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75

plume
of black 100 m
‘smoke’

black
smoker
chimneys hydrothermal fluids
containing enter ocean at
sulphides up to 350°C cold
or more seawater
cold (typically
seawater 2–4°C)
metalliferous sulphides
sediment deposited in cracks
and veins
(stockwork)
oceanic
crust

high permeability
seawater

leaching of seawater
metal ions low permeability
from rock
high-temperature
reaction zone

heat from magma

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