Naval Warfare & The

Sinking of the Lusitania

Blockades, U-Boats, and International Provocations
Drawing the United States into WWI
 Europe at War
The Allies Blockade the Central Powers
The British declared war on Germany in August 1914 after German troops
invaded Belgium.

Utilizing the world’s most powerful Navy, the British declared the entire North
Sea area a war zone in November 1914, signaling that any ship to enter those
waters would be destroyed, especially any ships that might be carrying war
munitions or contraband (which included food).

The Germans objected to the nature of the blockade, which had an expanded
definition of "war materiel" and items that would support the war effort, and by
early 1915 the Germans were starting to feel the effects of restricted trade.

The blockade against the Central Powers had major implications over the course
of the war. As the European war continued, Germany and Austria-Hungary
began rationing food (1,000 calories/day). By 1918 more severe rationing
programs led to mass malnutrition and starvation and upwards of 900,000
German and Austrian civilian deaths.
 Europe at War
The Central Powers Blockade the Allies
The British Isles were dependent on
unimpeded trade for food and
supplies as well.

In retaliation to the blockade, the

Germans sought to disrupt British
trade by declaring the seas around
the British Isles as a war zone in
February 1915.

This escalation in the commerce war

between the Germans and the
British represented an affront to the
pervading international rules and
traditions of the time regarding the
proper form of a naval campaign
against an enemy’s commerce. Library of Congress
 Europe at War
A Discussion on Trading Blockades and Naval Warfare During WWI
Run Time: 1 Hour Video🔗
 Submarine Warfare
A New and Significant Use of Force Arises During WWI

German naval forces did not

match the strength of the
British Navy.

To prevent other countries

from trading with Britain,
Germany employed
submarine warfare tactics.

U-Boats (short for the

German word Untersee-boots
meaning submarine) were
primitive vessels that could
submerge beneath the water
Library of Congress and send torpedoes into any
boats traveling in open water.
 German U-Boats
Silent Footage of German Submarines Sinking Merchant Vessels During WWI
Run Time: 30 Minutes Video🔗
 Submarine Warfare
A New and Significant Use of Force in War

Library of Congress

Interactive Map: U-Boat Attacks in World War I🔗

 Town and Country Suits.$35 $45 Smart "»«lit« for Misses und -»mull
an_
«_*¦/,_' at $2$
_»_n
formerly j>*>0 to$0*
.

1 i _*._.,-. ,,
,,._,,. ,«.,..,,,,, «,.-,an,i*.*,.,,

Motor and Sports Coats$25 at $35

Backdrop to the Lusitania Sinking

Miise»' Coat» at $20 and

BloUSeS at $10 and $I5

Heretofore $15 to $35.Oí Georgette crep**. lac-, rhiffon.

Separate Skirts of -m-iene, ¡h ««00 nah,

Germany Issues a Warning About Civilian Sea Travel During War
ne*.
Palm Beach cloth. «otton-R-barHtne. white or navy vryr, and
sm.rt tweeds.$8, $12 an. $15.

Semi-Dress and Street Hats.*10

"Earlier" models.Heretofore $l8, $20 and$2j.
TITANIC SCENES
EXPECTED TO-DAY The German Warning In April 1915, the German embassy placed
GERMANY WARNS
AT CUNARD LINE and
SUNDAY Lusitania's
WOULD CUT Defiance
WHITE PLANNED R URAinL aHONE
an advertisement YMOON
New York AMID
newspaper R
WHITE'S TERM IN TW
warning: , BLOSSOMS FOR ANDREWS
Af'er the Lusitania sailed last Sat¬

AGAINST TRAVEL
First Optimism Fades
Later Reports Show tkê manHnêtê rid
CUNARD
of Ph\ RAID
Loss of Life.
as urday

Admiring
it was announced that a number
of the better known per-ron-, booked
! on her. had received telegrams
signed with
warning them
clearly fictitious name-,
«»gainst sailing, as the'
to he blown up. Official'..
.ship was German
ip T. White, eonietoed rohhrr, ujl
Embassy in Washing¬
ON BIGGEST
IN ALLIES' SHIPS AUTO PAYROLL
Imperial
ton sent an advertisement to the New
SHIP HAD BOATS ta determined prnp hack all t>
York papir.» warning to
go abroad 'hat personsher
all intending to
sailing on ships
'¦t »

Elepeit, Won by Spring Beauty of Bride's Country

FOR ALL ON BOARD lottet
at he
their
of Great Unía.*! and
has muted u-hrn >e!rnnt
risk. own
Neither the telegrams nor the notice
of the embassy had much, if any, effect
Allies did so
intending
“Travelers Estate. to embark
Cancel Trip on the
Europe.Parents to
from prison, who haderpretmivrj
passengers hut h
F. W. Pearl, Mrs.
upon the booked.
Carried Cargo Valued at $725,- At the office-; of the Western Union
midtithat over
Telegraph Companythr
EUROPE via LIVERPOOL

mon't
yesterday it was downfnl:B-
LUSITANIA Atlantic voyage are Says Husband.
Relent,reminded that a
ght, Lady Markworth, Mrs.
Tells U.
Lower row. Miss Eva Baker, Rita S.
Jolivet. Public All Such 000, Fully Covered by
Insurance. find out if
no effort had been made to
its
IhJly Sunday lines had
liftbeen used for
ji .-«

nt¡jht
raid:
. «»¦

Fà'teit a-id" Liri*'st Síeimtt New Confession Also Tells ; Ruff N. Y.. Tfct Trll 1 lionnl college hero part. Little Ru- 64
r- -
* ( '
¦ -

of Scheme to Robstate
Noted ofgidPleaaantville,
war exists who between tired inGermany
n
the transmission of thr«-atening tele¬
Are Likely To now in Allan ic Service Stils April 3<>. p.,ri¬ dolph, of imperial proten«¡oris. «ral at¬
'

Vessels grams, or that any investigation would t, tm

.... .

he streets,
ch later CAPITAL AROUSED Large crowds, showing little or no If be 1
made were the Judge,
if it were
excitement, flocked to the offices of the had transmitted or delivered
yesterday
shown the
such mes- that SATURDAY.
company ver »

Tll«a1|ll*a*lll
MAY I, '0 A.M.
i
I \l«v 7, 5 P.M. Shields Andre««, gave up
al Vale to marry Mr«. Alma
a long-trousered mnUhipman's a

Be Destroyed.
Cunard Line, 'J.'î State Street,
when .he first news an anconi confession
r

"We have nowould diploma tume minus the sailor hat.

Broadway Hotel.
|S Lai P

messagesme a lo
.
14

BYGRAVE SITUATION
sagee.
interest incause cia. Tu" May If). 10 AX co

and her allies and Great Britain the and

deepest ir
.

Fn.. May 21. .«P.M.

ra Hayns la*1 Saturday, will not
a Tuacania.
report told ofwho the sinking of the Luli- other than to deliver them so long as i
"We're up here for indefinite
orge, who had been present histhesentence rightwithInthetwo. laws I admit
. . .

taniH. Those at u-
LL'S.TANIA.Sai.M*y29,10 AM. an
his l>nde
..

language complies the stav."

quet of an
late, «Irla the White Star offices when the first of decency," said General Manager et
theWeilever.
manliness"We <lo notof knowthe man In th
Trar.sylva.va. Fn June 4, jftM
a»
. . f(ir with «ail Europe
first on were voting husband's
tania disa- rumor of the Titanic disaster was made that such
Gibr»!tir G«»-oa Nip1« Presi Luaitania to-morrow. Right after n Words. "Further than that we can't
USED INNOCENTher allies, that the zone of war
Continued from rs-sTe I
public drew a comparison between the messages wer.t over our line«, though
hr7r,g Amc the peace performed tell von anvthmc about our plan«." He
-

scenes then and yesterday. .lictory he achieved o%er of sin S.S.an Carpair.ia.Th jr.. May 13. NOON 'leepv ¡notice of
ill Americi
uestions \ PASSENGERS RISK
tania are received. There is one thin
certain, however, and that it that Cer
In the Cunard offices no newsbeen
deaths *vas given out. None had sank.
publish«, i on the day thetheTitanic
it is my recollection
of these
In his
that the report
message, being received was de-
selfnied. see where if it be struggle
heroic shown that
throng ROL'VD THE «JVORLO TOUM
Thr»«ah baokina«Til.« W«ri4.priatiaal
all Mfe ««
the midnight marriage reremony at «ras standine in front of the hiir lire- A
Mamaroneck, N. V., the aloyen came place in th»> living room, «here smoul-
ght througl
THEIR OWN LIVES
"I can

the includes the waters adjacent to

.

erally
h:«ve a
ns of Ame
bell«
ter
many will not bo allowed to shirk an
responsibility for the disaster, shoul
investigation show that the act wa
To-day, however, with
that many have gone down
knowledge
with the
sitania sprend abroad, the State Street
the
Lu¬ ship wasnight
thedark
explosion, the identity
before
sunk through
of the
court.messages predicting that re¬ UTS.
In sending
his
an internal
persons
eonfessio roMra»«T«r,--riCE n i«»T«THt.i.l

r FRIEND FOR TIP here to Mr". Andrews'; country estate, dering loss dispelled some of the dav's
.i, les on the Hard Scrabble road dampness.
performed by a German submarine. rooms will probably be besieged by a sult mi.ht be of importance."
i as frantically anxious as that NOTICE! to (!hai paqoa. "No, we're not sailing on the Lusi-
which waited day and night within the' Tragödie« like this nerve my anTRAVELLERS intm-lil to
it is

British Isles, that in accordance with

nn«*
The possibility of the Lusitania hav
it the disai ing struck a mine was discounted her White Star Line offices for news of anxious calls from persons connected
,

U ¡th apple hlos«oms and chirping tan:.i tO-moiTOW. That'' all hunk. We
icularly «nd strengthen my hear »eyas1/ .mbark on (ha Atlant.c
Holds Notice Docs
as
board.
rning to (
by theWashington
rcceipt~ofnews that the Britis their loved ones. anew
The meagre announcement was re¬ the manager, and Charles Klein and ¦> T-ni Series of Hold-Ups
with the theatre, as Charles Trohman,
After on mo remind«! that a «tat» at!
b r-1 ro einer them, they are spending don't know what are are eoin¡r to do, Co
-

Admiralty had given assurances tha afresh to strike and ataggerin

ceived shortly before noon, who had Justus Miles Forman were among
was more the war «».at» botw««n Crr.-naaf
a tentative honeymoon m seclusion do are dear?" directing the conversa¬
formal notice given by the Imperial
i« e<
\<>t Relieve Kaiser from
there were no mines in the neighbor
Messengers Here Gang
and h*r alliaa and Great Bntafc
«.

e Wartung
nt meant hood in which the vessel was blowi
given to inthethe few
gathered blow« office
parsons
the hellish. Infamous. God
before 1 o'clock. passengers. The presence of Lady Allan
and st
her daughters caused many in¬ »
«i
Was
Ltkaa and h«r aJlica, that th» ton» ai
th« wattra adja» rail g for the big, boyish bridegroom tion to his bride.
American «V Subsequent mi Igei were made pub- quiries from Canada, especially Mont-1 i-«*»". cant int'udtt «..r
to arrange affairs with his parents in
imately sail
up.
Responsibility.
Protest Will Be Vigorous. forsaken, crime-producing llqtac
lie as they reached the steamship real. Beyond the reports received at
an«! to Attempt One in Detroit.
the clerks, who,
to th« Britiah lalrti thai«
accordant» with formal aat»
Clevi nd.
"As for workine for tho Allies, why
that is quite possible." she went on.
German government, vessels flying
ships <>i "' office during the afternoon even¬ the offices, however, in
so soon al
lost, sinking of th«« Cunard line traffic. And this particular circurr
Kven if no American lives had bcei ing« Hut none of these had any de¬ wrre kept busy answering the tele¬ «r» T-«
did before information.
be* ft«»n by th« trnpcriil G»f»
>'. ««at«.« ly. ai Mr«. Andrew« says it may "We mijrht tell vou something very iri-
on here is t the
T of the sinking,
tails flur»m nor any phone, could give no
Extensive plans for
-« r. ¦nan Cora-ram«
they terestinrr about our
'
compelled bj a German torpedo would have beei
~*
*
theI cable received at 9:30 o'clock last
makes resohe all th
stance Charles P. Sunnier,me the company's robberies Ir.f th« flag of (.'».- Bntala, «f more or a few days
will go road te help out the Allies, may CO a< a nurse. I plans
action agai Washington. April SO. In advcrtise-
made a part of the most vigorous pro night tell whether any lives had been general manager, declined last night to of any of bar all««», »r» liabl« to later. I
.hat the American government ha« lo^t. than those which took place at the he
in aw
Saekett A Wilhelm and the flag of Great Britain or any of her
to do my nest giv» out any statement, saving that
nail hid
more to and a daatruction in tboa» «aatrr» aaal
have friends
Foreigi I.ate into the night a handful of per-
Offices. yet transmittedi to the ;'German
placed the most prominent
m higl sons,
ie belts »f officials
every door In New Jersey
learn the fate of rela-
hud no more than the dispatches,
until more definite news was learned the Masury
that tr»T«i!»r» >«.! n| la tka
war ion« on ahipa of Gr«aH
the bride, who claims relation¬
<>
all the armies over there." ra
m the administration to-night.
newspaper? of :hr United States, with
eager to
snd friends who hadthe sailed on on he preferred not to discuss the sinking. nett
ship »Uli the House of Hapsburg, has1 "Except the Germans,"
he British, French and Rus¬ the young husband, grabbinginterrupted
nan] office Ba-itain or her tí', it, do tat at
ne
iei The United States has repeatedly as .he giant
Sunda>
liner, despite
afternoon, -warning
when I Many
preac
New Yorkers who had sailed
niants engineered by Philip T. th«ir own ritt. W< re
Rudolph,
alliesaccord¬ are liable to destruction in those
serted that it recognizes the right o which had been sdvertised, crowded the
inspired queries from their friends and
rs, in the U to reaching every American
belligerents to »visit and search only at the office, end telephone relative Whit« eity, and among
EMHStT. the
*¦¦<' William V. Clinnin, sian .' For the present, how- on
rly
erve i of i and that it will hold the German gov¬ counters
reader possible, the German Embassy
"BOOM, Get the N agon.
calls and inquiries by telegraph on
came ftrat
ernment to strut accountability to from all part- of the country. More Smith. Ju.t as he left the office the
IMPERIAL tKl-IMM
was Dock or
Commissioner onK. A
¦ « « ¦ I top. d c araj-.u hi*
heir to the Austrian thron«, ami to I-
ust want to get away from ing up so that his head nearly bumped ti
supplementary confession
-.
d she ihriel the loss of any American live: than 500 telephone inquiries were text of the first mes-age -that which ing to a
nder around the gnr- ths ceiling. Accepting; the correction, ar
¦ brol her i
everybi y. to bride's
waters and that travelers sailing in
vessel, but through the undersea warfare of th«to-morrow
notice that all
answered by the last troop Of clerks who had told of the sinking.which
wl ich the
at their originally communicated by the Cunard
was
in the Ray. two men now remodelled farm, Mrs. Andrew? went on to say fiat she: Ce bo
that the b< German government.
ships flying the flair.«
were kept late night deni 01 the
"PLAY BALL!" CRY
The united States has on was given out.
t U was h«>j who travel
over the sinking of the Lusitania
no concerr
it «iuties. Some came from as far as St. Line to the newspapers, rive
niond Street jail, Brooklyn,
This had been received made
hours ear¬ Lean, and two Henderson rafta, isf' to ¦...inch the talk of the village, could shoot, too, and that she might he
Half an hour's drive from the rail¬ aille t) do more than nurse for the; si
e safe. Louis. Atlanta and Montreal.
, white hear eat Britain and her allies in the
-elf, but it is gravely concerned ovei In the middle of the afternoon a re¬ lier, but the first announcement had ficient for from forty to titty pants*
Assistant District Attorney Louis
the war zone on ships of Great Britain
e waiting the probable lo-s of the lives of Anu«r been beached been in the form ofcable a bulletin.
gers each.
port that the liner had down
r son, who lean Citizens through the activity ol without
at their risk. This Th<- te\* of the message rc- Following th»» receipt of If ««.ceai road station over Hard Scrabble's hills Allies. Two automatic revolvers lying ha
-
the
¦
war rone, do
submarines in theso casualties
own Cunard headquai
ed kept at¬
Goldstein
Liver] yesterday. Copies of their

GIVES SATAN RES

German war /.one here cable message from wbi*
brings one to -'i splc and span farm¬ on the seat around the fireplace and a in
cei was;
In the note of the American gt'Vern tendancewhenat announcement was made
..

"Lusitania, according unconfirmed told of the Lusitania'» distress OW

safety of to the public, which follows the
.«>
tl
ment to the German Foreign Office 01 Later, torpedoed stntemen's have been given to Supreme
all the report, has been by sub¬ and added that all available «:raft tmtl
house, glistening in freah white paint well
orwillher pro¬ allies do so at their own risk.
n cont Lusitania, according
and resting on elevated groundthatbackit bank perforated
to
raph
were
Februarywould10 it eras declared that thii that the that had been received, had south marine i»t p. m., Frida*/, ten miles <'ld Head were rushing to her sill*" target against a grassy as
lona giren
and te take any steps it mighl sdvieei
formal not:ce of the
-

of Kin-ale, nJ sunk 2:80. No anee, a flock of nnxioui men cam« is*

mbassador
cover all th«
*-« try
think necessary to safeguard Ameri been war
sunk and not beached, i-eekera for Court Justice Aspinal!. who
crowded the rooms. news yet as to .*:«fety of passengers the offic«\ testified to her skill. un
«an lives and property and to sec ¦in¬ information again from the road. Villager.« say
equested the State Department
The first message which mentioned and crew." the Brethert m«, the first e*J them Wednesday. Miles H. Secchi,
took 112.000 of Mrs. Andrews'! money ness plans and the reports that his par¬ ad
to
fo American citizens the full to
rmany enjoyment Excepting sentence upon They included
for his wifenounce and fot Mr. tti Now. concerning Mr. Andrews'» busi-
inquired
From the Imperial German Embassy”
nication. the passengers all came into the
of their acknowledged rights on the
Mme ago. reads¡company's follows:
at
office at 4:30 in the after¬ m« sag.- «.«.huh mentioned the safety «>f Mrs. Booth Jones and *h«ir rhildl«* in
any'.-* offlci-
as These robberies, it learned 1mm to transform the old Rilcy farm into ents in Cleveland had not be'ome
Obsessed
about
siderate alii
ssuring
the snxioi
torn
high seas.
It is frankly stated here that there noon. It
Sunday.
tnld
is no doubt that the destruction of th« had rat. lotted the landing
NOTICE!
that ¦ Cork newspaper any
b
particular
of .'.00 per¬ ¡1 o'clockthat
Soon after it received
passengers
la t night,
night from
General
when
H.
came

B.
wor«
La*
erai was followed
unofficial
(Ive, and
by
v rteeo. tt
Samuel Robert, oilL
infornntion about <à«-orgo an
was
source, wer" this modern, crtiatic landscape layout. reconciled to his
t'unard liner was deliberately planned sons toQueenstown. the press the number of visi- hi.,
was
sought wite ami son, who wei" returning
And the bride will tell you with pride aspect of the honeymoon hasty marriage this bi
by the Germans long before it sailed given
of Congress Spring, Will Umpire Library Higl of rollshaving have heen attempted
boo'red their the pay- J. J. Townsend, n banker,«*
thai she was the architect in charge, briefly by the bridegroom.was dismissed de
-

London,
ter newspap TRAVELLERS
and that the German Embassy's intending em¬
increase, but until the to passage
adver¬ tors began to to more was said re¬ in Syc'ncy, Au-tralia, were rimons those nsked fot new? of friends. to on
rican,
s at int.-rvs
quiet
it
tisement was merely the Atlanl Libraryroyag*
a ruse behind 9:30 cable nothing
c I he passengers'are Congress
brought to ore safety. of company in long Island, An inquiry for Dr. JamM T1-'? tw
ever watching to sec that shrewd
safety. an
which the Germanon a
gh they real
-.
this mornii
government hoped garding
reminded that state of ware:<ists
to hide in case there was loss ofalife,

between Germany and her allies

At the time of the publication of this
Some School Game To-day. automobile
Died in
"Admiralty has had message
Hospitals.
A luter message told that George A. Housrhton. son of the former judge*
Kessler,
from e v. ami Mis.«
th« wine salesroom und large hotel
mc-chant, of this the
Jes-ie Taft S'nth, of next. The caller
in this c y. and
Apnellat
have culminât- "over"
ton had mad«* his will Jolt MR
ll *'i. **
llon-rt* '

were to
a
American contractors "put nothing "I dont know yet what I will
about business plans. Perhaps I will' me
do! th
essened. The advei tisi -red by high
Queenstown," her said:>00this
allies; announcement, Braeeville, her io, had been the ved.
o
her. on
the night ne and Great Britain and
officials of the Stute I»epartment that,
between and 600 have been ¡rrrmBesides CprrMjHindc!Lusitania
i S!»(T passengers of Th» Tilounf
boarding the Lusitania, fearful an
cd 1«* *
in attack the messengers not come back from Europe. And, take st
 Collateral Damage
The Royal Mail Ship Lusitania
The RMS Lusitania was a
passenger liner setting sail
from New York City to
Liverpool, England, on
May 1, 1915.

The cargo ship carried

1,959 passengers and crew.

Britain began arming

merchant ships thus the
Germans considered the
Lusitania to be fair game
as they suspected it may be
carrying munitions.

As it approached its
destination of Liverpool
on May 7, 1915, it
encountered a German U-
Boat and was hit by a
torpedo.

Library of Congress
 Last Voyage
Silent Footage of the RMS Lusitania Leaving New York City on May 1, 1915
Run Time: 5 Minutes Video🔗
Civilian Casualties
The use of submarines led to a merciless
form of warfare that increased the sinking
of merchant and civilian ships such as the
Lusitania.

When it came to capturing merchant

ships during wartime, ships that traveled
on the surface were required to adhere to
specific rules set by international treaties.

Any merchant ship that was stopped and

discovered to be holding contraband
cargo could be captured, boarded, and
escorted to a designated harbor.

Enemy merchant ships could also be sunk

if the crew was allowed an opportunity to
use lifeboats.

At this time, Germany was practicing

unrestricted submarine warfare.
National Archives
An Affront to Maritime Custom
The Lusitania was not
granted this courtesy.

After the torpedo hit, the

1,959 passengers and crew
scrambled to the lifeboats
with survival taking
precedence over custom
and law as those aboard
discovered that many
lifeboats were impossible
to launch resulting in mass
casualties. National Archives
 The American Aspect
Massive Media Coverage of the Attack on Innocent Civilians Leads to Pro-
British versus Anti-German Sentiment
The Lusitania exploded from the
direct hit, throwing 1,959 innocent
passengers into the freezing Atlantic
Ocean to drown as the ship sunk in
only eighteen minutes.

There were 1,198 civilian casualties

including women and children.
Among the fatalities were 128
American civilians.

While the United States had been

neutral in the war up until this point
President Wilson issued a stern
condemnation for the sinking of the
Library of Congress
Lusitania.
 A Test of Neutrality
America: Are You With Us or Against Us?
Until this point the war was
predominately a European conflict rheJhington Ctme HOME
EDITION
with America remaining neutral. NUMBER S4JV WASHINGTON, SATURDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY G, 1015. PRICE ONE CENT.

TAl "eZZ"2 NEUTRAL NATIONS TO RESIST WILSON FINDS

VJIUIW&UI
Official
nirnnill rr-m- w a t "vt t
Scales Prove uirribuiiT m liliKMAJN W AK t
ZUJNli DEtKEli:
VVVLglU) TU IM k ww

The United States was previously FILLING

Show Startling Differences
for Bakers Under Law, However,
No WU ASK UNITED STATES TO LEAD
Ten Different Shops by Times Rep

trading with both the Allies and the

Say District Authorities.
WARD PLANS
bread bought today in different sections of Wash-
FRENCH SHELLS SET BLOCKADf TAKEN UP

Central Powers, with a

different bakery, showed a variation of five
largest and the smallest loaf.
loaf of bread weigh sixteen ounces. The heav-
ounces. This was bought from a downtown baker.
weighing 10 '( ounces, was purchased from a
Personnel Supposed to Be
finitely Decided
Changes May Be Made If Re-
fusals Are Reconsidered.
on,
De-

But H
AMMUNITION
TO GERMANS

TRAIN
n
COUNSaOR L1SING
PRESIDENT BT

purchased by Times' representatives in an ef-

Public Reception Names
of

disproportionate amount of supplies

much variation there is in loaves of bread Twenty-fiv- e Supply Wagons De-
Heretofore Put Out Fails to World-Wid- e Concert of Action
Washington housewives. The weighing was done stroyed by Big Guns in the III mWtmm-'fKn- m
: mil

the office of the Superintendent of Weights, Produce Enthusiasm in Any in Interest of Peaceful Ship-
Woevre Region.
The weights, as tabulated by a Times repre- Circles. ping Is Probable.
by Superintendent Sherman, just as are all
,.. dai nniM ic ddhiirut .v,
,,w.,,. nnuM

and monetary support channelled to

District scales at his office. ii.ncAtr fV..
IJV JUUWll ti.L.i i tirt?n
EiLilI CIV.
V ir,ww, i
.w WASHINGTON IS "SOUNDED"
FIXED STANDARD. The personnel of the Trades
standitrd Tor In.U tween twelve-am- i tliiiteeu ounces One, Commission, supposed to have Three Prussian Officers Dashed
Netherlands Minister Holds Long

MijHr,,
and no violation bought from a northwest baker, weigh-
In selling ed 11 ounces. This loaf also was pur- been irrevocably decided by Presi to EarthKaiser Renews
Washington, chased ttoni a baker In the central Conference With Acting
notthwest Kcttlon The loaf weighing dent Wilson, is, as a matter of fact, f
weights were tak- 0 ounces was put chased In the east- 'Attack in Alsace.

the Allies over the Central Powers.

teceiit recom- ern northeast likely to be changed before the Secretary of State. ,
Superintendent Sherman Stale Bread Lighter.
loars In order nominations are sent to Congress.
Hakeis asscil that arlous loaves of
was giving their lucid ai- In weight, and that the Public reception of the tentative
- PA HIS Feb rrench shells et fire
limine. weight glows b'.'.M us the bread grows to a train of twenty-fiv- e ammunition For the purpose of ascertaining
moio than foui-tce- n list of names heretofore put out as and supplv wagons In the Woevre re-
Ion loacs Male. The Hist ailation. though, sel- whether the United States would
moio than domeliminate
is moio than an ounce. An effort substantially decided upon for the gion, causing their total destruction, It
these was fnnn to ilic second vnilatlon was
linidp by bmlng only freshyl wa icporled In dispatches from the consent to join with other neutral
In the lii-tric- t, baked commission has not produced
naves.
weie bought
I

The weighing made today has no con either enthusiasm or confidence, in front lodn (itber nitlllery batteries nations in protesting against the
notthwest bee- - In the same region dispersed convoys of
weighed be (Continued on Second Page.)
or out of Administration circles. Hie enemy, with considerable losses. German "war zone" decree, Che-ali- er

On excellent authority it was This remarkable effectiveness of the W. L. F. C. van Rappard.

f V Ficnch artillery work was further rni- -
MENACE KISSED BEFORE WIFE" ItdlliU iwuay inn, ,n ivditii,.,ns -- p. i.,, ,nn,o frnm l.r4MA minister to the United States from

While American manufacturing and

has tendered appointments Oil this fiont around Rhflms. There a French The Netherlands, had a long con-
commission to a long list of thor- dicll. from a distance of several miles, ference today with Acting Secre-
OFFICE! HE SUES FOR $1,500 lore n hole thiough a Herman
oughly representative men, and balloon inside (lie Merman tary of State Robert Lansing.
i
that the tender has been declined lints The lnlloon collapsed French The subject matter of the intci-vie- w

in so many instances that the Pres- aviator lrported that three German between Chevalier van Rap-
I C" Griffin Asks Damages officer" who were stnvejlng the French MINISTER W. L. F. C. VAN RAPPARD,
Ewing's Report ident has become a good deal dis- positions were dashed to earth and Who conferred with Acting Secretary of State Lansing today in pard and the' Acting Secretary of

financing were crucial to the Allied

frt PUam,, r!-l- 9 regard
ivi oiiuius wins Lmorace in gusted over the prospects of get- Kill. .I to a proposed protest against the German "paper State, described by Mr. Lansing as
47.000,000 Copies world-wid- e

Casino Theater. ting together a body of men that KiRbtinR Resumed In Alsace. "confidential and informal," was
Attlllery (ontlhts lontlnue from Arras
may be relied upon to make the
Weird Tale of I.O.O.F.
southward to Hheims, with the French laid before President Wilson this
showing supeiiurlty in the shelling of
Damage I,, the sum of $I..Vhi new law worth while and to build ti cliches Dispatches from Alsace Indi- afternoon. Mr. Lansing spent
upon the he was because
flie danger Pie3once Mrl
,,y ron)s cate a resumption of the fighting around
the commission into a teal plaice in about an hour with the President,

war effort, the United States also

of his wife while at the Casino Hartmannswellei. whn. the (Jermans
Patent OfhV
Patents Thomas suit tiled
,t .Inml,u HIO )if)1((1
annual teport todav bv c. Mason aurilns
IC ,JlHtrkn

.... ..commits nan.r.l n n,n ,w,.iin

public confidence.
Close To President's Heart.
f

This trades commission, it Is explained

me renewing their attack upon a strong
position on a hill.

Reverses Cause Reign

Orderly Brings Probe during which the proposition of the
Dutch minister was thoroughly
considered.
duiing 1011 iin- Hia
IIIU W.,,n
... fl
fU )wl..,.l . by close friends of the Admlnlstiatlon
!;,.l'll:'""i:
,S .
patents to- r'T

lies very close to the heait of the Of Terror in Bohemia Mysterious Deaths Investigated by Yonker's Offi- No Official Note.

-
patent and ....,, iM.iiuirio or' ""d-AL- Pies-iden- t.

making a total A member ..f r,. J,.....,llta,c'- He considers the law as It now
-

After his long conference with the

" v.;uro & ed
stands, as alwas in such cases, is meie-l- y LONDON. Feb reign of terror cials and Use of Chloroform to Dispose of Aged

conducted trade with Germany.

fi.- -A
labels, and rr.ri.
the Patent uhn ,.i.
,
,,,i
" ',.;".:'?.""
v
Griffin. air X.
a beginning, n ague charting of a
".""'. '"" that
I? sweeping Bohemia because
of Aus- President, Lansing, while declin-
7,871. r. i..n.. .....I
Krcin mental nnln
the net
a course, a suggestion of the character
trian defeats, the Heme coi respondent
of the Exchange eTIegraph
Is Charged in Confession of Er.,)loye. ing to discuss the details of his in-
of this u aiiKiiisu
bu-lea- and made hliu a subject of wired to-
ridicule. and Intent of a policy that is yet to day. His Information, he said, came terview with the Netherlands min-
$,J,Q0U,770 I", ,nn:iCLr.!.t.,,'.1.;0't'!
from reliable sources 4n Prague.
...., .....,, ,,,, ...I.Wt , ho paid
-
,,,.-.,.-
50 (Continued on Fifth Pase.)
Military law now prevails over nearly NW YORK, Feb. 6. The weird tale told by Frederick Mors, a ister, admitted that it related to
1914, a e
bnl-anc-

r1J;rv';ri;;-((;ri'V.u.;- ng Ihe entire province. There hav been

uddid to the German decree. In this con-
the Treasuiy
Patent office of
the Patent
i iranfcer ()t, 11, H nlelna
WILSON TO CONFER
---
wholesale arrests of editors and poli-
ticians. In some Instances the death
penalty has been oidered.
Thus far there have been no organized
former orderly in the Yonkers Odd Fellows' Home for aged people,
that he murdered eight of the inmates "just to put them out of the nection he stated that the Govern-
ment is still without official con-
the attention revolts, the correspondent
way," is the cause of four persons being in jail today pending further
growing worse. ladv did VieveKlulr wired, but firmation of the reports from Ber-
,o ON EXTRA SESSION the population is extremelv restles investigations by the coroner.
,t iV i'" as"
points out snul tsaid plaintiff
for sale to lad did kiss the pi' lin that the decree is intended as a
are "scat- will of raid Hln'iK Mors' astonishing story, in part has been corroborated by three
and as they
pL.lnflff
did no TrtthXima carsFelevaTTd other porters at the place. Mors now
notice of blockade.

lis Library of Congress

 A Test of Neutrality
An Implicit Connection to the Allies
Wah fngtonCime HOME President Wilson demanded
EDITION an apology from the
FRIDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 5, 1015. PRICE ONE CENT.
Rumor Puts
Higher GERMANS TAKE Germany's Defi Answered II S. PREPARES
Germans for the sinking of
May Be Germany's announcement of the proposed establishment of
a "paper blockade" about Great Britain and Ireland has met with
the Lusitania and
Officials
CAPTIVE 6,000 TO PROTEST
heels of
rumors that
will attempt
prompt action by England and the United States.
Strenuous protest will be made by the United States through
Ambassador Gerard at Berlin. The issue was discussed at length
assurances that there would
grain shct
today.
Uoard of
May wheat
RUSS IN NEW at the meeting of the Cabinet today, and it is understood that
prompt action will follow.
BLOCKADE OF
f
not be similar incidents in
BB the future.
The next England has answered the defi in characteristic fashion. At
ressulon in May
speculation has
WARSAW DRIVE a special meeting of admiralty officials it is understood that it wa
aecmea to order tne riotuia or destroyers back from the North Sea
COAST
situation. Fed-
when ask- to sweep the seas clean of the submarine menace.
corner,
now. I will
Czar's Forces Counter-Attackin- g State Department Understood
the nay." With Great Fury to Halt
Further Advances by Mack- America Faces Gravest To Be Working on Represen-
tations Now To Be Sent to

Not wanting the United

TO

1PPING
ensen's Army.

BILL Muscovites Attempt to

Peril of War As Result Berlin.

Of Germany's Blockade States to enter on the side

Renew President Calls Meeting of
Offensive Near Tilsit in East Cabinet, and Matter Is
Resolution to Prussia Berlin Claims Re- Threshed Out Germany
Committee From
Bill.
pulses of French.
Declaration Making Waters Surrounding the British
Islands, North of France, and Holland a War
. Desperate, is Belief of Many
of the Allies, the Germans
complied with Wilson’s
BERLIN (via wireless to Say-ville- ),
Vigorous protests will be for
Feb. 5. Six thousand Rus-
Zone Causes Perplexing Foreign Com-
made a warded by this Government to
the ship-
some of the sian prisoners have been taken by plicationAct an Experiment. Berlin against the action of Ger-
get the Gen. Von Mackensen's army in many in establishing a "paper
new ship- its new drive on Warsaw, it was
referred to the officially announced here this aft-
was really
the ernoon. This report includes only
By JUDSON C. WELLIVER.
Never since the present war began has the danger of for-
blockade" around the coasts of
England, Scotland and France, and
a portion of Holland. These rep-
requests in September 1915
by agreeing not to attack
sub-stan-

amendments. eign complications involving the United States been so serious as it is resentations, it is understood, arc
Introduced a prisoners taken in the last four
now, following the German admiralty's declaration that the waters now being prepared in the State
Committee days' fighting. Among the captives
consideration of surrounding the British Islands, the north of France, and neutral Hol- Department and soon will be sent
will call arc twenty-si- x officers. to Ambassador Gerard at Berlin.

passenger ships. The United

land, will after February 18 constitute a "zone of war."
big light. To halt further advances by The owner or commander of an American ship sailing from New It is the contention of many of-
minds of
the motion Mackensen's army, the Russians York to Rotterdam, for instance both being ports of neutral powers ficials that the German decree,
It seems are with great
saving the g
counter-attackin-
will seek in vain for exact information as to what constitutes a zone violates every principle of inter-

States was able to stay out

If this fury. Their efforts to retake posi- national law, set up and fought for
if the hill of war.
tions east of Bolimow recently oc- If it were a question of transacting commerce by land the ques- by this country in behalf of the,
tion would not be so difficult. The zone of war in land campaigning rights of neutral commerce, by
Chance cupied by the Germans have

of the war for another two

broken under heavy artillery fire. is a definitely understood affair. Anybody who enters it does so at threatening destruction to every
Avenue Rubs Resume Offensive. his peril. He may'be hit by a bullet, or regarded as a spy. But neutral ship which fails to observe
blockade. The belief grows ap-
near Tils!, '.here are
In Kost Prussia, such "an Institution as a zone of war on the seas, which three miles the
Department Is indications that the Kusslang arc at- parently in the minds of many of-

years.
tempting to lesume tho offensive.- - The from land are esteemed the property of no nation, is unknown.
Scheme for Get mans have repulsed "strong Rus- ficials that Germany, made des-
sian attacks" along the Niemeii river. NOT SAME AS BLOCKADE. perate, is trying to drag the United
Retrenchment. Pi event lighting in Flanders and A zone of war cannot be equivalent this war zone, "as a consequence of the States into the war.
given by the France Is legarded as unimportant by
war office. The Flench made an to a blockade, for two reasons.One Is misuse of neutral flags ordered by the
fullest con- Isolated attack against thu German po- that If Germany had meant to declare BriUsh government on Jenuary 31." Drop In Wheat Expected.
Pennsyl-vanl- a sitions northwest of Perthes, but were a blockade, she would have said so. What that statement means Is not very It is expected that one of the lu.--l
foi the es- repulsed. Elsewhere artillery duels are There vvas no need to Invent a new clear. No such orders from the Hrlttsh effects of the decree will be to cu,
postal sta- in progress. term for It. The other Is that no actual
Library of Congress
government have been announced to a heavy break in the wheat market
Department
 Library of Congress

A Stern Condemnation
From the May 18, 1916, edition of the Chicago Daily News, a satirical portrayal of President Woodrow Wilson getting tough
with his foreign policy toward Germany. While most of Europe was involved in war, the United States had long tried to maintain a
policy of neutrality.
 A Fatal Voyage
The Historical Significance of the RMS Lusitania’s Transatlantic Voyage
Run Time: 7 Minutes Video🔗
 A Prophetic Caution
An Urging to Maintain Neutrality

“It is not likely that either side will win so complete a

victory as to be able to dictate terms, and if either side does
win such a victory it will probably mean preparation for
another war. It would seem better to look for a more rational
basis for peace.”

–William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State to President Woodrow Wilson
Extension Activity: The Military Lens
Music and Media Propaganda as Recruitment Tools
 The Draft
Conscription, Enlistment & Conscientious Objectors in the U.S. Military
In previous conflicts such as the Civil War, the United States had utilized conscription.
World War I, however, marked the first time the nation's military raised its army
primarily through a draft.

To balance federal power with state autonomy, local civilian draft boards administered
the selective service system. A national campaign utilizing posters, printed materials,
films, and music helped the government convey the legal requirement for men to register
with the selective service or to enlist.

It was a struggle for officials to forge a unified fighting force from a segregated military
consisting mostly of native-born whites, American Indians, and African Americans,
along with large numbers of immigrants.

The draft raised questions about patriotism and the obligations of citizenship, especially
the duty to serve.

The U.S. War Department created the status of "conscientious objector" for Americans
who viewed military service as a violation of their religious, ethical, or political beliefs.
Enlistment

Library of Congress Library of Congress

 Patriotic Duty
Uncle Sam asks: “What are YOU doing for Preparedness?”
The Committee on Public Information was
created as an independent government
agency to influence public opinion supporting
U.S. participation in World War I.

Enlistment posters were intended to rouse

American audiences against the German
militarism threat to American liberty.

Specific imagery was used to appeal to local

populations by using regional language and
distributed in targeted geographic regions to
prompt immigrants to join the military.

President Wilson and his advisers believed the

war was an opportunity to reconstruct
America domestically to better benefit
average Americans while also reshaping
international relations into a durable peace.
Library of Congress
 Growing an Army
Silent footage showing the enlistment, training, and equipping of soldiers during WWI
Run Time: 11 Minutes Video🔗
Library of Congress Library of Congress Library of Congress

Library of Congress
 Raising an Army
The sinking of the
Lusitania was used as a
stirring military
recruitment tool

The haunting image of a mother and infant

sinking into the sea is based on news accounts
from the time of the recovered dead:
“Most of the bodies there are women…. At the
Cunard Wharf lies a mother still clasping in her
arms the body of her 3-month-old baby.”
Library of Congress
Powerful Propaganda

Library of Congress Library of Congress

Powerful Propaganda
Music as a Motivator and form of Protest

Library of Congress

World War I Era Sheet Music 🔗

World War I Era Sheet Music🔗
 Text Resources
"Blockade of Germany." Spotlights on History. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/
firstworldwar/spotlights/blockade.htm.

"Controlling the Message." Echoes of the Great War: American Experiences of World War I. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://
www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/online-exhibition/over-here/raising-an-army/controlling-the-
message/.

Cull, Nicholas J. "Master of American Propaganda." PBS. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/
americanexperience/features/the-great-war-master-of-american-propaganda/.

Lehrman, Robert. "When Wilson Asked for War." American Experience. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/
americanexperience/features/when-wilson-asked-war/.

New-York Tribune. (New York [N.Y.]), 08 May 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1915-05-08/ed-1/seq-2/ .

Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. "William Jennings Bryan (1860–1925)." Biographies of the Secretary of State.
Accessed 11 July 2017. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/bryan-william-jennings.

"Raising an Army." Echoes of the Great War: American Experiences of World War I. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://
www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/online-exhibition/over-here/raising-an-army/?st=gallery.

Zhou, Li, and Esri. "This Map Shows the Full Extent of the Devastation Wrought by U-Boats in World War I." U-Boats in World
War I. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-full-extent-devastation-wrought-uboats-
world-war-i-180955191/.
 Image Resources
Bain News Service, Publisher. German Submarines in Harbor. 1914. Photograph. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July
2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2005018090/.

Bain News Service, Publisher. German U-Boat in N.Y., 1917. Photograph. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017.
https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2006000979/.

Bauer, Minnie May, and Gus Dattilo. Don't Marry a Slacker, Girls. [Monographic. Gus Dattilo,, Louisville, KY:, 1917]
Notated Music. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2013564558/.

Esri Corporation. "U-Boats in World War I." Map. The Full Extent of the Devastation Wrought by U-Boats in
World War I. 7 May 2015. Accessed 17 July 2017. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-full-extent-
devastation-wrought-uboats-world-war-i-180955191/.

Flagg, James Montgomery, Artist. I want you for U.S. Army: nearest recruiting station / James Montgomery Flagg. United
States, 1917. Original Print. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/96507165/.

Friedman, Leo, and Ainelia Hunt Garcia. Lusitania. [Monographic. North American Music Company, Chicago,
1918] Notated Music. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2013563805/.

Hopps, Harry R., Artist. Destroy this Mad Brute Enlist – U.S. Army. 1918. Lithograph. Library of Congress. Accessed 17
July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652057/.

"In the White House Attic- A Find." Chicago Daily News. 18 May 1916. Cartoon. Accessed 17 July 2017. http://
hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.24818.
 Image Resources
Lusitania Extra—No. 3—Lusitania is Sunk: Giant Liner Blown Up—Report All Saved. 7 May 1915. Serial and Government
Publications Division, Library of Congress. In Sinking of the Lusitania. By Boston American. Accessed 17 July 2017.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/online-exhibition/arguing-over-war/for-or-
against-war/sinking-of-the-lusitania/.

Moody, Charlie. The Lusitania. [Monographic. Delmar Music Co., Chicago:, 1919] Notated Music. Library of
Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2013567927/.

New-York Tribune. (New York [N.Y.]), 05 Feb. 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.
Accessed 17 July 2017. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1915-02-05/ed-1/seq-1/

New York Tribune. (New York [N.Y.]), 01 May 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of
Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1915-05-01/ed-1/seq-3/>

New York Tribune. (New York [N.Y.]), 08 May 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of
Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1915-05-08/ed-1/seq-2/>

Piantadosi, Al, and Alfred Bryan. I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier. [Leo Feist, New York, monographic, 1915]
Notated Music. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002600251/.

Preissig, Vojtěch, Artist. Come on, boys! Do your duty by enlisting now!. United States, 1917. Original Print. Library of
Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/00650097/.
 Image Resources
Report of the Loss of Steamship Lusitania. 13 June 1917. National Archives, New York. Record Group 21: Records of the
Southern District Court in New York, National Archives, New York City. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://
www.archives.gov/nyc/press/2015/lusitania-lecture-april-30.html and https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5753076 .

Richards, William Henry, Collector. 5th Provisional Company officers reserve training Camp Ft. Des Moines Ia. Fort Des Moines
Iowa, 1917. Photograph. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016652396/.

R.M.S. Lusitania, hit by Torpedoes off Kinsale Head, Ireland. North Atlantic Ocean, 1915. Photograph. Library of Congress.
Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2006677520/.

Spear, Fred, Artist, and Willard Dickerman Straight. Enlist/Fred Spear. United States, 1915. [New York: Sackett &
Wilhelms Corporation, or 1916] Original Print. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/
00651156/.

S.S. Lusitania Lifeboat Drawing. Digital image. National Archives Hosts Special Daytime Programs in May, 2017.
Accessed 17 July 2017. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17369675.

Territory of Hawaii Registration Day July 31. United States, 1917. [or 1918] Original Print. Library of Congress. Accessed 17
July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/00651736/.

The Washington Times. America Faces Gravest Peril of War. (Washington [D.C.]), 5 February 1915. Chronicling America:
Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/
sn84026749/1915-02-05/ed-1/seq-1/

The Washington Times. Neutral Nations to Resist German War Zone Decree: Ask United States to Lead. (Washington
[D.C.]), 06 Feb. 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Accessed 17 July 2017. http://
chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1915-02-06/ed-1/seq-1/.
 Video Resources
Der Magische Gurtel, 1917–1918. U.S. National Archives. 27 August 2014. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoA1wOrmTLk&feature=youtu.be.

The Baltimore Sabotage Cell: German Agents, American Traitors, and U-Boats in the Deutschland During
World War I. U.S. National Archives. 18 May 2015. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=lwpMNvVL19g&feature=youtu.be.

Real History: Lusitania. The Blaze. Internet Archive. 15 June 2012. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://
archive.org/details/rth_22302231_1200K.

S.S. Lusitania Leaves New York City on Last Voyage. U.S. National Archives. 5 May 2015. Accessed 14 July
2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIVHiAizhgI&feature=youtu.be.

United States Army World War 1 Films. U.S. National Archives. Internet Archive. 19 November 2013. Accessed
14 July 2017. https://archive.org/details/WorldWarIFilms.