CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES

 CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY and HEALTH
Please Smoke Only in Please switch off
Designated Areas your mobile phone

Emergency Exits Restrooms Clinic/

First Aid
 Construction Site Premises
• Construction is inherently dangerous and present almost all
hazards in every way and processes.
• We must be responsible to help make it safe for everyone
with Management support.
 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE REQUIREMENTS
• Accident prevention is a legal requirement
• Complete understanding between the owner and the
contractor
• Practical experience in running construction jobs
• Accident prevention as part of advance planning
• Protection of workers and the public
• Applicable gov’t standard regulations
 Construction Site Requirement

• Construction premises shall

have adequate fire,
emergency or danger sign
and safety instructions of
standard colors and sizes
visible at all times
D.O. 13 Section 9
Construction Safety Signage
• Construction Safety Signage must be provided to warn
the workers and the public of hazards existing in the
workplace.
• Signage shall be posted in prominent positions at
strategic locations and, as far as practicable, be in the
language understandable to most of the workers
employed.
Standard Sizes Of Signages
Safety Bulletin Board
• Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated
not only for the protection of workers, but also the public in
general. Signs should conform with the standard requirements
of the OSHS.
 WARNING SIGNS
LOCATION
Safety signs shall be placed such that
they will:
Be readily visible to the intended
viewer
Alert the viewer to the potential
hazard in time to take appropriate
action
PROTECTION
Against foreseeable damage, fading or visual
obstruction caused by abrasion, ultra-violet
light, or substance such as lubricants,
chemical and dirt.
 Where Signages are Needed
Usage of PPE prior to entry to the project site
Potential risks of falling object
Potential risks of falling
Explosives and flammable substances are used or
stored
Tripping or slipping hazards
 Where Signages are Needed
Danger from toxic or irritant airborne
contaminants/substances may exist
Contact with or proximity to electrical/facility
equipment
Contact with dangerous moving parts of machineries
and equipment
Fire alarms and fire fighting equipment
 Where Signages are Needed
Instructions on the usage of specific construction
equipment
Periodic updating of man-hours lost
 Worker’s Welfare Facilities

Source of drinking water

Sanitary and washing facilities
Living accommodation
Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for
men and women
Construction Safety Premises
Construction Site Housekeeping
 Clear Points
1. Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and
everything is in place. It is everybody’s business to observe it
in the workplace.
2. Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and
related injuries and illnesses; it therefore improves
productivity, and minimizes direct and indirect costs of
accidents/illnesses.
 Clear Points
3. The 5S is a very practical, simple and proven approach
to improving housekeeping in the workplace.
What are the signs of DISORDER
1. Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
2. Untidy piling of materials]
3. Piled-on material damaging other material
4. Items no longer needed
5. Blocked aisleways
6. Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way
places
7. Materials gathering rust and dirt from disuse
What are the signs of DISORDER

8. Excessive quantities of items

9. Overcrowded bins and containers
10.Overflow storage areas and shelves
11.Broken containers and damaged materials
Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first
evidence of a deteriorating safety and health
program.
Rule 1060 OSHS
• – Premises of establishments
• – Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times
thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines and
equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly
processes, operations, storage and filling of materials.
• Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence
of a deteriorating safety and health program.
 The 5S of Good Housekeeping

Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
Seiton (Systematize/organize)
Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training)
 Why 5S?
• Safety
• Quality Improvement
• Efficiency
• Productivity Improvement
• Workers feel good in their second home
• Easy knowledge of process abnormalities
• Work Improvement
• Company Image –
cleanliness/orderliness/beautification
 Seiri
“Take out unnecessary items and dispose”

Step 1
• Look around your
workplace and dispose all
unnecessary items
Step 2
• Set aside items with
Disposal Notice decide if
they are necessary or not
 Seiton
“Arrange necessary items in good order for use”
Step 1
• Eliminate unnecessary items from your
workplace
• Think of what things should remain in the
workplace, taking into account the flow of
work, from the point of view of safe and
efficient operation
Step 2
• Decide with your colleagues where to put
things. The principle is to put most frequently
needed items close to the user.
 Seiton
“Arrange necessary items in good order for use”

Step 3
• Make a list of things with their
location and put it on
locker/cabinets and inform everyone in
the workplace.
Step 4
• Indicate the places where fire
extinguishers are located, passages of
forklifts/carts, and wherever necessary,
warnings signs for safety precautions,
etc
 Seiso
“Clean your workplace”

The following are suggested for Seiso

(Sweep) operation:
• Do not wait until things get dirty. Clean
your workplace, including machines and
equipment tools and furnitures, regularly
so that they do not have a chance to get
dirty

• Put aside 3 minutes everyday for Seiso

(Sweep)
 Seiketsu
“Maintain high standard of housekeeping”

• Maintain a workplace that is free

from germs and stains. Make a
schedule for thorough cleaning of
your workplace.

• Seiketsu is significant for works with

food products, pharmaceutical
products, electronic components, etc.
 Shitsuke
“Do things spontaneously w/o being told or ordered”

• Make every one practice 4S’s

spontaneously and willingly as
a habit or a way of life

• Practice 4S’s regularly until

such time when everyone
becomes fond of 5S
 FIRE SAFETY
CAUSES, EFFECTS AND PREVENTION.
Causes of Industrial Fires
• DIRT AND UNTIDINESS
Refuse and process waste are good kindling for a fire to
start or help a fire to expand.
• CONTRACTORS’ OPERATIONS
Building and maintenance contractors often use a variety
of Equipment, which can produce a great deal of heat
(blowlamps, welding and simple drilling.) hot Work
Activities
• Faulty Electrical Wirings
Causes of Industrial Fires

• PROCESS HAZARD
A: Faults in process plants leads to:
1.Overheated machinery bearings and frictional sparks.
2. Tremendous amount of HEAT.
B: Sparks from cutting and welding tools
C: Lack of regular maintenance
Causes of Industrial Fires
• FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
• Flammable solvents of all kinds are both
necessary and dangerous in many industrial
processes.
• With peculiar problem of petrol shortages,
experience has shown that often this most
dangerous of all substances is badly transported
and stored.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY
How Fire Spreads
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES
These stages are:
•incipient
•growth
•fully developed
•decay
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES • It is the stage where anyone in the workforce can
utilize the fire
These stages are: • It is the Stage that a Fire can be deplete using
conventional fire Extinguishers or Waters.
•incipient • It is the stage that the need for PPE for fire fighting
•growth is not required (such as SCBA and Fire Suits)
•fully developed • Fire is not on a large quantity
•decay
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES Growth –
•The growth stage is where the structures fire
These stages are: load and oxygen are used as fuel for the fire.
•incipient Self-sustaining
•growth •There are numerous factors affecting the
growth stage including where the fire started,
•fully developed what combustibles are near it, ceiling height
•decay and the potential for “thermal layering”.
•It is during this shortest of the 4 stages when a
deadly “flashover” can occur; potentially
trapping, injuring or killing firefighters.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES
Growth –
These stages are: •Hot gases spread across the room and
•incipient raise everything within the room closer
•growth to ignition temperature at the same
•fully developed time.
•decay •Size of fire increases, flames reach
ceiling
•Flashover may occur
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES Fully Developed –
•When the growth stage has reached its max
These stages are: •all combustible materials have been ignited.
•incipient •This is the hottest phase of a fire and the most
•growth dangerous for anybody trapped within.
•fully developed
•decay
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
STAGES OF FIRES Decay – During the final stages of fire, a flame will
enter the decay phase.
These stages are: • This stage occurs after the fully developed flame
•incipient starts to run out of fuel or oxygen. F
• The decay stage is reducing the oxygen supply
•growth with firefighting equipment.
•fully developed • during this phase that it has to limit the fire’s access
to combustible material and oxygen.
•decay • Even if a fire appears to be out, there is a chance
of reigniting when the right materials are available.
INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY convection
Fire Extinguishers malfunctions
Industrial Fire Safety convection
Fire Extinguishers Inspection
 Fire Extinguisher Types (1/6)
PRESSURIZED WATER
A
• Class “A” fires only.
A Trash Wood
Trash Wood PaperPaper

• 2.5 gal. water at 150-175 psi (up to 1

minute discharge time).
• Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity
B
B Liquids Grease
Liquids Grease
check.
• 30-40 ft. maximum effective range.
• Can be started and stopped as necessary.
C
C Electrical Equipment
Electrical Equipment
• Extinguishes by cooling, burning material
below the ignition point.
 Fire Extinguisher Types (2/6)
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
• Class “B” or “C” fires.
• 2.5-100 lb. of CO2 gas at 150-200 psi (8-30
A
A Trash Wood
Trash Wood Paper Paper

seconds discharge time).

• Has NO pressure gauge--capacity verified
B
B
Liquids Grease
Liquids Grease by weight.
• 3-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
C
C
Electrical Equipment
Electrical Equipment materials.
• Effectiveness decrease as temperature of
burning material increases.
 Fire Extinguisher Types (3/6)
MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL
A
A
Trash Wood Paper
Trash Wood Paper
• Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires.
• 2.5-20 lb. dry chemical (ammonium
phosphate) pressurized to 50-200 psi by
nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds discharge time).
B Liquids Grease
B Liquids Grease

• Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity

check.
• 5-20 ft. maximum effective range.
C Electrical Equipment
• Extinguishes by smothering burning
C Electrical Equipment

materials.
 Fire Extinguisher Types (4/6)
HALON • Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires (smaller sizes ineffective against
Class “A”).
• 9-17 lb. Halon 1211 (pressurized liquid) released as vapor
A Trash Wood Paper
A Trash Wood Paper
(8-18 seconds discharge time).
• Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
• 9-16 ft. maximum effective range.
B
B Liquids Grease
Liquids Grease
• Works best in confined area--ideal for electronics fire due
to lack of residue.
• Extinguishes by smothering burning materials.
Electrical Equipment
• Fumes toxic if inhaled.
C
C Electrical Equipment
• Halon is ozone depleting chemical--production halted in
Jan ‘94.
Fire Extinguisher Types (5/6)
COMBUSTIBLE METAL
• Class “D” combustible metal fires only.
• 30 lb. pressurized dry powder optimized for
specific combustible metal (also available in bulk
containers for hand scooping onto fire to
extinguish).
• 6-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• To activate, must first open nitrogen cylinder on
COMBUSTIBLE
back to pressurize body.
• Extinguishes by smothering, burning materials.
D
METALS
 Fire Extinguisher Types (6/6)
WET CHEMICAL
AA Trash
Trash Wood
Wood Paper
Paper
• Class “A”, “C”, and “K” fires.
• 1.5 gal. of stored pressure PRX wet
chemical extinguishing agent (40 sec.
C
C
Electrical Equipment
Electrical Equipment discharge time).
• 10-12 ft. maximum effective range.
• On Class “K” fires, don’t use until fixed
K Cooking Media
extinguishing system has activated.
• Extinguishes by cooling and forming foam
blanket to prevent re-ignition.
Familiarization of Fire Loads
The fire loading of a building or compartment is a way of establishing the potential
severity of a hypothetical future fire. It is the heat output per unit floor area, often
in kJ/m2, calculated from the calorific value of the materials present.
Familiarization of your Workplace and Exits
Familiarization of your Workplace and Exits
Familiarization of your Workplace and Exits
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Why should you be concerned about electrical hazards

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 Why should you be concerned about
electrical hazards
Leading Causes of Death in the general industry. They
were falls, followed by electrocution, struck by object, and
caught-in/between.
•Falls — 349 out of 874 total deaths in construction in CY
2014 (39.9%)
•Electrocutions — 74 (8.5%)
•Struck by Object — 73 (8.4%)
•Caught-in/between — 12 (1.4%)
The Cost of Accident is so expensive far far more.

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 Introduction
• IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT
• 31% OF THE KNOWN ELECTROCUTION
FATALITIES OCCUR IN THE HOME,
• 24% IN GENERAL INDUSTRY &
• 55% ARE DUE TO CONTACT WITH WITH SO-
CALLED LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUITS, 600 VOLTS &
UNDER
• ELECTRICITY IS THE NO.1
SOURCE OF FIRE!
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Electrical Hazards
Electrical burns are among the most serious burns and
require immediate medical attention. They occur when
electric current flows through tissues or bone,
generating heat that causes tissue damage.

• Electrical burns
• Arc or Flash Burns
• Thermal Contact Burns
•
In addition to shock and burn hazards, electricity
poses other dangers. For example, arcs that result
from short circuits can cause injury or start a fire.
Extremely high-energy arcs can damage equipment,
causing fragmented metal to fly in all directions. Even
low-energy arcs can cause violent explosions in
atmospheres that contain flammable gases, vapors, or
combustible dusts.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT TO THE HUMAN BODY

People sometimes “freeze”

when they are shocked?
When a person receives an electrical
shock, sometimes the electrical
stimulation causes the muscles to
contract. This “freezing” effect makes the
person unable to pull free of the circuit. It
is extremely dangerous because it
increases the length of exposure to
electricity and because the current causes
blisters, which reduce the body’s
resistance and increases the current.
 EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT TO
THE HUMAN BODY
How does current enter the body?

 Typical points of entry

are the hands and feet
as they come in contact
with electrical current.
 Moisture beneath a ring
or watch will decrease
the skin's resistance
and allow current flow.

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 EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT TO
THE HUMAN BODY
How does current travel through the body?
 The body, composed mostly of
water, is a conductor of electricity,
so current travels easily.
 Current travels the path of least
resistance to complete its circuit.
 This path could be through upper
limbs or between upper and lower
limbs.
 If this includes the heart and
respiratory systems, it can result in
serious injury. 68
 SEVERITY OF SHOCK
• SEVERITY OF SHOCK IS NOT DETERMINED
BY VOLTAGE ALONE BUT DEPENDS ON…

• QUANTITY OF CURRENT
• PATH / PASSAGE OF THE CURRENT
• LENGTH OF TIME
• TYPE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY
• HUMAN / PHYSICAL CONDITION

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HIGH VOLTAGE POWER LINES

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OSHA Office of Training & Education 73
 Electrical Burns

Exit Wound
Entrance Wound
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Arc or Flash Burns Thermal Contact Burns
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Internal Injuries

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Involuntary Muscle Contraction

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 Safe Approach during electrical Accidents
•Secure the Environment & try not to add
another victim
 Safe Approach during electrical Accidents

•If at all possible, turn off the source of electricity (i.e. light switch,
circuit breaker, etc.).
 Safe Approach during electrical Accidents

•If there is no option of turning off the switch remove the contact
such as plastic or dry wood to separate the source of electricity from
the victim., use non-conductive material
 MATERIALS HANDLING
 MATERIALS HANDLING – is the preparation, placing, and
positioning of materials to facilitate their movement or storage.

There is now substantial international acceptance of both the scale of the

manual handling problem and methods of prevention.

Modern medical and scientific knowledge stresses the importance of an

ergonomic approach in removing or reducing the risk of manual handling
injury.
 ERGONOMICS – is sometimes described as “fitting the job to the person,
rather than the person to the job”.

 The ergonomic approach therefore looks at manual handling as a whole,

taking into account a range of relevant factors including the nature of risk,
the load, the working environment and individual capability.

 Many manual handling injuries are cumulative rather than being truly
attributable to any single handling incident. The result can be physical
impairment or even permanent disability.
 MANUAL  MECHANICAL

 Individual Capacity  Powered Hand Truck

 Crane
 25 kg…female  Hoist
 50 kg…male  Forklift
 Boom Truck
 Accessories  Heavy - Duty Truck
 Tractors
 2 wheeled hand trucks  Railroad Cars
 4 wheeled hand trucks  Conveyors
 Crowbars  Pipelines
 Shovel
 Pallets
 Carton Clamps
 Wire Ropes
 Lifting Bars
 Size up the load

 Obtain secure footing – place feet solidly and well apart and close to the
object as practical

 Crouch close to the load and get a firm grip. Keep back as straight as
possible

 Lift by straightening legs.

Material Chemical Handling

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3. GHS Pictograms

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 Chemical Hazards on Hazardous Materials
• A chemical is said to be hazardous if it can cause a physical injury or cause a
disease in the employee handling it. Hazardous chemicals may create physical
hazards as they can cause fires, explosions, or chemical reactions. They also
create health hazards and can cause diseases like cancer and asthma. Examples
of hazardous chemicals include: asbestos, lead, and radioactive substances,
Gasoline, Paint Thinners, Petrol Products such as oil and grease and Etc.

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 The Use and Disposal of Hazardous Materials
For proper use and disposal of flammable liquids, the following points are important to consider:
Welding, open flames, or smoking are strictly prohibited in places where flammable liquids are transferred,
used, disposed of or stored.
Always keep containers, tanks, and drums closed when not in use.
Immediately clean up spills.
Ventilation is very important to keep a storage place free of vapor build-up.
Used rags must be disposed of or stored in a self-closing oil rag waste can.
Use Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment

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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

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 How Can the Body Be Exposed to Toxic Substances?
How Can the Body Be Exposed to Toxic Substances?
 Inhalation
For a toxic substance, inhalation is the most common form of
exposure to the body. Inhaled materials can be deposited in
the lungs and can have numerous harmful effects on the
body. They may block the air sacs (alveoli) or may be further
absorbed into the bloodstream, where they can cause harm
elsewhere in the body. If the inhaled substance is an irritant, it
may lead to nose and throat irritation, or may also lead to
coughing and chest pains if it comes in contact with the
bronchi.
 Skin Contact
Some substances are caustic, meaning that they can
chemically burn the skin; examples include strong
acids and alkalis. Some substances are irritants,
dissolving the oils produced by the skin, leaving it
dry and cracked. This makes the skin more
susceptible to absorption of toxic materials; if the
skin is cracked or cut, substances can be absorbed
and passed into the bloodstream more easily.
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• Eye Contact
Some substances can irritate or burn the eye.
In some cases the substance in contact
with the eye may be absorbed into the
bloodstream. Eyes are highly susceptible
to damage and any contact or irritation
should be taken seriously.
• Ingestion
Conscious ingestion of a toxic substance is
not common, though it may occur if the
substance has been left on your hands or
has contaminated food or drink.
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 The Effects of a Toxic Substance on the Body
Systemic Effect
Local Effect • In the case of a systemic effect,
• When and where a toxic substance comes in the substance is absorbed by the
contact with and causes damage to the body body and enters the
is known as its local effect. For example, a bloodstream, and may eventually
toxic substance comes into contact with skin cause damage to internal organs.
and causes inflammation or irritation. For example, if taken through
inhalation, the substance enters
the bloodstream by way of the
lungs and eventually damages
the liver.

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 Cancer
• Some chemicals are known to induce cancer (the uncontrolled
growth and spread of abnormal cells) in the body. Chemicals that
cause cancer are known as carcinogens. There are many different
proven carcinogens for humans and even more that cause cancer
in test animals - those are considered to be potentially threatening
to humans.

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 Mutagens or Mutagenic
It has been discovered that some toxic substances can lead to changes in the
genetic makeup of a person, even to the point of damaging the genes. This kind of
genetic change is commonly known as mutation, and the substance that induces
the genetic change is known as a mutagen. Mutation of genetic material will
ultimately mean that the cells affected are unlikely to function or reproduce
properly. Furthermore, cells reproduced from the mutated cell are also not likely to
function properly.

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 The Reproductive System
• Exposure to some chemicals can lead to the inability to bear children or may
adversely affect unborn children. Toxic substances can lead to infertility,
disruption in the menstrual cycle, fetal damage, stillbirths, spontaneous
abortions, and defects in born children - both at birth and in the future.
• Substances that cause defects in children, stillbirths, or otherwise damage
the fetus in a mother's womb are known as teratogens. Other chemicals that
generally damage the fetus are known as fetotoxins. Furthermore, as a
general rule, any chemicals that lead to health complication in a pregnant
woman are likely to have the potential to damage the fetus. In the case of
males, some chemical can reduce sperm count, cause infertilty, sterility, and
a reduction in sex drive.

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 Control of Exposure
These procedures constitute limiting the level of toxicity and hazardousness at the
source. They include the following measures:
• Substitution -- Using a less hazardous substance is a good measure for limiting
access to a toxic substance. This, however, may not be a solution if no
substitution exists, or if the substitution results in lower or undesirable
performance.
• Process or equipment enclosure -- This will isolate the toxic substance, limiting its
access to the employee and/or ensuring that those who do have access have
the necessary clearance and, as such, are well informed of the effects.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used when engineering controls
and/or administrative controls are insufficient. PPE can include the use of
protective goggles to protect the eyes, as well as gloves and aprons to protect
the hands and body. In some cases, the nature of the substance may warrant the
use of a respirator to prevent the inhalation of toxic materials.

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ANY QUESTIONS???