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Lecture-2b Chart
Lecture-2b Chart
Reading materials:
Chap 2,3 (Keller)
1 2
Outline
5 6
1
Charts Bar and pie charts
• Back to the UNSW survey example, create a bar and pie
charts
• Tools for qualitative and discrete data: • Reduce numbers of classes for easily visual look
• Simple bar charts
Number of students Percentage
• Pie charts Nationality (frequency) frequency
7
Total 686 100.00% 8
150 1.60%
100
17.49%
50 33.09%
0
Australia China South India USA & UK & Other Rest of
Australia & NZ China South East Asia India
& NZ East Asia Canada Ireland Europe the world
USA & Canada UK & Ireland Other Europe Rest of the world
9 10
Notes Histograms
Choose charts that present information most Raw data => frequency table => histograms
effectively (‘Learning by doing’) A histogram looks like a bar charts except that
the bars are joined together
Practice with SPSS
Two types of histograms:
Equal-width histogram
Unequal-width histogram
11 12
2
Equal-width histograms Shapes of Histograms - symmetric
All bars have the same width (the same class intervals)
The height of each bar represents the frequency or
percentage frequency of the class intervals Histogr a m of S y mme tr ic
50
Using raw data in the example 4, draw a histogram
representing wages 40
30
Frequency
20
10
0
-2.4 -1.6 -0.8 0.0 0.8 1.6 2.4
Sy mme t r ic
13 14
Shapes of histograms – positive skew (long tail Shapes of histograms – negative skew (long tail
to right) to left)
H i s togr a m of P os itiv e s k e w
35 Histogram of N egativ e skew
35
30
30
25
25
Frequency
20
Frequency
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0 .0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 0
Po s it iv e s ke w 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
Nega t iv e ske w
15 16
15
• Relative frequency histogram: replace frequency
Frequency
10
for each class by
5 class frequency/total number of obs.
0
-1.5 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0
Bimodal
17 18
3
Histograms of COVID19 in the world Flattening COVID19 curve in Korea
• https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI
8a‐
unPCH6wIVix0rCh3tQAogEAAYASAAEgJb5_D_
BwE
• Access data: 7/8/2020
19 20
21 22
Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018 Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018
4
Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018 Distribution of national HS exam scores 2018
Ogive
Instead of presenting cumulative percentage freq in the
FT, you can draw a graph.
27 28
• Methods:
– Table: Cross-table
– Charts:
o Multiple bar chart
Bivariate distribution o Scatterplot (mentioned in lecture 8)
29
5
Cross-table Cross-table
• Cross-table is used to investigate the relationship • EX: use gss.sav data file to explore the relationship
b/w two categorical vars or discrete variables with b/w internet use and degree
few values.
• Note:
– Need to identify dependent and independent variables.
– Know how to calculate row and column percentages
– Rule of thumb: independent var in row and dependent
var in column
31 32
33 34
Summary
Univariate distribution
• Table: Frequency distribution
- Simple frequency table
- Grouped frequency table
• Charts
- Bar and pie charts
- Histograms
Bivariate distribution
35