THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb,
adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of speech
indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the
sentence.

1. NOUN- A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

2. PRONOUN - A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
3. VERB - A verb expresses action or being.
4. ADJECTIVE - An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
5. ADVERB - An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.
6. PREPOSITION - An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
7. CONJUNCTION - An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
8. INTERJECTION - An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
 The Nine (9) Intelligences of MI Theory by Howard Gardner
• Intelligence
• Skills and Career Preferences
1. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence - Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity
to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words
Skills - Listening, speaking, writing, teaching.
Careers - Poet, journalist, writer, teacher, lawyer, politician, translator
2. Mathematical-Logical Intelligence - Ability to think conceptually and
abstractly, and capacity to discern logical or numerical patterns
Skills - Problem solving (logical & math), performing experiments.
Careers - Scientists, engineers, accountants, mathematicians.
3. Musical Intelligence - Ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and
timber
Skills - Singing, playing instruments, composing music.
Careers - Musician, disc jockey, singer, composer
4. Visual-Spatial Intelligence - Capacity to think in images and pictures, to
visualize accurately and abstractly
Skills - puzzle building, painting, constructing, fixing, designing objects.
Careers - Sculptor, artist, inventor, architect, mechanic, engineer
5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence - Ability to control one's body movements
and to handle objects skillfully
Skills - Dancing, sports, hands on experiments, acting.
Careers - Athlete, PE teacher, dancer, actor, firefighter
6. Interpersonal Intelligence - Capacity to detect and respond appropriately
to the moods, motivations, and desires of others
Skills - Seeing from other perspectives, empathy, counseling, co-operating.
Careers - Counselor, salesperson, politician, businessperson, minister
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence - Capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner
feelings, values, beliefs and thinking processes
Skills - Recognize one’s S/W, reflective, aware of inner feelings.
Careers - Researchers, theorists, philosophers
8. Naturalist Intelligence - Ability to care, recognize and categorize plants,
animals, and other objects in nature
Skills - Recognize one’s connection to nature, apply science theory to life.
Careers – Scientist, naturalist, landscape architect
9. Existential Intelligence - Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions
about human existence, such as the meaning of
life, why do we die, and how did we get here?
Skills – Reflective and deep thinking, design abstract theories
Careers – Scientist, philosopher, theologian.

➢ Academic writing
Academic writing is a core subject in the academe.
Academic texts and non-academic texts are different from each other.
✓ Academic texts are critical, objective, specialized texts written by experts or
professionals in each field using formal language.
✓ Meanwhile, non-academic texts are different from academic texts. It is
because non-academic texts are non-objective texts that can be written by
anyone by using informal or casual language. Non-academic texts usually
include one's opinions and point-of-view.

The differences of academic texts and non-academic texts are explained in

detail below.
More Details on Academic Texts and Non-Academic Texts
Academic Texts
• Academic texts are objective. This means that they are based on facts with
solid basis. The emotions of the authors cannot be felt from texts or
materials.
• Academic texts are written by professionals in any given field (e.g. medicine,
architecture, economics, etc.). These professionals include doctors,
architects, economists, among others.
• Academic texts often take years to publish because of intense writing and
review.
• Academic texts use formal words and may contain technical terms that are
related to a certain field.
• These kinds of texts usually include a list of references where authors based
their information.
Examples of academic texts are:
• books
• academic journals.
Here are examples of academic journals:
• Scientific journals (e.g. The American Journal of Public Health, Nature, etc.)
• Humanities journals (e.g. Humanicus, Journal of Medical Humanities, etc.)
Features of Academic Writing
There are eight main features of Academic Writing:
1. Complexity – Written language is more complex than spoken language. It has
longer words and has more varied vocabulary. It uses more noun-based than verb-
based phrases. Written texts have more grammatical complexities.
2. Formality – Academic writing is relatively formal which means avoidance of
the use of colloquial and slang words and expressions.
3. Precision – Writing academic texts requires precise facts and figures.
4. Objectivity – Academic writing tends to use nouns rather than verbs since it
is written objectively rather than personally. The main emphasis is not you but the
information you give and the arguments that you make.
5. Explicitness – It is the responsibility of the writer in English to make the
readers understand how each part of the text is connected to the other through the
use of transition words.
6. Accuracy – In academic texts, most subjects have narrow specific meanings
because academic writers use vocabulary accurately.
7. Hedging – This is done differently in various subjects since it is necessary to
make a stand on particular subject in any kind of academic text.
8. Responsibility – In academic writing, you must be able to provide evidences
and justifications for any argument that you make. Understanding of any source
text you use is your responsibility. This is done by paraphrasing and summarizing
what you read and acknowledging the source’s information or ideas by means of
citation.
Non-Academic Texts
• Non-academic texts are non-objective. These texts tend to be more personal
and based on opinions or one's point-of-view. Opinions are neither correct
or incorrect.
• Non-academic texts are written for the mass public. There is no specific
audience for non-academic texts.
• These are published quickly and can be written by anyone. No specialization
is needed.
 • Authors of non-academic texts use casual, informal language. These texts
may also use slang.
Examples of Non-Academic Texts
• Personal journals
• E-mails
• Text message
Features of Non - Academic Writing
1. Colloquial language: Nonacademic writing often uses colloquial language, slang,
and contractions. This means the writing often comes across as more
conversational.
2. Informal tone: Nonacademic writing typically has a more informal tone than
academic writing.
3. Personal opinions: A writer's personal opinions and feelings are often included
in this style of writing.
4. Less formal structure: There is usually no strict structure or format to
nonacademic writing styles.
5. Less emphasis on research: Writers often rely more on personal experience and
anecdotes in this style of writing.
6. Use of humor and figurative language: Humor and figurative language can
make writing content more engaging.
7. Less or no citation requirement: Nonacademic writing often doesn't require
citations and references.
8. Simplicity and brevity: Writing is often simple and brief, as it is designed to be
easily understood by a wider, general audience.
➢ Academic Language
Academic language is the language needed by students to do the work in schools.
It includes, for
example, discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar and punctuation, and
applications of rhetorical
conventions and devices that are typical for a content area (e.g., essays, lab reports,
discussions of a controversial issue.)