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Understanding DFT and Z-Transform Properties

The document describes properties and formulas related to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), inverse DFT (IDFT), Fourier spectrum, window functions, Z-transform, and difference equations. Specifically, it provides equations to calculate the DFT and IDFT, defines the amplitude and phase spectrum, discusses window functions like rectangular, triangular and hamming, lists properties of the DFT, Z-transform and difference equations, and gives the region of convergence for various test signals in the Z-domain.

Uploaded by

Joe Elgammal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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120 views3 pages

Understanding DFT and Z-Transform Properties

The document describes properties and formulas related to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), inverse DFT (IDFT), Fourier spectrum, window functions, Z-transform, and difference equations. Specifically, it provides equations to calculate the DFT and IDFT, defines the amplitude and phase spectrum, discusses window functions like rectangular, triangular and hamming, lists properties of the DFT, Z-transform and difference equations, and gives the region of convergence for various test signals in the Z-domain.

Uploaded by

Joe Elgammal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

𝑁−1 𝑁−1

−𝑗
2πkn 1 2πkn
𝑋 (𝑘 ) = ∑ 𝑥 (𝑛 )𝑒 𝑁 𝑥(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑋 (𝑘)𝑒 𝑗 𝑁
DFT IDFT 𝑁
𝑛=0 𝐾=0
k = 0, 1 ,2, …, N -1 n = 0, 1, 2, ……, N -1
1 1 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔[𝑋(𝑘)]
Amplitude 𝐴𝑘 = |𝑋 (𝑘 )| = √(𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙[𝑋(𝑘)])2 + (𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔[𝑋(𝑘)])2 Phase 𝜙𝑘 = tan−1 ( )
Spectrum 𝑁 𝑁 Spectrum 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙[𝑋(𝑘)]
k = 0, 1, 2, …, N -1 k = 0, 1, 2, …, N -1
1 𝑒 𝑗𝑥 = cos(𝑥) + 𝑗sin(𝑥)
Power 𝑃𝑘 = 2 |𝑋(𝑘)|2 = {(𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙[𝑋(𝑘)])2 + (𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔[𝑋(𝑘)])2 }
𝑁
Spectrum
k = 0, 1, 2, …, N -1 𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 = cos(𝑥) − 𝑗sin(𝑥)

Window Functions 𝑥𝑤 (𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛)𝑤(𝑛)


2π𝑛
Rectangular 𝑊𝑅 (𝑛) = 1, Hamming 𝑊ℎ𝑚 (𝑛) = 0.54 − 0.46 cos ( ),
window 0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1 window 𝑁−1
0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1
|2𝑛 − 𝑁 + 1| 2π𝑛
Triangular 𝑊𝑡𝑟𝑖 (𝑛) = 1 − , Hanning 𝑊ℎ𝑚 (𝑛) = 0.5 − 0.5 cos ( ),
window 𝑁−1 window 𝑁−1
0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1 0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1

DFT Properties
DFT Property Time Domain Frequency Domain
Linearity 𝑥3 (𝑛) = 𝑎𝑥1 (𝑛) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑛) 𝑋3 (𝑘) = 𝑎𝑋1 (𝐾) + 𝑏𝑋2 (𝐾)
2πk
Shift 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑚) 𝑒 −𝑗(𝑁
)𝑚
𝑋(𝑘)
𝑁−1

convolution 𝑥1 (𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2 (2) = ∑ 𝑥1 (𝑘)𝑥2 ((𝑛 − 𝑘)𝑁) 𝑋1 (𝐾). 𝑋2 (𝐾)


𝑘=0
Duality 𝑋(𝑛) 𝑁 𝑥(−𝑘)

Frequency: fs: Sampling rate


Frequency bin (k) Resolution (step) Folded Frequency
𝑘𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑁 𝑓𝑠
𝑓= △𝑓 = △𝑓 =
𝑁 𝑁 2 2

Z-Transform Properties
Property Time Domain z- Domain
Linearity 𝑎𝑥1 (𝑛) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑛) 𝑎𝑍(𝑥1 (𝑛)) + 𝑏𝑍(𝑥2 (𝑛))
Shift 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑚 𝑋(𝑧), 𝑚 ≥ 0
∞

convolution 𝑥1 (𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑛) = ∑ 𝑥1 (𝑛 − 𝑘)𝑥2 (𝑘) 𝑋1 (𝑧). 𝑋2 (𝑧)


𝑘=0

Initial value theorem 𝑥(0) = lim 𝑋(𝑧) 𝑋(𝑧)


𝑧→∞

Final value theorem 𝑥(∞) = lim[𝑋(𝑧)] 𝑋(𝑧)


𝑧→1
Multiplication by an 𝑋(𝑧⁄𝑧𝑜 )
𝑧0𝑛 [𝑛]
Exponential Sequence
𝑑𝑋(𝑧)
Differentiation of (z) 𝑛𝑥[𝑛] −𝑧
𝑑𝑧
Time-reversal property 𝑥 ∗ [−𝑛] 𝑋 ∗ (1⁄𝑧 ∗ )
Line Region of
x(n), n≥0 z-Transform X(z)
No. Convergence
∞

1. 𝑥(𝑛) ∑ 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0
2. 𝛿(𝑛) 1 |𝑧| > 0
𝑎𝑧
3. 𝑎𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > 1
𝑧−1
𝑧
4. 𝑛𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > 1
(𝑧 − 1)2
𝑧(𝑧 + 1)
5. 𝑛2 𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > 1
(𝑧 − 1)3
𝑧
6. 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
7. 𝑒 −𝑛𝑎 (𝑛) |𝑧| > 𝑒 −𝑎
(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑎 )
𝑎𝑧
8. 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > |𝑎|
(𝑧 − 𝑎)2
𝑧sin(𝑎)
9. sin(𝑎𝑛)𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > 1
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧cos(𝑎) + 1
𝑧[𝑧 − cos(𝑎)]
10. cos(𝑎𝑛)𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > 1
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧cos(𝑎) + 1
[𝑎sin(𝑏)]𝑧
11. 𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑏𝑛)𝑢(𝑛) |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧 − [2𝑎cos(𝑏)]𝑧 + 𝑎2
2

𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑏𝑛)𝑢(𝑛) 𝑧[𝑧 − 𝑎cos(𝑏)]


12. |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧 2 − [2𝑎cos(𝑏)]𝑧 + 𝑎2
𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑏𝑛)𝑢(𝑛) [𝑒 −𝑎 sin(𝑏)]𝑧
13. |𝑧| > 𝑒 −𝑎
𝑧 2 − [2𝑒 −𝑎 cos(𝑏)]𝑧 + 𝑒 −2𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑏𝑛)𝑢(𝑛) 𝑧[𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑎 cos(𝑏)]
14. |𝑧| > 𝑒 −𝑎
𝑧 2 − [2𝑒 −𝑎 cos(𝑏)]𝑧 + 𝑒 −2𝑎
2|𝐴||𝑃|𝑛 cos(𝑛𝜃
+ 𝜙)𝑢(𝑛)
where P and A are 𝐴𝑧 𝐴∗ 𝑧
15. complex constants +
defined by 𝑧 − 𝑃 𝑧 − 𝑃∗
𝑃 = |𝑃|∠𝜃, 𝐴
= |𝐴|∠𝜙
FORMAT OF DIFFERENCE EQUATION

Z-Transform Shift Property with Initial condition

If the input or output has initial conditions

If all initial conditions are zero

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