PRETEST

Graphic Organizer Completion. Using the bubble map below, classify whether the
following the disciplines are Pure Social Sciences or Applied Social Sciences.
Disciplines to be categorized:
Economics Political Science
Counseling History
Geography Social Work
Psychology Anthropology
Sociology Political Science
Demography Communication

Applied Social Sciences

 Pure Social Siences

Disciplines to Be Categorized
Economics Political Science

Counseling History
Geography Social Work

Psychology Anthropology
Sociology Demography

Communication

Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your
facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and keep on learning!

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

To check your understanding of the lesson on “Mental Health and Well-
Being In Adolescence”, you should be ready to accomplish this task.

Directions: Modified True or False. Write T if the sentence is true. If your answer
is false, write a brief explanation why the statement is incorrect.

1. Mental illness is solely based on the genetic make-up of a person.

2. One’s positive self-concept is considered a protective factor in developing

against poor mental health.
 3. A resilient person is flexible.

4. Severe depression can lead to suicide.

5. Social support is important in developing good mental health.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Social sciences are investigating human society and the different forces that
operate within it. The different disciplines of the Social Sciences look at human
societies and divest perspectives and focus on an area of expertise for analysis.
Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Geography, Anthropology, Psychology,
Demography and History are all branches of the Social Sciences. Such areas
provide social scientists with specific expertise, tools and skills that can help them
better understand social phenomena. The Applied Social Sciences, on the other
hand, focuses on the practical application of the various theories, frameworks,
concepts, and methodologies learned from the Social Sciences in real-life settings.
The Module addresses the key distinctions between social sciences and applied
social sciences. This also explores the concepts and fields of social sciences and
applied social sciences.

DISCUSSIONS
Lesson Defining the Social Sciences
and the Applied Social
1 Sciences
Social sciences are vast fields of scientific study which investigate human
societies and the different forces within them. These diverse fields examine how
people interact and develop their culture. Social sciences are comprised of several
disciplines, including history, political science, sociology, psychology, economics,
geography, demography, anthropology and linguistics. Through a body of empirical
knowledge, the social sciences offer a complex collection of lenses that allow us to
understand and clarify the various aspects of human society. Varieties of lens that
the social sciences study refer to the various areas of the social sciences that
research human society. That field of social science uses a diverse collection of
lenses made up of a body of ideas, theories, structures and methodologies that
allow us to understand and research the multi-faceted forces that make up and
influence human society.

BRANCHES OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Economics
Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and
exchange of goods and services within society. The two primary divisions of the
economics are microeconomics, which focuses on the actions of individual
consumers and producers, and macro-economics, which explores the actions and
output of the aggregate economy.

Anthropology

Anthropology is a scientific study of human beings and their cultures in the

past and present. Anthropology 's systematic approach to human research, the
importance of fieldwork and participant observation, and its focus on cross-cultural
comparison, make it special in the social sciences.
History
History is a systematic study of past human events in order to understand
the meaning, dynamics and relationship of the causes and effects of events in the
development of societies. This is derived from the Greek word past, which means
"investigation" or "investigation." In a social science, history focuses on the
interpretation and analysis of historical events, as they have historically occurred
with the use of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources refer to
eyewitness reports or historical accounts of the incident. They often use secondary
sources or facts that are not eye-witness accounts and are based on primary
sources.

Political Science

Political science focuses on human actions in relation to political processes,

states, rules and international affairs. This explores the relationship between
citizens and politics at all levels, from the citizen to the national and international
levels.
Psychology

Psychology is researching how the human mind functions in consonance

with the body to generate thoughts that contribute to individual actions.
Psychology analyzes how individuals and communities view the world through
various feelings, thoughts and states of consciousness.
Sociology

Sociology is a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups. It is derived

from the Latin word socio which means “people together” and Greek word logos
which means “the study of.” As a discipline of the social science, it attempts to
understand why and how people interact with each other and how the function as
a society or social subgroups. Applied sociology focus on the use and proper
application of sociological theories, methods and skills to examine data.

Geography
Geography is a study of the relationship between people and their
environment. Geography was derived from Greek words: geography means "world"
and “graphos” means "charting or drawing." Geography examines both the physical
features of the Earth's surface and its interaction with human societies. This also
explores how human society communicates with the natural world and the effect of
environments and places on people.

Demography
Demography is a statistical study of human populations over time, according
to the Max Planck Center for Demographic Science (2016). This explores trends in
population growth through the study of birth, human activity, and morbidity, aging
and mortality statistics. Population studies or social demography are an important
sub-field of sociology. Social demographers analyze demographic data to identify,
describe and forecast social phenomena. This also studies the composition of social
class and population distribution.
Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social
Sciences
by Dela Cruz et al. (2016) p.6-11

DEFINING THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

The applied social sciences were developed as a response to the highly
segmented and compartmentalized division of social science disciplines that
dominated western research training in the late 1990s and until the end of the
twentieth century. Scholars from the social sciences argued that there is a need for
more collaboration in the various fields of the social sciences. This suggests that
the various areas of social sciences need to work together effectively to resolve
problems. This multidisciplinary approach to the study of various social problems
has become the focus and the beginning of applied social sciences. Similar to social
sciences, which concentrate on theoretical studies of society, applied social
sciences concentrate on the use and application of the various ideas, theoretical
models and hypotheses of social science disciplines to better explain society and
the various challenges and issues it faces. The applied social sciences were used to
provide possible approaches to the complex problems of society (Gouldner, 1989).

Counseling

Counseling is one of the areas of social sciences applied to it. As an

application of the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, assistance and
support to individuals who are distracted by a range of problems in their lives.
Professional guidance is provided to the individual through counseling, and this is
done through the application of psychological methods such as the collection of
case history data, personal interviews and skills tests. Counseling may be provided
by psychologists, life coaches, job psychologists and personal development
counselors.
Social Work
Social research is another technical practice in the social sciences related to
it. Having been trained in social sciences to interact and understand social
realities, an applied social sciences practitioner has a good theoretical and
conceptual foundation for social work practice. Through social work, professionals
are supporting people, families, associations and neighborhoods to strengthen their
individual and mutual well-being.

Communication Studies
Applied social sciences provide appropriate instruction for employment in
the communications field. One example of a career in the advertising industry is in
the field of mass media. For example, in the news and current affairs department of
major television and radio networks, practitioners stress the importance of
balance, objective, truthful and creative reporting of news and other important
events as they have happened. Practitioners in applied social sciences have ample
experience in this field as they are equipped with communication theories and
principles that allow them to understand and educate the public about the social,
political, cultural, and economic realities. Communication professionals have the
skills to write, create and deliver news accurately and creatively to the public.

Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences

by Dela Cruz et al. (2016) p.11-15

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.1 Data Retrieval Chart
Direction: As you read the lesson, fill out the data retrieval chart.
Data Retrieval Chart About the Main Concerns and Focus of the Social Sciences

Discipline Main Concern and Focus as a Discipline

Social Sciences
History

Anthropology
Economics

Sociology
Geography

Demography
Political Science
 ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.2 Photo Analysis
Direction: Analyze the photo and answer the questions below.

Guide Questions

1. Identify and analyze the symbols used and relate it to Social Science
disciplines.

2. How does the photo explain the nature and significance of the Social Science
disciplines?
 ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.3 Photo Analysis
Directions:
Analyze the photo and answer the questions below
Picture A Picture B Picture C.

A. What is counseling? Why do you think counseling is considered a discipline

of the Applied Social Sciences?
B. Why is social work considered as a discipline of the applied Social Sciences?
How do social workers help members of society?
C. Why are communication studies considered disciplines of the Applied
Social Sciences?

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Conduct a Survey about the chosen degree

Direction: Conduct a survey among 10 Senior High School students and ask them
about their chosen degrees and the reason for choosing them. The answers will
then be categorized either as a Social Science or Applied Social Science. Submit the
findings to your teacher through an illustrated family tree.
 REMEMBER
 The three distinct divisions of science include: natural science dealing
with natural phenomena, social science dealing with society and the
complex relationship between individuals within society, and applied
social sciences, which are the practical application of social science
expertise.
 Major fields of social science include anthropology, economics,
history, psychology, political science, geography, sociology and
linguistics.
 Applied social science was a discipline founded on the reaction to the
compartmentalization of knowledge in the social sciences, the
increasing feeling that most theories and ideas appear to generalize
knowledge and are only presented from a macro viewpoint, and as a
way for theories to connect and contribute to real life problems.

POST TEST
Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Studies the optimum allocation of scarce resources and how individuals interact
within the social structure to address questions regarding the production and
exchange of goods and services.
A. Political Science B. Social Work C. Geography D. Economics
2. Which of the following is NOT a field of the social sciences?
A. Counseling B. Political Science C. Demography D. Sociology
3. Studies changes in population growth through the analysis of statistics on
birth, human movement, morbidity, agedness, and mortality.
A. Geography B. Demography C. Economics D. Statistics
4. Field of study that is focused on the use and application of the different
concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social science disciplines to
help understand society and the different problems and issues it faces.
A. Social Sciences C. Applied Social Sciences
B. Natural Sciences D. Behavioral Sciences
5. Which of the following is a main discipline/professional track of the
applied social science?
A. Political Science c. Demography Studies
B. Guidance Counseling d. Sociological Research]
6. A discipline that provides guidance, help and support to individuals through the
application of psychological methods that includes case history data, personal
interviews, and aptitudes tests.
A. Social Work C. Demography
B. Counseling D. Statistics
7. Which career opportunity will mostly need an applied social
science practitioner?
A. Journalism C. Computer Science
B. Engineering D. Architecture
8. Field of study where practitioners help individuals, families, groups and
communities enhance peoples’ skills and ability to use their own resources and
that of the community to resolve social and community problems.
A. Life Coach C. Communication Studies
B. Social Work D. Journalism
9. Studies the interaction between people and their environments and explore both
the physical properties of Earth’s surface and their relationship with human
societies.
A. Demography C. Sociology
B. History D. Geography
10. Studies how people and groups experience the world through various emotions,
ideas and in different conscious states.
A. Sociology C. Psychology
B. Economics D. Political Science

EXPECTATIONS
Specifically, this module will help you to:
 Define counseling and
 Identify the different goals of counseling and provide specific examples for
each goal
Let us start your journey in learning more on applied and
social sciences. I am sure you are ready and excited to
answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

PRETEST
The Discipline of Counseling

Direction:

The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure out your level
of understanding about counseling. You are required to agree or disagree on each
of the following statements. Please put a check mark (✓) if you agree and a cross
mark (✗) if you disagree.

Repeat the same process after completing the module. Can you see any
changes or differences in your answers? What new knowledge have you acquired
about counseling?
 Before the Statements After the
Module Study Module
Study

Counseling as an art is the subjective aspect of

therapy. This fosters a versatile and innovative
process by which the advisor modifies the
approach to meet the changing needs of clients.
Remedial strategies are to help the company
resolve and manage adverse developments.

Counseling happens when a person who is in

distress requests and encourages another person to
enter a certain kind of relationship with him / her.
Licensed qualified scholars may provide advice to
individuals , associations, organizations or the
general public concerning the application of the
concepts, methods or procedures of clinical
counseling to assist individuals in the achievement
of more successful financial , social, educational or
career growth and adaptation.

The way we perceive or view things, people, events

and our environment is influenced by our values.

Counselors handle sensitive knowledge about

clients with trust, whether directly or implicitly,
through inference.
In the light of the philosophy of utilitarianism in
relation to beneficence, the implementation of
utilitarianism should be able to make an ethical
judgment considering the costs and benefits of-
individual.

Marriage and family therapy apply to attempts to

create a supportive relationship with a spouse or
family and to identify problems in the family
system.
The primary duty of a counselor is to uphold the
integrity and to support the well-being of clients.
Counselors consider employment only for positions
which are qualified by schooling, training,
supervised experience, regional and national
professional credentials and relevant professional
experience.
 LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your
facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and keep on
learning!

To prove your understanding of the past lesson, you should be ready to

accomplish this task. You may do the following.

Directions: Modified True or False. Write T if the sentence is true. If your answer
is false, write a brief explanation why the statement is incorrect. (Critical thinking)

1. Counseling stresses the client’s taking responsibility over their

actions.

2. Counselors give advice to clients to help them solve their problems

3. Counseling can be an avenue for self-exploration and self-

discovery wherein the clients can gain more understanding about
the self.

4. Counseling is a helping relationship between counselors and

clients.
 5. Counseling is an art where counselors learn the skill of persuading
and influencing clients to actions.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

The severity and prevalence of social issues have a direct and

significant effect on people's psychological conditions. The circumstances of
psychological damage, the past of trauma and even the practice of shock are
a source of anxiety. Such circumstances involve the integrative efforts of the
psychological sciences and the digital social sciences to solve social issues
that cause human distress.
Counseling as a specialty has grown out of the need for
institutionalized resources to support and help people in circumstances of
difficulty in their lives. Professionals in this field, called counselors, support
those in need of clinical assistance in finding meaning, dealing with the
difficulty of life and adjusting to new environments.
As cases of psychological and mental wellbeing rise and the condition
of social instability rises, therapy becomes important. This chapter
introduces you to the practice of counselling.
If you are interested in knowing this profession, this is your chance to
feel what it is, wwhere its work settings are, and how it works.

DISCUSSIONS

Lesson
The Discipline of Counseling
2
THE MEANIGN OF COUNSELING
Nystul (2003 ) defined counseling as essentially an art and a science in
which you seek to weigh the objective and subjective aspects of the counseling
process. Counseling as an art is the subjective dimension of advice. It maintains a
flexible and creative process by which the counselor modifies the approach in order
to meet the growing needs of clients. It is also related to the act of giving oneself
and being compassionate in therapy processes.

Counseling as a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the

consultation process. Counselors who are discerning and who acquire skills to
formulate critical conclusions and inferences (Nystul, 2003). The art and science of
psychology means an intensification of the Boulder Method scientist-practitioner
paradigm (Myers, 2007). The model illustrates the incorporation of art and science
into therapy, which forms recommendations that incorporate theory and practice.

In practical terms, therapy happens when a person who is in distress asks for
support and encourages another person to enter a kind of relationship with him /
her. It is indicative of someone seeking counseling requests for time and attention
from a person who will listen, who will allow him / her to speak and who will not
condemn and criticize him / her. This type of relationship is a formal aid in which
a counselor-counselee relationship is established.
Informal aid is asking for formal assistance in some ways, such as the
presence of good listening skills, compassion, and caring capacity. However, there
is a higher degree of confidentiality and objectivity in the context of structured
assistance. People trust that the counselor will uphold his oath of allegiance as a
licensed counselor and will abide by his Code of Ethics and Professional Principles
(Nystul, 2003). Counseling is a vital part of assisting not only in social work but
also in education. It is a process of helping a person seeking help. Counseling
happens when you meet a qualified specialist who has the expertise, experience,
and orientation to provide the services needed. A trained professional is a counselor
who will accompany you – listen to you and help you achieve your goals.

Based on the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is a
profession that involves the application of a "integrated approach to the
development of a well-functioning individual" through provision in accordance
with its interests, needs and abilities (University of Queensland, 2015).
At the American Therapy Association (ACA) conference in Pittsburgh in March
2010, members reached an agreement on the common concept of therapy. They
accepted that therapy is a therapeutic partnership that empowers diverse people,
communities and organizations to achieve mental health, wellbeing, education and
career goals (Kaplan, Travis's and Gladding, 2014). This concept talks about
inspiring people, families, groups and communities to achieve their goals in life.

GOALS OF COUNSELING
The goal setting is a key component of individual, group, organizational and
community success. Counseling, like any form of assistance, must be motivated by
objectives. It will be more difficult to achieve the desired target if you do not or are
not conscious of the objectives. The primary objective of counseling is to help
people use their prevailing social skills and problem-solving skills more functionally
or to develop new survival and coping skills. The comprehensive and broad therapy
goals defined by Gibson and Mitchell (2003) are as follows:

1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human

growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive and
physical wellness
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome
3. Enhancement Goals – enhance special skills and abilities
4. Remedial Goals – assisting client to overcome and treat an undesirable
development
5. Exploratory Goals – examining options, testing of skills, trying new and
different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals – helps client in recognizing that what they are doing,
thinking and feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals – involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and
cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits
for good health
 9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills,
learning emotional control and developing positive self-concept
The goals set out above suggest that therapy seeks to motivate the client by
helping him / her to make important decisions in life, to build capacity to cope, to
improve productivity and to improve the quality of life. Other than the goals
discussed above, McLeod (2003) presented a list of therapy priorities, some of
which are to improve the objectives set out above.

The list consists of insight-based problems related to others, self-awareness, self-

acceptance, self-actualization, liberation, problem-solving, psychological education,
cognitive improvement, behavioral change, structural change, empowerment,
reconciliation, and generativity. Such things briefly listed below are nevertheless
demanding motivating goals. The counselors, however, tend to be motivated by
these therapy goals.

Goal Description
Insight Understanding of the origins and development of
emotional difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to
take rational control over feelings and actions
Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful
and satisfying relationships with other people: for
example, within the family or workplace

Self-awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had

been blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate
sense of how self is perceived by others
Self-acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self,
marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience
that had been the subject of self-criticism and rejection
Self-actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving
an integration of previously conflicting parts of self
Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual
awakening
Problem-Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client
had not been able to resolve alone and acquiring a
general competence in problem-solving
Psychological Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with
Education which to understand and control behavior

Acquisition of Social Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills

Skills such as maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in
conversations, assertiveness, or anger control
Cognitive Change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or
maladaptive thought patterns associated with self-
destructive behavior
Behavior Change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self-
destruct patterns of behavior
Systemic Change Introducing change into the way in that social systems
operate
Empowerment Working on skills, awareness and knowledge that will
enable the client to take control of his or her own life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous
destructive behavior
Generativity Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for
others and pass on knowledge and to contribute to the
collective good through political engagement and
community work
Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
by Dela Cruz AR et. al. (2016) pp. 38-39

A wide range of human problems are creating a wider scope and field of advice. In
general, the spectrum of treatment includes individual counseling, marital and
premarital counseling, family counseling and group counseling. The areas covered
by this framework will be discussed in the next section.

SCOPE OF COUNSELING
Counseling is a specific term with diverse definitions and objectives. The
goals listed above reflect the nature of the advice. Counseling is important in nearly
every area of a person's life — cognitive, mental, economic, financial, psychological,
and others. It is also applied to individuals, families and groups.

There are several topics related to individual therapy, such as depression, sexual
harassment, anxiety, class, relationships, faith, philosophy, teenage problems, loss,
frustration, tension, vocation, studies, and others. In terms of family therapy,
problems include divorce, family dynamics, life changes, miscommunication, envy,
money issues, parenting, remarriage, and others.
The 4754-15 Scope of Practice for Licensed Professional Counselors is a more
focused topic relevant to the quality of advice. This covers the privileges and duties
of licensed lawyers, including the following:
Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations
1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the
general public comprising of application of clinical counseling principles,
methods or procedures to assist individuals in realizing effective personal,
social, educational or career development and adjustment.
2. “Apply clinical counseling principles, methods and procedures,” means an
approach to counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in
systematically assisting clients through all of the following: assessing and
analyzing emotional conditions, exploring possible solutions and
developing and providing a treatment plan for mental and emotional
adjustment or development. It may include counseling, appraisal,
consulting, supervision, administration, and referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
 when under the supervision of a professional clinical counselor,
psychologist, psychiatrist, independent marriage and family therapist or
independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for student and registered counselor trainees
when services are within their scope of practice, which does not include
supervision of the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional
disorders.
Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
by Dela Cruz AR et. al et. al. (2016) pp. 41

The set of core values is a key component of an organization. It has a

significant influence on other organizational components, more specifically, to its
members. It serves as standards that shape the member’s behavior in their
interaction with their clients and other people. Different professions, especially,
those who require licensure like counseling, have its own set of core values – values
that are instilled among its members. Below are presents the core values and
ethical standards of counseling.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 2.1

I Need Help, Where Will I Go?

Instruction:
1. If something is bothering you about life matters: academics, relationships,
family, identity, and financial concerns, with whom will you share your
problem? Will you pursue a formal help or a non-formal help? Why or
why not? Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer in the box.

Notes Box

Name:
 ACTIVITIES
Activity 2.2

In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?

Instruction:
In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that:
“Counseling aims to empower the client by helping him/her make critical decisions
in life, develop ability to cope, enhance effectiveness and improve quality life.”

1. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will
it empower you? Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer in the box.

Notes Box

Name:

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. Answer the following questions briefly
1.1 Why is counseling an art and, at the same time, a science?
1.2 Why is counseling defined as a relationship? What are the characteristics of
a counseling relationship?
1.3 Why is counseling referred to as an emerging helping profession
 REMEMBER

 Counseling is defined as a process as a relationship, as an art, as a

science, and as an emerging profession.
 The purposes and goals of counseling can be categorized into major
and specific goals. The crucial element in the establishment of goals
in the counseling process is the party who sets these goals. The client
takes the lead while the counselor assists.

POSTTEST

I. Directions: Modified True or False. Write T if the sentence is true. If

your answer is false, write a brief explanation why the statement is
incorrect.

1. Goals in the counseling process are determined solely by the counselors.

2. Counseling is for curing serious mental disorders

3. Counseling targets the development of the client’s emotional, social,

mental, and moral maturity.
4. Counseling counselors the personal as well as the social environment
where the client is situated.

5. Counseling means giving advice, recommendations, and suggestions.

II. Provide what are being asked for each item.

1. Give the five major goals of counseling. Provide a specific example for
each.
2. Give five specific goals of counseling. Explain each.
III. Interview three to five counselors and ask them the following questions.
1. How will you define counseling? What are the goals/purposes
of counseling?
2. What can you say about counseling in the Philippines?