T model.

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier

Figure 6.68 (a) An emitter-follower circuit based on the structure of Fig. 6.64. (b) Small-signal equivalent circuit
of the emitter follower with the transistor replaced by its T model.
Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition
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 The Amplifier Bandwidth

Figure 6.69 Sketch of the magnitude of the gain of a CE amplifier versus frequency. The graph delineates
the three frequency bands relevant to frequency-response determination.

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