Guides

How to Calculate Buoyancy

Co-authored by Bess Ruff, MA
Last Updated: November 20, 2022 Approved

Buoyancy is the force acting opposite the direction of gravity that affects all objects
submerged in a fluid.[1] When an object is placed in a fluid, the object's weight pushes
down on the fluid (liquid or gas) while an upward buoyancy force pushes upward on the
object, acting against gravity. In general terms, this buoyancy force can be calculated
with the equation Fb = Vs × D × g, where Fb is the buoyancy force that is acting on the
object, Vs is the submerged volume of the object, D is the density of the fluid the object
is submerged in, and g is the force of gravity. To learn how to determine an object's
buoyancy, see Step 1 below to get started.

Method
Method 1 of 2:
1
Using the Buoyancy Force Equation
Find the volume of the submerged portion of the object. The force of
1 buoyancy that acts on an object is directly proportional to the volume of
the object that is submerged. In other words, the more of a solid object that is
submerged, the greater the force of buoyancy that acts on it. This means that
even objects that sink in liquid have a buoyancy force pushing upwards on
them.[2] To begin to calculate the buoyancy force acting on an object, your first
step should generally be to determine the volume of the object that is
submerged in fluid. For the buoyancy force equation, this value should be in
meters3.
For objects that are completely submerged in fluid, the submerged volume
will be equal to the volume of the object itself. For objects that are floating
on the surface of a fluid, only the volume under the surface of the fluid is
considered.
As an example, let's say that we want to find the buoyancy force acting on
a rubber ball floating in water. If the ball is a perfect sphere with a diameter
of 1 meter (3.3 ft) and it's floating exactly halfway submerged in the water,
we can find the volume of the submerged portion by finding the volume of
the entire ball and dividing it in half. Since the volume of a sphere is
 (4/3)π(radius)3 , we know our ball's volume is (4/3)π(0.5)3 = 0.524
meters3. 0.524/2 = 0.262 meters3 submerged.

Find the density of your fluid. The next step in the process of finding the
2 buoyancy force is to define the density (in kilograms/meter3) of the liquid
that the object is submerged in. Density is a measure of an object or
substance's weight relative to its volume. Given two objects of equal volume,
the object with the higher density will weigh more. As a rule, the higher the
density of the fluid an object is submerged in, the greater the force of
buoyancy. With fluids, it's generally easiest to determine density simply by
looking it up in reference materials.
In our example, our ball is floating in water. By consulting an academic
source, we can find that water has a density of about 1,000
kilograms/meter3.
The densities of many other common fluids are listed in engineering
resources. One such list can be found here.
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Find the force of gravity (or another downward force). Whether an

3 object sinks or floats in the fluid it's submerged in, it's always subject to the
force of gravity. In the real world, this constant downward force is equal to
about 9.81 Newtons/kilogram. However, in situations in which another force,
like centrifugal force, is acting on the fluid and the object submerged in it, this
must also be taken into account to determine the total "downward" force for the
entire system.[3]
In our example, if we're dealing with an ordinary, stationary system, we can
assume that the only downward force acting on the fluid and object is the
standard force of gravity — 9.81 Newtons/kilogram.

Multiply volume × density × gravity. When you have values for the
4 volume of your object (in meters3), the density of your fluid (in
kilograms/meter3), and the force of gravity (or the downward force of your
system in Newtons/Kilograms), finding the buoyancy force is easy. Simply
multiply these 3 quantities to find the force of buoyancy in newtons.
Let's solve our example problem by plugging our values into the equation
Fb = Vs × D × g. Fb = 0.262 meters3 × 1,000 kilograms/meter3 × 9.81
newtons/kilogram = 2,570 Newtons. The other units cancel each other out
and leave you with Newtons.

Find whether your object floats by comparing with its gravity force.
5 Using the buoyancy force equation, it's easy to find the force that's
 pushing an object up out of the fluid it's submerged in. However, with a little
extra work, it's also possible to determine whether the object will float or sink.
Simply find the buoyancy force for the entire object (in other words, use its
entire volume as Vs), then find the force of gravity pushing it down with the
equation G = (mass of object)(9.81 meters/second2). If the force of buoyancy
is greater than the force of gravity, the object will float. On the other hand, if the
force of gravity is greater, it will sink. If they are equal, the object is said to be
neutrally buoyant.
A neutrally buoyant object will not float up to the surface or sink down to
the bottom when it is in water. It will just be suspended in the fluid
somewhere between the top and bottom.[4]
For example, let's say we want to know if a 20 kilogram cylindrical wooden
barrel with a diameter of .75 meters (2.5 ft) and a height of 1.25 meters
(4.1 ft) will float in water. This will take several steps:
We can find its volume with the cylindrical volume formula V =
π(radius)2(height). V = π(.375)2(1.25) = 0.55 meters3.
Next, assuming ordinary gravity and water with ordinary density, we
can solve for the force of buoyancy on the barrel. 0.55 meters3 × 1000
kilograms/meter3 × 9.81 newtons/kilogram = 5,395.5 Newtons.
Now, we'll need to find the force of gravity on the barrel. G = (20 kg)
(9.81 meters/second2) = 196.2 Newtons. This is much less than the
buoyancy force, so the barrel will float.

Use the same approach when your fluid is a gas. When performing
6 buoyancy problems, don't forget that the fluid that the object is submerged
in doesn't necessarily have to be a liquid. Gases also count as fluids, and,
although they have very low densities compared to other types of matter, can
still support the weight of certain objects floating in them.[5] A simple helium
balloon is evidence of this. Because the gas in the balloon is less dense than
the fluid around it (ordinary air), it floats!

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Method
Method 2 of 2:
2
Performing a Simple Buoyancy Experiment
Place a small bowl or cup inside a bigger one. With a few household
1 items, it's easy to see the principles of buoyancy in action! In this simple
experiment, we'll demonstrate that a submerged object experiences buoyancy
because it displaces a volume of fluid equal to the volume of the object
submerged. As we do this, we'll also demonstrate how to practically find an
object's buoyancy force with this experiment. To begin, place a small open
container, like a bowl or a cup, inside a larger container, like large a bowl or a
bucket.

Fill the inner container to the brim. Next, fill the small inner container
2 with water. You want the water level to be at the very top of the container
without spilling. Be careful here! If you spill any water, empty the larger
container before trying again.
For the purposes of this experiment, it's safe to assume that water has a
standard density of 1000 kilograms/meter3. Unless you're using saltwater
or a different liquid entirely, most types of water will have a density close
enough to this reference value that any minor difference won't alter our
results.[6]
If you have an eyedropper handy, this can be very helpful for precisely
leveling off the water in the inner container.

Submerge a small object. Next, find a small object that can fit inside the
3 inner container and won't be damaged by water. Find this object's mass in
kilograms (you may want to use a scale or balance which can give you grams
and convert up to kilograms). Then, without letting your fingers get wet, slowly
and steadily dip this into the water until it starts to float or you can just barely
hold on to it, then let go. You should notice some of the water in the inner
container spill over the edge into the outer container.
For the purposes of our example, let's say that we're lowering a toy car
with a mass of 0.05 kilograms into the inner container. We don't need to
know the volume of this car to calculate its buoyancy, as we'll see in the
next step.

Collect and measure the water that spills over. When you submerge an
4 object in water, it displaces some of the water — if it didn't, there wouldn't
be any space for it to enter the water. When it pushes this water out of the way,
the water pushes back, resulting in buoyancy. Take the water that spilled out of
the inner container and pour it into a small glass measuring cup.The volume of
water in the cup should be equal to volume of the submerged object.
In other words, if your object floats, the volume of the water that spills over
will be equal to the volume of the object submerged under the surface of
the water. If your object sank, the volume of the water that spills over will
be equal to the volume of the entire object.

Calculate the weight of the spilled water. Since you know the density of
5 water and you can measure the volume of the water that spilled into the
measuring cup, you can find its mass. Simply convert its volume to meters3 (an
online conversion tool, such as this one, can be helpful here) and multiply it by
the density of water (1,000 kilograms/meters3).
In our example, let' say that our toy car sunk into the inner container and
displaced about two tablespoons (.00003 meters3). To find the mass of our
water, we'd multiply this by its density: 1,000 kilograms/meters3 × .00003
meters3 = 0.03 kilograms.

Compare the displaced water's mass to the object's mass. Now that
6 you know the mass of both the object you submerged in water and the
mass of the water it displaced, compare them to see which is greater. If the
mass of the object submerged in the inner container is greater than that of the
displaced water, it should have sunk. On the other hand, if the mass of the
displaced water is greater, the object should have floated. This is the principle
of buoyancy in action — for an object to be buoyant (float), it has to displace
an amount of water with a mass greater than that of the object itself.[7]
Thus, objects with low masses but big volumes are the most buoyant types
of objects. This property means hollow objects are especially buoyant.
Think of a canoe — it floats well because it's hollow in the inside, so it's
able to displace a lot of water without having a very high mass. If canoes
were solid, they wouldn't float very well at all.
In our example, the car has a higher mass (0.05 kilograms) than the water
it displaced (0.03 kilograms). This lines up with what we observed: the car
sank.

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 Community Q&A

Question

What's the difference between calculating density and volume?

Community Answer

Calculating volume is the length x width x depth. It is expressed in cubic

meters (cubic feet, etc.) since you are multiplying meter x meter x meter.
Density relates the volume to the object's mass, and is calculated as
mass/volume (mass divided by volume) expressed in kg/cubic meter or
similar.

Question

How can I tell if an object will float or sink?

Community Answer

If an object weighs more than an equal volume of water, it is more dense and
will sink; if it weighs less than an equal volume of water, it is less dense and
will float.

Question

How much buoyancy does a tank measuring 6 feet by 15 feet have?

Community Answer

"Bouyancy" is determined by the submerged volume of the object not by the

size of the tank.

See more answers

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 Tips

Use a scale or balance that can be set to zero after each reading to help get
accurate measurements.

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Things You'll Need

Small cup or bowl

Larger bowl or bucket

Small submersible object (like a rubber ball)

Measuring cup

References

1. https://www.jove.com/science-education/10392/buoyancy-and-drag-on-
immersed-bodies
2. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-
archimedes-principle/a/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle-article
3. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_Physics_
(Boundless)/10%3A_Fluids/10.3%3A_Archimedes_Principle
4. https://sciencing.com/three-types-buoyancy-10036718.html
5. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/introductorygeneralphysics2phys1207/chapter/
11-1-what-is-a-fluid/
6. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-density-specific-weight-d_595.html
7. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_Physics_
(Boundless)/10%3A_Fluids/10.3%3A_Archimedes_Principle
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