DIASS REVIEWER

SOCIAL SCIENCES -study of society and manner in which people behave and impact the
world
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES- branch of study that applies theoretical models and
theories of social
science disciplines

SOCIAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE

DEMOGRAPHY- Scientific study of human populations across time
GEOGRAPHY - Study of the interaction between people and their
environments
SOCIOLOGY - Systematic study of people’s behavior in group
PSYCHOLOGY -Studies how the human mind works in consonance with the
body to produce thoughts that lead
to individual actions
POLITICAL SCIENCE -Primarily studies human behavior in relation
to political systems, governments, laws, and
international relations
HISTORY- Systematic study of human past events in order to
understand the meaning, dynamics and
relationship of the causes and effects of events in
the development of societies.
ANTHROPOLOGY Scientific study of humans and their cultures in
the past and present time
ECONOMICS - Studies the allocation of scarce resources and
the production and exchange of goods and
services in society
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. COUNSELING 2. SOCIAL WORK
3.COMMUNICATION

COUNSELING
• According to Dinkmeyer (1966) it is a personal
relationship between a professionally trained counselor
and someone who aims to assist him to communicate and
meet his immediate needs and problems.
• Further, counseling is a professional relationship that
empowers diverse individuals, families, and
groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education,
and career goals.
•
COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT COUNSELING
1. A person seeing a counselor has mental illness.
2. Counseling means giving advice.
3. Counseling is part of the discipline board.
4. A counselor is a problem solver.
5. Counseling involves brain washing.

GOALS OF COUNSELING
• According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), the following
are the goals of Counseling:
1. Development Goals—assist in meeting or advancing the
client’s human growth and development
including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical
wellness.
2. Preventive Goals—help the client avoid some undesired outcomes.
3. Enhancement Goals—enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals—assisting a client to overcome and treat
 an undesirable development.
5. Exploratory Goals—examining of options, testing of
skills, trying new and different activities.
6. Reinforcement Goals-help clients in recognizing that what they
are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine.
7. Cognitive Goals—involve acquiring the basic foundation of
learning and cognitive skills.
8. Physiological Goals—involve acquiring the basic understanding
and habits for good health.
9. Psychological Goals—aid in developing good social interaction
skills, learning emotional control, and
developing positive self-concept.
Scope of Counseling:
The scope of counseling covers various aspects of human life
including:
• Personal (motivation, self-esteem, interest, career
choice, etc.)
• Social (relationship conflicts, socialization, peer relationships,
etc.)
• Cognitive (study habits, academic performance, irrational
thoughts, etc.)
• Behavioral (absenteeism, bullying, restlessness, misbehavior,
etc.)
• Psychological (personality development, stress, etc.)
• Emotional (anger management issues, phobias, mild anxiety,
etc.)
• Spiritual (spiritual beliefs, guidance, confusions, etc.)
• Health (wellness, life and work balance, leisure, etc.)
• Occupational (word and career decisions, etc.)
• However, counseling does not deal with the CLINICAL CASES such
as mental illnesses, requiring
medication and psychotherapy.

CORE VALUES OF COUNSELING

• Respect for Human Dignity—this means that the counselor must
provide a client unconditional
positive regard, compassion, non-judgmental attitude, empathy
and trust.
• Partnership—counselor has to foster partnership with the
various disciplines that come together to
support an integrated healing that encompasses various
aspects such as the physical, emotional,
spiritual and intellectual.
• Autonomy—this entails respect for confidentiality and trust
in a relationship of counseling and
ensuring a safe environment that is needed for healing.
• Responsible Caring—means respecting the potential of every human
being to change and to continue
learning throughout his or her life, and especially in the
environment of counseling.
• Personal Integrity—counselors must reflect personal integrity,
honesty, and truthfulness with clients.
• Social Justice—this means accepting, and respecting the diversity
of the clients, the diversity of
individuals, their cultures, languages, lifestyles, identities,
ideologies, intellectual capacities,
personalities, and capabilities regardless of the presented
issues.

PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
1. Reassurance—counseling involves providing clients with reassurance,
which is a way of giving them
courage to face the problem or confidence that they are
pursuing a suitable course of action.
2. Release of Emotional Tension—counseling provides clients
the opportunity to get emotional release
from their pent-up frustrations and other personal issues.
3. Clarified thinking—this tends to take place while the counselor
and the counselee are talking and
therefore becomes a logical emotional release.
4. Reorientation—this involves a change in the client’s
 emotional self through a change in basic goals
and aspirations.
5. Listening Skills—listening attentively to clients is the
counselor’s attempt to understand both the
content of the clients’ problem as they see it, and
the emotions they are experiencing related to the
problem.
6. Respect—in all circumstances, clients must be treated with
respect, no matter how peculiar, strange ,
disturbed, weird, or utterly different from the counselor.
7. Empathy and Positive Regard—empathy requires the counselor
to listen and understand the feelings
and perspective of the client and positive regard is
an aspect of respect.
8. Clarification, Confrontation, and Interpretation—clarification is
an attempt by the counselor to
restate what the client is either saying or
feeling, so the client may learn something or understand
the
issue better. Confrontation and interpretation are more
advanced principles used by counselors in
their interventions.
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELORS
• Individual assessment seeks to identify potential of every client

- to promote self understanding and understand the

client better
• Individual counselling- relationship between client and
counselor
- built on confidentiality
• Group counselling/Guidance- group as a means of providing
assistance to individuals for an array of
needs
• Career Counselling - counselors are called to provide career
planning
• Placement and follow-up- service of school counselling with
emphasis on educational placements in
programs
• Referral- practice of helping clients find the needed
professional assistance when counselor cannot
provide
• Consultation- process of helping clients through a
third part
• Research -to provide data relevant to goal of counseling
• Evaluation and accountability- to assess effectiveness of
programs made by counselors and hold
schools and other tax-supported institutions accountable
• Prevention-promotion of mental health

QUALITIES/COMPETENCIES OF A COUNSELOR
SCOPE OF WORK OF COUNSELORS