CC1 – PRELIM Exocrine glands – secrete substance through a

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM duct.

• i.e. Sweat, salivary, lacrimal, and
pancreas (The Pancreas is considered
heterocrine and also produces lipase
and amylase enzymes *digestive
enzymes* which are classified to the
exocrine gland whereas glucagon and
insulin are classified in the endocrine
gland. The pancreas has a pathway
connected to the duodenum that will
Pancreas – acinar cells 99%; islets of
eventually release the digestive
Langerhans 1% - most of the common
enzymes.) Also, a liver is considered
hormones involved in the regulation of glucose
heterochrine – produces an enzyme
are all situated here.
*cytochrome* to convert xenobiotics to
• Alpha glucagon – hyperglycemic agent;
soluble compounds to be excreted.
we produce glucagon due to fasting
Thrombopoietin (a hormone that is
state or starvation.
produced in the liver) – is necessary to
Thymus – produces the hormone thymosin.
produce platelets.
Part of immunology – primary lymphoid organ.

Hormones = chemical substances that

Thyroid – T3 and T4
coordinate and direct target organ cells (only
Pancreas – insulin and glucagon; somatostatin
specific cells respond).
(inhibitory of growth hormone)
Testicle- testosterone
Pineal Gland – melatonin
Thymus – maturation of T cells
Adrenal Gland – cortisol; aldosterone;
androgens (sex hormones *weak).
Ovaries – estrogen and progesterone.
Parathyroid gland - parathyroid

FUNCTIONS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Endocrine glands – secrete chemicals, and
hormones, directly into the bloodstream.
• Ductless glands
Peptide hormones – peptide bond from
protein; hydrophilic that will mix the aqueous
part of the human body. Hormones that
contain protein. Oxytocin, insulin, glucagon,
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), FSH.
Cannot traverse directly into the cell which is
why it is needed a receptor since the
membrane of our cell is hydrophobic. The
hormone will just bind the receptor outside the
cell membrane.
Steroid hormones – derived from the
cholesterol. E.g., Cortisol, aldosterone,
testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. It
can easily traverse the cell, but it needs a
hormone receptor complex (inside receptor) –
that binds outside the nucleus. Hydrophobic in
nature.
When we produce our hormones, stimuli are
used to produce hormones.
1. Used in the parathyroid gland, in order to
produce the parathyroid hormone we need the
condition called hypocalcemia (low calcium in
the blood that will trigger the humoral stimuli
to stimulate the parathyroid to release
parathyroid hormone).
2. Hormonal – most of the hormones. The first
gland will produce hormones and those
hormones will trigger the target organs to
produce another hormone. The pituitary
(hypothalamus to pituitary; pituitary will
produce TSH and go through the Thyroid, and
then the thyroid will produce T3 and T4
hormones for metabolism).
3. Neural – production of catecholamines
(epinephrine and norepinephrine – which are
hyperglycemic agents during short stress) will
trigger the adrenal medulla (center of the
adrenal are chromophile cells). The
chromophile cells within the adrenal medulla
will produce catecholamines.
Kinase – associated with phosphorylation and
will use ATP.
Hypothalamus – releases hormones just to
give the message to the pituitary to produce a
particular hormone. Composed of different
zones of nuclei assigned to a particular
hormone.
• Paraventricular – oxytocin, CRH
(Corticotropin-releasing hormone, TRH.
• Preoptic – Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (trigger pituitary to produce
FSH and LH).
• Supraoptic – ADH or Vasopressin
(hypertonic blood or state of
hypovolemia)
• Arcuate – direct effector (growth
hormone releasing hormone; prolactin
inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
*hypothyroidism or in the process of
giving birth dhaa lang mag release ug
prolactin*).

The process of thyroid gland