Day 7

Analog Electronics I
Daniela Charris Stand

dmcharris@uninorte.edu.co
Universidad del Norte

Barranquilla
SCHEDULE
7:30 a.m. - 7:45 a.m. : Day 6 recap
7:45 a.m. - 9:45 a.m. : Intro to BJT Transistors
9:45 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. : Break
10:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. : BJT Transistors
11:00 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. : Workshop OpAmps
2
DETAILED COURSE PLAN
Exam 2:
DIODES
Exam 3:
BJT Transistors
3
EVALUATION
Tuesday,
June 28th
Tuesday,
July 5th
4
DIODES
5
Ideal Diode
i / v Relation
Symbol
“Reverse” “Forward”
6
Ideal Diode
7
The I-V curve for a realistic diode
8
PN-junction Diode
9
PN Diode: Temperature dependence
Figure 4.9 Temperature dependence of the

diode forward characteristic.
At a constant current, the voltage drop decreases

by approximately 2 mV for every 1°C increase in
temperature.
10
The “Constant-Drop” Model
11
The Shockley (Exponential) Model
12
The Shockley (Exponential) Model
Muy útil cuando no se tiene IS, sino el valor de la caída para cierta corriente.
Por ejemplo: Diodo de “1mA ↔ 0.7V”

(es decir, que tiene 0.7V cuando conduce 1mA)
Con lo cual la relación corriente-voltaje del diodo queda:
VD – 0.7V = 25mV·2.3·log10 (ID / 1mA)

13
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
14
Relative intensity
*
(arbitrary units)
15
A K
Long lead
flat side
Short lead
short
lead
K
A
Zener Diode
Blocking, OFF, Forward
Open circuit ON
0,7
Reverse conduction
Reverse
conduction
17
Exercise
The 6.8V zener diode shows a

reverse drop of Vz=6.8V at
Iz=5mA, rz=20Ω, and Izk=0.2mA.
The supply voltage is nominally at
10V with a ripple of ±1V.
Find the:
1) Output Vo with no load

2) Line regulation (ΔVo / ΔV+)
3) Load regulation (ΔVo / ΔIL)
when RL draws 1mA.
18
Exercise
The 6.8V zener diode shows a

reverse drop of Vz=6.8V at
Iz=5mA, rz=20Ω, and
Izk=0.2mA. The supply voltage is
nominally at 10V with a ripple of
±1V.
Find the:
1) Output Vo with no load

2) Line regulation (ΔVo / ΔV+)
3) Load regulation (ΔVo / ΔIL)
when RL draws 1mA.
19
Application of Diodes:
Rectifiers, Limiters, Clampers
20
Basic AC → DC Conversion
(Simple DC Power Supply)
21
Half-wave Rectifier
Output vs. Input
Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
22
Half-wave Rectifier with Capacitor
Figure 4.25 Voltage and current

waveforms in the peak rectifier with
RC≫T. The diode is assumed ideal.
23
Full-wave Rectifier with
Capacitor
24
Full-wave Rectifier with
Capacitor
25
Basic AC → DC Conversion
26
Precision Rectifier
27
Limiters
Figure 4.29 Applying a sine wave to a limiter can result in clipping off its two peaks.
28
Limiters
Figure 4.31 Basic limiting circuits.
29
Clamps - Overvoltage protection
Horowitz, Art of Electronics, 3ed, Chp 1.
Input, if input is < 5.7V
5.7V, if input is larger than 5.7V

Output =
30
TRANSISTORS
31
Basic Concept
“Transistors are controlled valves”
32
Butterfly valve Control valve
A small signal or action
controls
a large flow!
33
Butterfly valve Control valve
Bi-directional,
Symmetrical
Uni-directional, Non-symmetrical
34
Invention of the Transistor
John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain,
invented the transistor. (Bell Labs, 1948)
Nobel Prize
in Physics
(1956)
35
Transistor
36
BJT Types
NPN
Emitter Collector
Base
PNP
37
BJTs are not symmetrical devices!
- Example of NPN -
Figure 6.7 Cross-section of an npn BJT implemented in an Integrated Chip
38
BJTs are not symmetrical devices!
- Example of NPN -
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-2/bipolar-junctio
n-transistors/
39
BJT Types and Models
40
BJT Types
NPN
Emitter Collector
PNP Base
41
BJT Types
NPN
Emitter Collector
Base
42
NPN Transistor
NPN
Emitter Collector
Base
43
NPN Transistor
NPN
Emitter Collector
Base
44
NPN Transistor
IC = β·IB, β ≈ 200
= α IE
Simple model
for
IC = 𝛼·IE,
active mode
IC ≈ I E
45
NPN Transistor: the “ T model ”
Figure 6.5 Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of the npn BJT operating in the forward active mode.
46
NPN Transistor: the “ T model ”
47
NPN Transistor: the “ π model ”
48
NPN Transistor: the “ π model ”
49
NPN Transistor - Example
50
A nice transistor model:
“Transistor Man”
Art of Electronics, β
by P. Horowitz, 2015.
(Harvard University)
Note: The adjustable resistor can also be seen as a Norton

equivalent, that is, a current source in parallel with a resistor
51
The Ebers-Moll model
Forward (main) active mode
Jewell Ebers, John Moll

(Bell Labs, 1954) βF ≈ 50 to 350
αF ≈ 0.99
rO
Reverse active mode
βR ≈ 0.1
αR ≈ 0.1
The Ebers-Moll model
Forward (main) active mode

“T model”
Jewell Ebers, John Moll

(Bell Labs, 1954) βF ≈ 50 to 350
αF ≈ 0.99
rO
= α IE
53
BJT Types
NPN
Emitter Collector
PNP Base
54
BJT Types
Emitter Collector
PNP Base
55
PNP Transistor
Emitter Collector
PNP Base
56
PNP Transistor
Emitter Collector
PNP Base
57
PNP Transistor
Look at the relative position of E,B,C:

● Emitter above,
● Base in the middle
● Collector at bottom
58
PNP Transistor
T model pi model
Figure 6.11 Two large-signal models for the pnp transistor operating in the active mode.
59
I-V Relation in Transistors, Power limits
and
Early Effect
60
NPN Transistor
61
NPN Transistor
Hyperbola of
maximum power
dissipation capability
62
NPN Transistor
Early effect (1952)
Early’s
correction
Early voltage (VA)
63
NPN Transistor with Early effect “rO”
NPN
Figure 6.18 Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of an npn BJT operating in the active mode
in the common-emitter configuration with the output resistance ro included.
64
PNP Transistor with Early effect “rO”
PNP
65
Temperature effects on BJTs
66
Temperature effects
on conduction
● For constant IC
→ vBE decreases 2mV/°C
● For constant vBE
→ IC doubles for each additional 5°C
67
Dependency of hFE ( β ) on
IC and Temperature
← β typical ≈ 200
68
Modes of Operation in BJTs
- Cut-off, Active, Saturation -
69
BJT Operation Modes
CUT-OFF
npn pn
p
70
BJT Operation Modes
ACTIVE
np pn
n p
Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
71
BJT Operation Modes
SATURATION
np pn
n p
72
Transistor Operation Regions
73
Transistor Operation
- Effect of Rc -
74
Transistor Operation
- Effect of Rc -
small Rc:
LARGE Rc:
75
BJT as a switch
- Only Cut-off and Saturation -
Taken from Horowitz, “Art of Electronics”, 2015
76
Transistor as an ON-OFF Switch
OFF SAT
“fully ON”
≈
≈
77
NPN Transistor as an
ON-OFF Switch
120V
78
NPN Transistor as an
ON-OFF Switch
79
Driving LEDs
80
Using a Follower
(Buffer) Stage
81
Switch with PNP for
Loads connected to ground
82
BJT as an amplifier
- Only Active -
83
Single-stage BJT amplifier
(Single power supply)
84
Single-stage BJT amplifier
(Dual power supply)
85
Multi-stage BJT amplifier
86
Multi-stage MOSFET-BJT amplifier
87
Analysis of Circuits with BJTs
88
Analysis of circuits with transistors
The analysis is conducted in two steps, using superposition:
1. DC analysis 2. AC (small-signal) analysis

Find out for each transistor: • Compute the linearized equivalent AC model of each
• Operation mode transistor (gm , ro, etc.), based on the DC analysis.
• All voltages and currents at its terminals • Find Ri , Ro , Avo of the amplifier and
express it in the canonical form (blue box):
89
BJTs - DC Analysis
Useful Formulas and Examples
90
Useful Formulas
91
Figure 6.14 Circuit for Example 6.2.
92
93
VE VB VC IC IB VBB
a)
b)
c)
94
Figure 6.22 Analysis of the circuit for Example 6.4
95
Figure 6.22 Analysis of the circuit for Example 6.4
96
Figure 6.23 Analysis of the circuit for Example 6.5.
97
ACTive?
98
ACTive?
99
ACTive?
100
ACTive? SATuration?
101
ACTive? SATuration?
10
2
Bad Designs
in BJT DC Circuits
103
Figure 6.26 Example 6.8
What happens if β is halved? And if it is doubled?
10
4
What if β = 50?
What if β = 200?
105
When β changes β1
↓ β2
the VCE voltage
moves a lot !!! ≈
↓
Circuit behaviour depends
highly
on beta !
Sensitive to
variations among
↳ Bad design! similar
components!
10
6
More bad designs
There is no
negative feedback
↓
An unintentional
change in IC does not
affect VBE
Figure 6.59 Two obvious schemes for biasing the BJT: (a) by fixing VBE; (b) by fixing IB.
Both result in wide variations in IC and hence in VCE and therefore are considered to be “bad.”
Neither scheme is recommended.
107
This is a not-so-good design
Although it does create a

negative feedback (which is
good), it still depends on
beta.
Try fixing VC = VCC/2

and see what happens when
beta changes
Figure 6.62 (a) A common-emitter transistor amplifier biased by a feedback resistor RB. (b)
Analysis of the circuit in (a).
108
Good Designs
in BJT DC Circuits
109
110
What if β = 50?
What if β = 200?
111
When β changes β1
↓ β2
the IC stays stable
≈
↓
Beta has little impact on
circuit behaviour !
↳Good design! Insensitive to

variations among
similar
components!
112
More good designs
The “4-resistor H-configuration”
There is
negative feedback!
↓
An unintentional change in IC
(due to beta or temperature)
does affect VBE,
avoiding large changes in IC
↓
The resistor RE is the key!
113
More good designs
114
Thevenin equivalent of the left section
115
More good designs
116
Current Sources with BJTs
117
Current Source: Basic Concept
118
Current Source: Basic Concept
119
Current-source Circuits
120
Current-source Circuits
121
Current Mirror
This is the preferred

biasing method in
integrated circuits
(IC chips)
122
Current Mirror
This is the preferred

biasing method in
integrated circuits
(IC chips)
123
A nice example that grows...
124
Figure 6.28 Circuits for Example 6.10.
125
126
127
128
129
Any load!
Remains unchanged,
independent of the load
(Valid as long as the BJT

remains active: VC > VE + 0.3V)
13
0
131
132
133
Any load!
134
Exercise 6.30
135

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Analog Electronics I

Daniela Charris Stand

Universidad del Norte

Figure 4.9 Temperature dependence of the

At a constant current, the voltage drop decreases

Por ejemplo: Diodo de “1mA ↔ 0.7V”

Con lo cual la relación corriente-voltaje del diodo queda:

VD – 0.7V = 25mV·2.3·log10 (ID / 1mA)

The 6.8V zener diode shows a

1) Output Vo with no load

The 6.8V zener diode shows a

1) Output Vo with no load

Rectifiers, Limiters, Clampers

Output vs. Input

Figure 4.25 Voltage and current

Figure 4.31 Basic limiting circuits.

Horowitz, Art of Electronics, 3ed, Chp 1.

Input, if input is < 5.7V

5.7V, if input is larger than 5.7V

“Transistors are controlled valves”

A small signal or action

Figure 6.7 Cross-section of an npn BJT implemented in an Integrated Chip

Note: The adjustable resistor can also be seen as a Norton

Forward (main) active mode

Jewell Ebers, John Moll

Reverse active mode

Forward (main) active mode

Jewell Ebers, John Moll

Look at the relative position of E,B,C:

Early effect (1952)

Early voltage (VA)

→ vBE decreases 2mV/°C

● For constant vBE

→ IC doubles for each additional 5°C

Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition

1. DC analysis 2. AC (small-signal) analysis

Useful Formulas and Examples

What happens if β is halved? And if it is doubled?

What happens if β is halved? And if it is doubled?

Although it does create a

Try fixing VC = VCC/2

What happens if β is halved? And if it is doubled?

↳Good design! Insensitive to

This is the preferred

This is the preferred

(Valid as long as the BJT

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