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September 24, 2023

The Problem With Evil

Literary works have always functioned as a mirror of prevailing cultural values, beliefs,
and customs. The examination of women's portrayal, motherhood, and the notion of evil have
emerged as enduring concerns within the realm of literature, prompting extensive reflection and
analysis. Two notable literary works that have impacted these particular issues are the scholarly
piece titled "Lilith" by Janet Howe Gaines and the ancient Greek tragedy "Medea" written by
Euripides. As such, this reflective essay will examine the impact and implications of the above
fictional narratives on societal perceptions of women, motherhood, and evil. It will also evaluate
the ongoing significance of these narratives in our present-day culture.
The myth around Lilith has significantly transformed societal perspectives on women, the
institution of motherhood, and the notion of enmity. According to Gaines, the depiction of Lilith
as a rebellious being, displaying resistance towards Adam's dominion within the confines of the
Garden of Eden, presents a compelling challenge to established conceptions of feminine
obedience (2). Besides, her rejection of a subordinate position and her insistence on equal
treatment have sparked scholarly debates over the concepts of women's agency and autonomy
(Gaines 7). Thus, Lilith's narrative has catalyzed feminist debate, promoting the acknowledgment
of women as autonomous and self-directed entities rather than passive adjuncts to male
dominance.
Moreover, the myth of Lilith has exerted a significant influence on societal conceptions
of parenthood. The correlation between her involvement in birthing problems and infant
mortality has played a role in the intricate and frequently conflicting sentiments associated with
parenting (Gaines 5). In the contemporary era, these narratives persist in their capacity to evoke
strong emotions and significantly impact individuals and society. For instance, the ongoing
pursuit of women's rights and the achievement of gender equality persist as significant matters
on a global scale, with the narrative of Lilith serving as an emblem of defiance against prevailing
patriarchal conventions.
The play "Medea" by Euripides is a compelling tribute to the intricate nature of
motherhood and the profound challenges it might confront. The drama interrogates conventional
understandings of motherhood as exclusively associated with caregiving and altruism, using the
character of Medea as a vehicle for this exploration. According to Mackay and Allan, the
vindictive actions perpetrated by Medea, especially the tragic act of infanticide, elicit profound
shock and disturbance, compelling viewers to confront the profound and tumultuous dimensions
of mother affection (67). This prompts individuals to reassess their preconceived notions about
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the sacredness of motherhood and see that even a mother's affection can be accompanied by
distress, resentment, and despair.
The Medea myth continues to exert a significant influence in our modern society,
captivating audiences and serving as a poignant reflection of the intricate nature of maternal
identity. According to Mackay and Allan, the ongoing discourse surrounding gender roles and
familial dynamics has engendered considerable contemplation and discussion over the character
of Medea (59). The protagonist's behaviors, motivated by feelings of betrayal and a desire for
retribution, compel individuals to thoroughly analyze the boundaries of maternal affection and
the cultural expectations imposed on mothers (Euripides 6). Furthermore, the narrative of Medea
functions as a catalyst for discussions about mental well-being, postpartum anguish, and the
psychological burden that accompanies the experience of motherhood. Therefore, within this
context, the narrative of Medea serves as a compelling examination of the emotional distress that
can be experienced in the context of motherhood in contemporary society.
In summary, the narratives surrounding Lilith and Medea have had a lasting impact on
society's shared awareness, exerting influence and molding people’s perceptions towards women,
parenthood, and the notion of enmity. The examination of Lilith by Gaines underscores the
persistent intrigue surrounding the concept of female autonomy and its ability to disrupt
established power structures. In the context of Euripides' work, the depiction of Medea compels
us to confront the profound complexities inherent in the concept of maternal affection and its
inherent capacity to transform into a power that is both detrimental and beyond regulation.
Therefore, in the context of our present-day society, these narratives remain pertinent.
Works Cited
Euripides. Medea. 431B.C.E.

Gaines, Janet Howe. Lilith. 2001.

Mackay, Maria, and Arlene L. Allan. Filicide in Euripides’ Medea: A Biopoetic Approach*.

2014.