2020

Training Report
Haji Bashir and usman watto farm

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Dr. Sabir Sultan
Ibrahim Poultry Traders
Dr. Sabir Sultan

Training Report Ibrahim Poultry Traders

Introduction to the Company:

Dr. Habib ur Rehman started this company with 500 chicks in 2005. Right now IPT has
more than 60 environmentally controlled farms

Trainer Name: Dr. Naqash and dr hafeez

Date 28-09-2020
Topic: Introduction to the broiler production and management

Ornithology:

➢ Study of birds, its external and internal anatomy (each and everything about the
bird)

Poultry:
➢ Domestication of the birds under human supervision for meat and egg
production at commercial level

Broiler:
➢ Birds that are reared and used for meat purpose

History:
➢ Olympia is the father of poultry
➢ History of broiler goes back to 1916 when genetic modification of broiler started
➢ Broiler is the cross between white Cornish (male})and white plymothrock
(female)
➢ Further improvement was carried out in1930
➢ Its commercial farming started in 1930
➢ Jungle Fowl yellow gene was introduced in 1956 that’s why white feathered and
yellow body broiler emerged
➢ In 1960 cobb ventress purchased female line and introduced in broiler

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Phases of Broiler in Pakistan:

➢ 1970-1980 Broiler industry raised commercially
➢ 1980-1990 Depression phase
➢ 1990-2000 Reemerging phase of broiler
➢ 2000-until now Present poultry development
➢ Before Ross arrival major share holder was Hubbard classic

GP Companies:
Sr. No Companies Breeds
1 Jadeed Ross 308
2 K and N,s Cobb
3 Quality Breeders Arbor acre
4 Big birds Hubbard

➢ Ross 308 was first introduced by Hi-tech , but they were unable to meet the
environmental challenges
➢ After that Jadeed introduced Ross in 2014

Parent Stock:
Company Capacity
SB 3.4 mil
Jadeed 2.9 mil
Sabirs’ 2.7
Islamabad 1.5
Big bird -
Olympia -
Shabbir -
Hi-tech -

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Best Quality DOC providing Companies:

1. Jadeed
2. SB
3. Sabir Salmonella and Mycoplasma positive

Feed Supplying Companies:

• Asia
• Chenab
• Jadeed
• SB
• Salva
• SS
• Kausar
• National
• Supreme
• Sultan
• Hi-tech
• Islamabad

Types of Feeds:
Starter Grower Finisher
Mash Crumble , Mini Pellet Pellet
High Digestion High Digestion Low Digestion
High Absorption High Uniformity Low Uniformity
Low Uniformity
More Wastage
Chocking

Plan 1:
Feed Type Days ME(Kcal) CP
Starter 0-10 3000 22
Grower 11-22 3100 20
Finisher 23-Catching 3200 18

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Plan 2:
Feed Days ME/CP
Starter 0-10 More CP
Grower 11-22 -
Finisher 1 23-30 More Energy
Finisher 2 30-onward More Energy

• 14 and 15 number feed used in broiler

Characteristics of Breeds:
Ross 308:
Advantages:
• More weight gain tendencies
• 160 chicks per hen Aviagen
• More Body to mass ratio Ross
• Good FCR
Arbor acre
• Good Carcass Quality
• Liked by People Indian river

Disadvantages:
• Disease Susceptible

Arbor acre:
Advantages:
• Good Carcass yield
• Bird resistance to disease
• Bird resistance to disease in later stages
• Better body mass ratio

Disadvantages:
• Early chick mortality
• Less Uniformity

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• More feather ratio

Cobb:
Advantages:
COBB:
• Long bones
Cobb 500
• Long shanks
• Good FCR Cobb 700
• White Legs Cobb sasso

Disadvantages:
• Less carcass yield
• Most feather
• Not good weight gain in later stages

Hubbard:
Advantages:
• More disease resistance
HUBBARD:

Hubbard flex
Disadvantages:
F 15
• Slow weight gain
H1
• Not good FCR
• Not good carcass yield Hubbard classic
• Not good body mass ratio

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Measurements

Measurements of Shed:
Distance between two sheds 49.5 ft
Length of shed 562.41 ft
Width of shed 64 ft
Height of shed 8.3 ft
Total pillars 36
No of bulbs 120
Area of catching window 9 sq ft
Difference b/w catching windows 27.41 ft
Front fan to first Inlet 24 ft
Front fan to Door 34.8 ft
Volume of shed 298752 cub.ft
Area 35994sqft
Cross section area 531sqft
Tunnel fans require (17500cfm) 17
No of vents require 94
No of pads require 105
Birds capacity 45000
Transitional fans require 6
Feeders require 900
Drinkers require 4500

Measurements of Door:
Width of Door 4.5 ft
Length of Door 5.8 ft
Distance from floor to Door 6 inch
Distance from floor to roof 2 ft

Measurements of Water lines:

Distance between wall and Water line 3.75 ft
Distance between water and feed line 4.75 ft
Distance between water & water line 9.6 ft
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Dr. Sabir Sultan
Water line joint 1 length 9.8 ft

No of nipples in 1 line 834

No of nipples in 1 length 13-15 ft
Total no of lengths in 1 line 55
No of water lines 6

Measurements of Feeders:
Distance between Feed & feed line 9.9 ft
Distance between feeder to feeder 2.4 ft
1 feed line length 9.8 ft
No of feeder in one feed length 4

Measurement of Fans:
Total Front fans 17
CFM of 1 Fan 17500
Length of blade of Front fan 1.75 ft
Length and width of fan from outside 4.5 × 4.5 ft
Length and width of fan inside 4.2 × 4.2 ft

Pillars and Guarders:

Width of guarder 6 inch

width of Guarder 1.2 ft
Height from floor to guarder 5.9 ft
Height from guarder to roof 1.2 ft
Pillar length and width 1.6 × 1.6 ft
Width from wall to first Pillar 20.6 ft
Width from pillar to pillar 19.7 ft
Inter Pillar Distance 15 ft

Calculation of Water Tank:

Water Tank

Height 5 ft Height 4 ft
Diameter 4.1 ft Diameter 3.25 ft
Water capacity of tank 1957L Water Capacity 940 L

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Calculation of Diesel Tank: 1 cubic ft = 28.32L

Hoses Calculation
Length 3.6 ft
Width 2.8 ft Length 9.3 ft
Height 3.2 ft Width 7.4 ft
Capacity 955 L Height 3.7 ft
Capacity 7180 L

Feed Room:
Length 48 ft
Width 19.3 ft
Height 17.4 ft
No of Inlets 13
No of Hoppers 1 for Shed
No of mini Hoppers 10

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BIOSECURITY

All those measures which are adopted to prevent from outbreaks of disease

Objective;
• Minimize the risk of disease
• Prevent from spreading of disease

Types:
• Conceptual
• Structural
• Operational

Conceptual biosecurity:
Think or plan before construction
• Based upon selection of site for construction of poultry house.
• Distance from the hatchery, feed mill, dairy farms about 1 to 1.5 meter .
• Distance from the main road 100 meter .
• Wild bird’s concentration area.
• Trees should not present around the house.
• Poultry farm should be away from populated and industrial area

Structural biosecurity.
• Have definite boundary wall.
• Foot dips near entry to gate and shed.
• Entry and exit point.
• Production area and colonial area demarcation
• Demarcation between clean and dirty area.
• Bio security room design
• Changing of cloth
• Shoes dip
• Fumigation box

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• Hand wash facility and spray machine

• Showering
Single layer used in broiler . single time biosecurity on gate.
Double layer used in breeder . one at gate , one again at production .
3rd layer bio protocol follow before entry of house . first at at gate , one again at
production area entrance , and third at shed entrance ( gum boat , sanitizer

there should be separate entrance and exit in all bio security level
Ideal double layer biosecurity
Operational biosecurity
• To how much extent you are following biosecurity
CCPS
1. Hands
2. Foot
3. Entire body
Labs: NRI, Avi Ross, Big birds, Mukhtar

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Trainer Name : Dr Naqash

Date 29-09-2020
Topic no 1 : Cleaning and Disinfection
Topic no 2: Chicks pre arrival preparation

CLEANING AND DISINFECTION

Cleaning:
Process of physical removal of waste material ( soil , litter, organic material etc) to
decrease contamination at maximum level .
Disinfection:
Process that use chemical substances to kill or minimize the pathogenic load which are
not seen by naked eye .
Objectives:
• Clean all the previous material like old debris, feathers, droppings, litter
• Decrease disease threats
• Prevention of disease transmission
• Decrease pathogen load
Important steps
• Birds removal
• Litter and manure removal
• Dry cleaning
• Wet cleaning
• Feed system sanitization
• Water system sanitation
• Vector control
• Housing and equipment sanitization
• fumigation
• Down time

1. Birds removal
All in all out strategy should be practices because previous flock is biologically threat for next
one.

2. Litter removal
• Before litter removal use and antiseptic spray i.e organosphate, chlori 2 % (lemda
chlropyrophos) in case of high load chlori 2.5% for 60000 cubic feet and seal house for
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12 to 24 hrs. this is mostly done to kill beetle or larvae of beetle because they are
carrier of salmonella and mycoplasma
• 70% of beetle and larvae of beetle removed with litter
• In case of previous coccidiosis, first practice racking of wet litter and leave it for
24 hrs to produce ammonia at 30 Ċ with 70 to 80 % moisture .
• Remove litter
• Brooming (brushing, dusting) for complete removal to maximize the wet
cleaning effects
• Meanwhile clean surrounding area of shed
• Removing of organic material , blood drooping , feathers ,sticky litter in and all
over sounding of house .
• Success of cleaning is the complete removal of organic matter and when this
done then you have achieved 90% cleaning success.
• Again insecticide spry 2-3 % with its protocol , drug and dose calculation , area
of action and time for action
• Again brooming after insecticide spry.

3. Feeding system sanitization

• Meanwhile prepare A clean ditch for washing of feeding system .
• Remove all feeder after emptying of previous feed .
• First wash with simple water.
• Use 1% solution of disinfectant dip equipment for 12-24 hrs
• After removal do natural sanitization in sun light and air for 8-10 hrs
• Make 1 % solution dip soak a cloth or sponge, use to clean all feeding lines,
motors.
• Pack all feeding electrical equipment with polyethylene or in plastic cover to make
it air tight.
• Meanwhile wash & clean feed storage room.

4) water system sanitization

• Remove all cups of water line.
• First wash with simple water or surf water
• Make 1-1.2 % HCL solution, wash and disinfect all cups because to remove
fungus
• Simple washing
• Give sun light to provide proper natural sanitization.
• Main tank of water mostly contain algae, fungus, biofilm and drugs deposition it
is important to wash, first wash with simple water .use warm or fresh water .

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• Fill tank with 3000 L water or up to half mix 20ppm chlorine (0.3 ml / lit )
• Open wall to fill all water line. Kept in mind water line should on leveled, water
should present in all part of line .
• Leave water line upto 12-24 hrs
• Drain the water and ensure complete removal and check quality of water .
• Rewash with pressurize simple water .
• Refill 300L in main tank form 2-2.5% solution of 50% concentrated hydrogen
peroxide
• Again apply same process . and ensure washing upto complete cleaning of water
system .
OR
• USE 2% H2O2 and leave 15 hours it will remove the biofilm
• Drain the water
• Fill the tank with simple water and stay it for I hr
• Drain water and check efficacy of used protocol, if results are not satisfactory
thrn repeat the procedure
• After 2% H2O2 use 10L apple cidar vinegar and 10L bleach in 300L

5)Wet cleaning
• Washing with highly pressurize water start from roof , walls and at last floor of
house .
• Use detergent or surfactants i.e castic soda .
• We use surf 1.5kg for 1000 square feet or shift can use.
• Again wash with highly pressurize water .
• NOTE : surfactant make the cationic and anionic charge on floor which
neutralize the action of disinfectant so we need good wash of floor to get rid of
these layers .
• Washing of surrounding of house also do meanwhile.
• Surfactants are compound which lower the surface tension between two surfaces
solid , liquid or gases they me be detergents emulsifier or foaming agents.

6) Equipment and house sanitization

• All house equipment should disinfected as per above program
• All electrical equipment need special attention to prevent any short circuit .

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7) Pad and pad system washing

• Pad should wash and clean before covering and cleaning of house
• First empty all hoses water
• Fill with 4 % formalin
• Run motor for 4 hours continuously .
• Ideally 1 to 2 % hydrogen peroxide solution use for complete removal and
disinfectant.
• In case of aerosol disease we need extensive cleaning of pads system .

8) Vector control
• Vector grow on residual feed completely remove all kind of residues.
• For wild birds control use glitter or shining or reflected objects to keep them
away .
• For fly use insecticide and complete cleaning .
• Rodent control program should adopted by physical or chemical methods near
to entrance .

9)Disinfection
• Do proper sealing of house .
• Formalin 5 to 6 % solution for 60000 cbft
• Stay time 15-24 hour .
• NOTE : formalin not work on organic matter , soil and dust so dry and wet wash
should do with maximum certainty .

10) 2nd disinfection OR Fumigation:

use any good and specified disinfectant QAC , formaldehyde, oxidant ,phenol depend
upon previous disease , efficacy , cost effective , maximum action with minimal
adversity .
Mode of action : hot alkaline KMnO4 converts an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. In case
of formaldehyde, its converted to carbon dioxide.
• Seal complete house
• Take 20 t0 26.5 KMnO4 and 40 ml formalin per 100 cubic feet .
• Arrange utensil with KMnO4 crystal and pour formalin in it 1:2 .
• NOTE : formaldehyde is toxic gas so on reaction use proper protection , quit
quickly and seal house completely
• Other option paraformaldehyde +chromic acid burning 10 gram per 100 sqft .

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• In previous disease history we make of fumigation with more concentrated

form as 1X -6X

11)Down time:

• Downtime should be about 10 to 15 days .

• Between this time 2 % formalin should be spray every 48 hrs and seal the house .
• In broiler 14 days , in breeder 30 days

Tip : diesel use with disinfectant increase the efficacy of disinfectant .

Previous disease control

• IBD is most resistive virus which can survive on non living area for a long time .
burning protocol should be adopted to kill them .
• Salmonella is more resistive bacteria than any other 2% formalin treated water
leave standing in and out side house uptp 24 hours , vector control
• For N.D , AI , addition disinfectant use in combination
• Emeria is most resistive protozoa . produce in special condition . high ammonia
can kill emeria . NH4PO4 (fertilizer ) treated with lime or use NH4OH or urea
treated with water to increase ammonia level and seal house for 24 hrs .
• All above protocol should adopt before or with disinfection .

MANAGEMENT OF PRE-ARRIVAL OF CHICKS:

This program must start well before the chicks arrive on-site. Pre-placement house
preparation as part of a management program provides a basis for an efficient and
profitable flock of broilers.
Objective
• To minimize transport stress
• To provide optimal condition for bird on arrival
• To increase the chick efficiency and production
• To decrease any initial stress

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Important points of pre-arrival chicks

CHECK LIST:
1. Equipment check
2. litter management

3. brooding area
4. proper sealing
5. feeder management
6. water management
7. thermometer arrangement
8. vaccination check
9. lights management
10. worker management
11. weather prediction

12.vaccine and feed availability

The following checks need to be made:
Equipment Check:
• After confirming that the equipment capabilities meet the number of chicks to be
placed, install the necessary brooding equipment and check that all equipment is
functional.
• Ensure that all water, feed, heat and ventilation systems are properly adjusted.

Litter Management:
• After Proper Disinfection , Spray On Litter 2% formalin .
• Place Litter In House With Uniform Level .
• Litter Should Not Be Dusty, old And Of Bad Quality.
• 450 To 600 Gram Per Square Feets .
• Uniformity Help In Easy Access To Water And Feed.

Brooding area management

• on per calculation 0.2 to 0.3 sqft per bird brooding area should be constructed ‘
• brooding area should be to maintain maximum heat ‘
• brooding area should construct near to brooder or pad area in minimum ventilation
• brooding area should construct near to center in transitional ventilation

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Brooder Checks:
• Verify that all heaters are installed at the recommended height and are operating at
maximum output.
• Heaters should be checked and serviced an adequate time BEFORE pre-heating
commences.

In winter run the diesel and wood heater 8-12 hrs and 48 hrs respectively before arrival
of chick

Thermostats or Probes Check:

• Out Side To Door
• At Pad Side , Center And At Fan Side
• At Level Of Chick Or Slightly Above .
• Minimum and maximum thermometers should be placed adjacent to thermostat.
Floor temperature Check:
• the ambient temperatures and humidity are stabilized 24 hours before placement.
• To achieve the above targets, pre-heating needs to commence at least 48 hours before
chick placement.
• Chicks do not have the ability to regulate body temperature for the first 5 days and
thermoregulation is not fully developed until 14 days of age.
• The chick is highly dependent upon the manager to provide the correct litter
temperature. If the litter and air temperatures are too cold, internal body temperature
will decrease, leading to increased huddling, reduced feed and water intake, stunted
growth and susceptibility to disease.
• At placement, floor temperatures should be at least 32 °C (90 °F) and can check by
thermal gun .
• . Temperature ranges should be recorded daily and not deviate by more than 2 °C (4
°F) over a 24 hour period. These should be calibrated at least annually or sooner if
doubt exists about accuracy.
Minimum ventilation
• Minimum ventilation should be activated as soon as the preheating begins to remove
• waste gasses and any excess moisture.
• Seal air leaks to eliminate drafts on chicks.
Drinkers checks:
• 1 drinkers/10 to 12 chicks (includes supplemental) should be provided within the
brooding area .
• All drinkers should be flushed to remove any residual.
• Adjust pressure to produce a droplet of water visible on each nipple without

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dripping.
• Check for water leaks and air locks. Ensure that nipple drinkers are at the chicks’ eye
level.
• Water must be clean and fresh.
Feeder Management
• Remove all water remaining from cleanout prior to filling
• Supplemental feeders should be provided for the first 7-10 days in the form of paper,
trays or lids or turbo feeders. Trays should be provided at a rate of one per 50 to 60
chicks.
• Supplemental feeders should be placed between the main feed and drinker lines and
adjacent to the brooders @3.3ft apart.
• It is of outmost importance that the supplementary feeding system does not run
empty as this will place great stress on the chick and reduce yolk sac absorption. The
base of the supplementary feeders should never be expose , otherwise bird will start to
eat litter.
• Feed should be provided as a good quality crumble.
• Do not place feed or water directly under the heat source as this may reduce feed and
water intake. The automatic system should be placed on the floor to make access easier
for the chick. Where possible, flood automatic feeding systems with feed.

Vaccination and medication stock Management

• mostly unvaccinated chick receive on farm and vaccination protocol have to follow so
vaccination stock , equipment’s should be on farm
• vaccine should be store at 4 to 8 degree and if no fridge you can take medicine in ice
boxes.
• kill vaccine can be administer at chick body temperature while live vaccine at 25 or
room temperature.
• for prevention and treatment of disease medicine stock also available’
worker management like hidravet , han pera.c , ADEK, Bromoxin, clostat or galli
protect as probiotic
• there should be all worker on farm

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Trainer Name : Dr naqash

Date 30-09-2020
Topic no 1 : brooding management
Topic no 2 : rearing management

SOPs of chick receiving:

• check temperature of van
• distance travel
• temperature variation
• No.of boxes
• 2-3% chick weighing
• Individual weight for uniformity
• Check naval cord, deformity if any.
• Check for bright eyes and shiny feathers
• Check any discharge from mouth and vent pasting.
• Vaccination
• Equally distribute the feed
• Chick should active

BROODING MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE:
The importance of the brooding period cannot be over emphasized. The first 14 days of a
chick’s life sets the precedent for good performance. Extra effort during the brooding phase
will be rewarded in the final flock performance.

Essential of brooding:
1) Provide comfortable zone
2) House temperature, relative humidity and O2
3) Ventilation
4) Water management
5) Light management
6) Feeding management
7) Mortality should not exceed 0.7%

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Provision of comfortable zone:

• Provide required space to bird
• Temperature of litter should be 30-32C with no sharp objects in it.
• Litter should be good absorbent.
• Litter should free from dusting.
• Check the bird behavior i.e 20% on feeding, 20%on water, 20% resting and 40%
playing.
• Proper light
• Proper bedding
• Protect from stress

House temperature and relative humidity:

• Relative humidity should be 60-70%
• If humidity increase by 10% the actual temperature felt by the bird must 2c
higher than the house temperature.
• On increase each 11 degree centigrade , 50 % vapor holding capacity of air increase .
• 32-33C Temperature
• 0.32C decrease temperature daily.

Ventilation:
• Minimum ventilation
• Fan should be on timer
• To provide fresh air.
• Removal of gasses like CO2,NH3,CO.etc
• Inlet area should be given according to required CFM.

Water management:
• 10 to 12 bird per nipple
• Ideal pressure of water line 10ml per mint.
• Low water intake lead to low feed intake
• Ideal temperature of water 18 to 21.
• Restriction of water lead to decrease feed intake.
• 2 to 3 ring regulator water pressure at 1st week (30000chicks)
• Level of water line should be at eye level for 3 days after that should be at 45
degree angle
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Light management:
• Light intensity should be 30 -40 lux 1st week
• Light intensity 20-25lux at bird level.
• No dark period on day 0
• From 7 days to before 5 days of catching 4-6 hour

Feed management:
• Mesh form of feed and ad lib.
• Should be dust free
• 1 feed tray for 50chicks
• feeder at brest level of bird .
• trays should remove 1st from near feed line and so on.

Crop fill test:

Hours Target crop fill

%age
2 75
4 80
8 >80
12 85
24 95
48 100

Consistency Indication Corrective measure

Soft Water Improve feed management
Hard Feed+litter Water management
Empty No Both
Mix Both feed and water Nothing to do

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REARING MANAGEMENT

IMPORTANCE:
Profitable broiler production depends upon the implementation of efficient and
optimum management practices. Improvements in post-brooding management that
produce even small gains in performance can be financially beneficial. Management
strategies should allow deviations from ‘normal’ performance to be rapidly detected and
corrected.

OBJECTIVE :
• To Minimize All Kind Of Deviation From Standardization.
• To Increase Fcr
• To Decrease Medication Cost
• To Increase Weight
• To Increase Daily Weight Gain

Essentials Of Rearing:
• Stock density
• Biosecurity
• Temperature
• Ventilation
• Bird behavior checks.
• Daily mortality collection and disposal.
• Daily monitoring of feed and water intakes.
• Adjustment of feeders and drinkers.
• Feed stock checks and appropriate ordering of feed.
• Maintaining biosecurity status.
• Monitoring body-weight gain.
• Litter quality and consistency of droppings.
• System checks (ventilation systems and calibration).
• Light level and bird behavioral responses to day length.
• Production records.
• Vaccination and medication
• Vector / insect control
• Weight gain / temp record
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Stocking density

• At 19th day full house open about 0.8 sqft/bird

• Day • Space/sqft • Day • Space/sqft

• 1st • 0.28 • 10th • 0.45
• 3rd • 0.34 • 13th • 0.5
• 7
th • 0.40 • 16th • 0.65

Feed and feeding management:

• High levels of dietary fines reduce feed intake, increase feed spillage and result in a
loss of vitamins and minerals. Appropriate management of the feeding system will
help to minimize the level of fines in the diet.
• Feed calculation: age×no.of birds×4.5/1000
• At start we use ad lib feed while in post brooding use 4.5-5 gram per bird in
summer and winter respectively.
• Feeding plates should clean
• 2-4hrs feed clean-up time
• Changing of feed must in steps in three days with previous and new feed as 3:1 , 2:2 , 1:3
and 0:4 respectively.
• Time of feed deepened upon condition never change timing of feed frequently it cause
disturbance in digestive cycle of birds
• In large house 2 time feeding is more suitable than 3 time feeding .
• In summer avoid the feed timing at dawn and dusk and at noon it cause increase in
house temperature and sudden death .
• In winter prefer cold time to generate the heat in body of birds
• Uniform distribution achieves by light off during feed running or by pulling lines
up.
• There should be 2 days stock present on the farm .

Feed types:
Pre starter 0-10 days

Starter 10-22 days

Grower 23 to onward

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Water system and management:

• 10-12 birds per nipple
• Water consumption is double to that of feed consumption also it can be measure
by age in days×6ml
• Water temperature should be 18-21C
• Water should clean and fresh.

Water lines should be flush in a week two time with simple and at least 1 time with H2O2,
bleach etc . in high humidity excessive drainage should be avoided. oils and unsolvable
cause the blockage.

• Days of age • Angles • Water amount

• 1 days • At eyes level • 20 ml/min
• 2 to 4 • 35 to 45 • Increase 20 ml per
week
• 4 to 10 • 60 • Increase 20 ml per
week
• 10 to onward • 70 to 80 • Increase 20 ml per
week
Drainage of lines:
• Chlorine 20 ppm (30 ml/300 lit ) + acetic acid 5lit /300 lit mix and kept stand in line
upto 30 minutes . both have synergistic effect . (note ; chlorine dose need
recheck)
• Precaution: don’t smell during mixing.
• H2O2 2.5-5 lit /300 lit + chlorine 100 ml / 300lit
• Always test the quality of water.

Light management:
• dark hours should provide when the bird has achieved 160+gm weight
• we can use 2 program i.e 5 and 9 hours dark period program.
• Provide 24 hours light on the first day of placement to ensure adequate feed and
water intake.
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• Test any lighting program before making it firm.

• Once set, this time must never change for the life of the birds. Once the switch off time
has been established for the flock, any adjustment should be by adjusting the on time
only. Birds soon get used to when the off time is approaching and will “crop-up” and
drink before the lights go off.
• A period of darkness is a natural requirement for all animals.
• Energy is conserved during resting, leading to an improvement in feed conversion.
• Mortality is reduced, and skeletal defects are reduced.
• The light/dark period increases melatonin production, which is important in immune
system development.
• Bird uniformity is improved.
• Growth rate can be equal to or better than that of birds reared on continuous light
when compensatory gain is attained.
• Start increasing the dark period when the birds reach 100-160 grams.
• Allow the birds to feed ad libitum to ensure they go into the dark period full of feed
and water and can eat and drink immediately when the lights turn back on. This helps
prevent dehydration and reduces stress.
• As much as is possible, the darkness should be provided at night to ensure the dark
periods are truly dark and that adequate inspection of the flock is possible during
the day.
• The length of the dark period should be increased in steps and not in gradual hourly
increases.
• Reduce the darkness in times of warm weather if the birds are being stressed during the
day and feed intake has been reduced.
• In wintertime coincide the off time with dusk so the birds are awake during the
coldest part of the night. In the summer time coincide the on time with sunrise. Make
sure that there are no drafts or wet litter at the end of the house where demand pans
are installed. This could result in empty feeding systems leading to panic .
• 48 hours prior to catch, increase light intensity to 10/20 lux to acclimate the birds to
catching - only if daylight catching is practiced .

Mortality and cp management:

• Abnormal or disease birds are source of pathogens so partition , removal and
slaughtering must be practice carefully .
• Both random (sudden spot killing ) and plan grading ( plan killing or removal ) should
be adopted
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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Stressed and diseased cull bird not mix with small size cull birds
• Partition for cull birds should be distinctive .
• In viral stress recommended disinfectant should be spray.
• Check mortality on daily bases.
• There should be remarkable disposal of mortality
• Mortality ditch should manage properly.

Litter management:
• It is important that litter is kept in a dry and friable condition throughout the life of
the flock. If the litter becomes caked or too wet (i.e. >50% moisture) the incidence of
Hockburn and breast blisters will increase substantially.
• Every effort should be made to keep litter in good condition to minimise carcase
downgrading.
• Wet litter leads to increased incidence of Hock burn and carcase downgrading,
coccidiosis hight ammonia production lead to disease .
• Protect broilers from damage and provide a dry, warm covering to the floor by using a
good quality litter material.
• Choose litter material that is absorbent, non-dusty and clean. Litter should be readily
available at a low cost from a reliable source.
• Use fresh litter for each crop, to prevent reinjection by pathogens.

Biosecurity:
• Isolation of broilers from all other poultry and livestock is the single most important
aspect of biosecurity.
• Movement of people, feed, equipment or animals on to the broiler site should be
controlled to prevent the introduction of pathogens.
• Single age sites are preferable, so that recycling of pathogens is minimized.
• Sites should be fenced and access restricted. There should be a barrier to prevent
unauthorized entry
• A clearly defined changing area for staff and necessary visitors to the farm at the farm
perimeter. Staff and visitors should be provided with, and should wear appropriate,
clean protective clothing on each farm.
• Hands should be washed and boots should be dipped between visits to each house. If
more than one farm visit has to be made in one day, the youngest birds should be
visited first.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• All points of entry, during the life of a flock, where people, feed, material or
equipment are brought on to the farm represent biosecurity risks.
• The following are examples where the risks should be balanced against the economic
advantages:
• thinning. Where vehicles must enter the site, they should be thoroughly cleaned and
wheels washed and disinfected.
• Dilution of feed with whole wheat.
• Delivery of feed. The most hygienic method of bulk delivery of feed is for it to be
blown through pipes from a vehicle parked on the perimeter of the site. When feed is
delivered in bags, the reuse of bags is a biosecurity risk.
• Vermin control is very important. If this operation is subcontracted to a commercial
pest control firm, clear biosecurity protocols must be provided and followed.
• Litter delivery and storage. Litter must be protected from the weather and from access
by vermin during delivery and storage.

Behavior of birds:
• Note all kind of behaviors as feeding , drinking , walking , laying , sitting , standing and
compere With normal normal one

Sale and space catching:

• Catching and selling is market and density base
• Spacing should be prefer and planned on high density .

Weighing of birds:
• Under scale should neat and clean.
• Balancing cells should be free of Greece and dirt.
• In humidity balance show fluctuation so keenly observe .
• Weigh the bird as described in weighing protocol.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Trainer Name : Dr Hafeez

Date 1-10-2020
Topic no 1 : Grading protocol
Topic no 2 : Weighing protocol

GRADING PROTOCOLS
OBJECTIVE :
• To maintain the uniformity of flock
• To maximize the weight gain and production of flock
• To cull the immune compromised, sick and injured bird
• To avoid the spread of disease
• Data purpose
• For research purpose to get good FCR

Feed Intake Weight Gain (kg)

𝐹𝐶𝑅 = Weight Gain 𝐹𝐸 = Feed intake(bag)

Materials:

• Extra chick guard

• Baskets
• Bell drinkers
• Manual feeders

Method of grading
1)Random grading
• It start from day 1 and continue until the final stage.
• It involves the separation of birds during routine visit which may show injury,
disease symptoms or is undersize. If it done properly, there is no need of any
disciplined grading.

2)Discipline /planed grading

It is done at specific time such as
• Before vaccination and medication

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• During any disease outbreak

• Before operating automatic feeding system
• Before changing feed such as from starter to grower.

During discipline grading each chick guard and line is graded

separately to cull the birds. It is than in early morning or evening
because at that time both teams day and night were all together to
accomplish this task
SOP of grading:
Grading involve two types of birds
• Cp
• Sizing
Culling pan (CP):
• It involve those birds which are severely injured, sick and non-recoverable.
• Such birds are slaughtered at same day. It does not require any supplementary
feeders or drinkers.
• It must be on fan side

Sizing:
• It involves those birds which are undersized but health condition is not bad.
• These birds are kept in a specified pan with supplementary feeders and drinkers.
• These birds gain the proper weight within 3 to 5 days and may be shifted to shed
periodically.
• Special attention should be given to their temperature and ventilation.

Weighing protocol
Importance of daily weight
• For flock performance assessment
• For FCR record
• For management improvement
• For stress, disease outbreak and drugs response

Equipment’s for weighing

• Electronic or manual scale
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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Partitions
• Pencil / register
• Boxes & net hangers
Weight of DOC
• In brooding area, place the weighing balance and calibrate
• Weight the empty chick box
• Select 3 random boxes, weight them and take average. We can go for 2 boxes
individually weighing and 3rd box average.
• CV%
❖ Precaution:
• be aware of error percentage
• scale should fully charged ( 12 hrs before weighing charge it)
weighing of the birds from 1-7 days:

• take the scale and calibrate it

• weigh the empty box
• place calculated chicks in it from specific sites and weigh it.
• Take average
• Weigh atleast 1% of birds.
• Light should off before weighing.

Weight of birds from 7-21 Days

• Fix time decide before feeding inthroughout flock

• Crop should be empty (6 hrs require to empty the crop after feeding)
• Lights of the house should be off
• Check charging of electronic device
• Calibrate the electronic scale
• Start from fan side
• 10 ft away the wall sample select
• Do 1% weighing in zigzag manner
• 20 birds weigh at single time when bird is of about 2kg
• Weight of birds above 21 Days
• In 3rd week weight the chicks in net hanger
• Select at least 6 sites in zigzag manner in the whole house
• Start from fan side
• Place partitions in the house to kept birds

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Weight at least 1% birds in whole house

• Don’t disturb all the birds while weighing at 3rd week
• Select at least 2 places in a guard and in zigzag pattern in 12 places throughout
the house
• When bird is above 2kg do weigh of birds upto 15 in single time
NOTE: don’t go beyond 50kg weight in single time to avoid stress
• Record the weight with respect to selected pillar

How to avoid feed wastage

1. Provide calculated feed
2. Place feed carefully in hopper
3. Avoid fungal growth in store room
4. Feed record must be précised
5. Particle size according to weight and age
6. Avoid feed spillage
7. Avoid leakage of pipe
8. Use turbo feeders during brooding
9. Disease control like enteritis, cocci, salmonella etc
10. Level of feed lines should proper
11. Chocking of waterline disturb feed intake
12. Feed weighing at farm
13. Reject tear bags
14. Last day feed management

How to get good FCR

1. Good grading
2. Biosecurity and disease control
3. Ventilation management
4. Brooding should be ideal
5. Chick quality
6. Avoid stress
7. Water quality should standard
8. Feed quality
9. Technical team
10. Litter management
11. Light management
12. Use of feed additive

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

13. Stocking density

❖ Mycoplasma and salmonella mostly effect when stocking density is more

Trainer Name : Dr Fazal

Date : 2-10-2020
Topic : Gut health scoring

Gut:
The intestinal tract of bird that

starts from exit of gizzard and ends at Organ Stay P

cloaca time(mi H
nutes)
Mouth No 6.7

Importance of gut: Crop 31 6-6.2

Proventicul 39 2.6
• Digestion and absorption of feed ous
• Have microbiota Gizzard With 2.6-4.7
above
Objective Duodenum 10 5.7-6

Jejunum 84 6
• To predict subclinical issue
• To save money Ilium 97 6.3-6.4
• To make bird save for human Caeca 119 5.5 -6.7
consumption
• To decide the dose of medicine Clone 56 7.1

Disease diagnosis Health status diagnosis

• In disease diagnosis we
check the lesions that the
bird leaves after death
• We try to find the cause of
death.
• To check the health status we
cull the live bird and try to see
subclinical lesions.
• We try to predict the problem
that we have to face in future.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Steps to check health status:

• External examination
From beak upto the foot pad.
• Internal examination
From beak upto cloaca.

how to check health status at hatchery:

this is done at hatch day. In hatchery we break the eggs to trace out the health status of
hatching eggs i.e early chick mortality or late chick mortality

scoring is done on the basis of

Occurance: yes (1) and no (0) system

Quantity: severity of lesions

Repetition: area covering by lesions

External examination
For checking health status we cull atleast 5 birds and do comparisons foe scoring

Organ Importance and parameter Scoring

Foot pad and nails Physical barrier to microbes and Lesion present score 1
we check it to ensure the quality Lesion absent score 0
of litter. If only scar present score 1
It should be soft and free of scar If scar is converted to wound score
2
If wound is on underline lamina
score 3
Shank Shiny, yellow and we can check Dark yellow color get score 1 and
absorption status of gut by its white color get score 5
color
Hock joint break Show calcium and phosphorous If cracking sound present then score
and cracking absorption. 1 ( no rickets)
sound Cracking sound should If cracking sound absent then score
produce 0 (rickets or mal absorption )

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Bruising/scratches Barrier. Yes and no system

on dorsal side of Show stocking density
skin
Bursa Immunity status indicator If regressed bursa then score 1
Its size should large
Virus strain can detect Yes and no system
Should not hemorrhagic
Show vaccine success or failure
Eye Should be shiny and no lesion Yes and no system
on cornea
Hemorrhages on cornea shows
more ammonia level
Naries Organ of respiratory system If discharge appear on pressing
Barrier for pathogens then score 1
There Should no nasal Yes and no system
discharge
Indicator of respiratory issues
Comb Have more blood supply Color change or lesions on comb
Should be of red color score 1
Yes and no system

Internal examination
Organ Importance Scoring
Buccal cavity Ingestion of feed Yes and no system
Dent on ridges show
mycotoxicosis
Trachea Air passages Slight hemorrhages score 1
barrier More hemorrhages score 2
Should be clear and not Hemorrhages throughout
have hemorrhages or the length score 3
mucus Scoring can also done on
basis of mucus in trachea
Breast muscle Show tenderness and Striations present score 1
juiciness
Should have less striation
Tibia bone dissect Cartilage proportion Yes and no system
should les than osteoblast
layer.
Air sacs Should be clear If foamy material is present
Should not have foamy or then score 1

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Dr. Sabir Sultan
caseous material
Lungs Lungs should pink
Tracheal bifurcation Check for plugs
Heart Pump blood to body
Check muscle weather it is
swollen or have engorged
blood.
coronary fat hemorrhages
should absent
Proventiculus Show immunity status
Check for hemorrhages
Gizzard Grinder
Check for koline sloughing
and underline
hemorrhages
This sloughing is mostly
due to toxins
Small intestine Check for pin point
hemorrhages in intact form
from outside it Shows
emeria maxima
Inside lumen if white
plaques present then
emeria asurvalina
Ceca Site of fermentation
Check for emeria tenella
Cecal tonsil Check for scar or
hemorrhages in it this will
show you the vaccine
challenge
36
If more foamy material
then score 2
If foamy material in both
air sacs then score 3
If less discoloration then
score 1
If blackish score 2
If both lungs effected then
score 3
Yes and no system
Show heart attack
Yes and no syatem
Sloughing present score 1
Under koline layes if
hemorrhages present score
3
If in one centimeter area 5
white foci then score 1
If more than 5 then score 2
If repeat throughout length
then score 3
Foamy material present
score1.
Hemorrhages present then
score 2.
Throughtout length blood
present then score 3.
Yes and no system
Dr. Sabir Sultan

Gut health problem indicators

• Mucosa
• Hyperemia
• Intestinal hemorrhages
• Cellular sloughing
• Thin or thick wall
• Tonicity
• Check for emeria

Trainer Name : Dr waheed

Date : 3-10-2020
Topic : doctors eye

History and scope of poultry

Before 1960s

• Conventional farming

Mid 1960s

• Professional farming start

• PIA + Canadian company Shaver breeders 1st hatchery at Karachi
• Liver brother 1st feed mill at Rahimyar khan.
Phases of poultry in Pakistan

• 1970-1980 growth in open farming

• 1980-1990 Farming increased….disease outbreaks HPS, Gumboro,
Mycoplasma etc
• 1990-2000 Farming trends from hot weather areas to comparatively cool
areas.
• 2000-Till now Modernizations, Advancements, Technologies, Breed
improvements, Feed improvements, ECHs.

Scope of broiler:

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Broiler consumption is less than recommended in Pakistan

• Japan is top importer of meet
Present status:

• HATCHERIES; 1240 Machines active out of 1700

• Approx. 1100 for Pakistan
• Approx. 140 for Afghanistan
• Seems 242000 MT this month
• Approx. 135 houses daily sold
• 1.1kg/person/this month

Grooming of poultry veterinarian

Poultry vet should have

1 Skills
2 Knowledge
3 Working Styles

Skills include:
• SCIENCE • CRITICAL THINKING • Reading
Comprehension
• Speaking • Complex Problem • Active Listening
Solving
• Active Learning • Judgment & Decision • Social Perceptiveness
Making
• Monitoring • Learning Strategies • Instructing
• Writing • Management of • Systems Analysis
Personnel Resources
• Coordination • System Evaluation • Operation Analysis
• Negotiation

Knowledge includes:
Medicine Anatomy & Physiology of the Customer & personal
Poultry services
• Mathematics • Administration & • Computers and
Management Electronics
• Chemistry • Sales & Marketing • Clerical

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Psychology • Personnel & Human • Economics &

Resources accounting
• • Education and Training • Law and
Government

Working style:
• Integrity • Concern for others • Attention to
Detail
• Dependability • Persistance • Stress Tolerance
• Self Control • Adaptability • Initiative
• Leadership • Social orientation • Analytical
thinking
• Independence • Achievement/Effort • Innovation

VISITING A POULTRY HOUSE:

• Planning the visit includes:
• Farm location
• Weather Hot/Cold
• Farm Biosecurity
• House internal visit
• House external visit
• Control panel visit
• Feed room visit
• Labor room visit
• Store room visit
• Office visit
• Passing instructions

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Week wise distribution of diseases and treatment:

WEEKS DISEASE TREATMENT

IST WEEK E-COLI Enrocolistin + sulpha
Salmonella Florfenicol + colistin

2nd week Salmonella at start

At the end IB Mucolytic
expectorants
3rd week Mycoplasma Tylo + doxy
E-coli
IB
IBD Dilute feed
IBH flushing

Difference between early hatch and old hatch:

Early hatch Old hatch

One third less price More price

Avg weight upto 34gm Avg weight above 50gm
Best performance in summer Less performance in summer

Vaccination scahedule:
Days Vaccine
1 Bursaplex + ND,IB spray
5 ND killed
12 ND clone

Best strategy for weight gain:

• Preventive enrocolistin 1g/1L for 3 days ( first 3 days)
• electrolytes
• multivitamins use daily upto 20 days
• vaccination + immune booster + paracetamol
• vit c should start from 8th or 10th day and use throughout.
• Use liver tonic when bird is shifting from one stage to another.
• Antibiotics use after 21 days

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Trainer Name : Dr jahanzaib

Date : 4-10-2020
Topic : 1) Anatomy of bird
2) Disease and health management

ANATOMY OF BIRD WITH RELEVENT DISEASES:

ANATOMY:
The branch of biology which deals with study of internal structure of organism

PHYSIOLOGY:
The science that deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts .

Birds has
• Feathers
• Lack teeth
• Lay eggs
• Float and fly
• Waste excreted from only one orifice
• Incomplete diaphragm

SYSTEMS OF POULTRY:
Body Systems of Poultry
Integumentary

Respiratory

Skeletal

Digestive

Circulatory

Urinary

Reproductive

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Immune system

HEAD:
• Poultry have good eye-sight: detect color; prefer green and yellow.
• Can smell and will detect offensive smells.
• Can hear very well.
• The comb and wattles are well supplied with blood vessels.

Integumentary System:
This system is consisting of skin, feathers, and beak.
Function: to protect the bird from external harm.
Skin
Much like humans, with the exception of plumage production.
Plumage:
the outer covering of a bird’s body.
Feathers, scales, filoplumes.
Filoplumes:
hair-like structures located at the base of feathers.

Comb and wattles:

a red growth underneath the beak, which works in conjunction with the comb, an
excess of skin on top of their head.
Function:
• Regulate the temperature of the bird. Comb is highly supplied with blood.
• The size of the comb is an indication of the levels of testosterone in the body. If the
comb is large, then this means more testosterone is present, often meaning the sex of the
bird is male.
Scales and Plumage
Scales are located on the legs and feet.
The plumage
Plumage is always for altered shape.
Function:
• body cooling and heating for maintenance of body temperature, protects against
abrasions and bruises when birds are in groups or lying on the ground.
• Plumage shape is particularly important for cooling since birds lack sweat glands.
• Although it is not common for production birds to fly, plumage type and form is an
important determinant in flight for aerial species.
Beak:
The beak is used for eating and drinking, as well as in self-defense and protection
from other animals.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Respiratory system:
• Unlike mammals, birds lack a diaphragm to inflate and deflate the lungs.
• Instead, birds have nine air sacs located in the neck region and body cavity that
function to inflate the lungs.
• Gas exchange occurs in the Avian lung and the air sacs function to move air in
and out of the respiratory system.
Functions
• including the provision of oxygen
• the removal of carbon dioxide
• the removal of excess heat (thermoregulation)
• vocal communication.

Parts of respiratory system

• Nares (nostril)
• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Oropharynx (mouth and pharynx)
• Trachea
• Syrinx
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Air sac

Nares (nostril)
Bilateral ,lie at the point of the base of the comb on the top beak or mandible.
Nasal cavity
The nasal cavity occupies a triangular shaped space between the nares and the margin
of the eye and within the beak between the integument and the nasal cavity lie the
lacrimal sinuses that empty into the cavity through the lateral wall. The lateral wall of
the cavity has three conchae, or projections, into the cavity:
• Anterior – of squamous epithelium – a single layer of flattened cells
• Medial – ciliated columnar epithelium – special cube shaped cells with cilia on
hairs that trap foreign material
• Posterior – olfactory membrane – that gives the sense of smell

Function
Smell, protection and reduction of electrolyte.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Oropharynx (mouth and pharynx)

• The oropharynx consists of the mouth and the pharynx that is located
immediately behind it. The palate is part hard and part soft.
• The choanal opening (from the nasal cavity) is the cleft in the palate.
• The pharynx begins between the choanal opening and the common opening for
the auditory tubes and extends to the rear to include that section of the oral
cavity carrying the base of the tongue, the tip of which is located in the mouth.
• Behind the base of the tongue is found the rima glottidis or opening into the
larynx, which is sometimes called the cranial larynx. Epiglottis is absent in birds.

Trachea
• It is held open permanently by 108 to 125 cartilaginous rings
Mycoplasma destroy circular rings of trachea. Before redness of trachea
yellow appearance occur.
Hard plug due to co infection of E-Coli with mycoplasma. Only E-Coli
not produce plugs. White nodules on lungs due to E-coli in early age.
In viral diseases blood oze out in linear fashion.
• The trachea is lined with muco-ciliary epithelium which is a special type of
epithelium where the hair-like cilia move foreign materials, such as dust, up and out
of the trachea. Numerous mucous secreting glands are also found in the tracheal
lining.

Syrinx
• The syrinx is the vocal organ of the fowl. It is located at the caudal end of
the trachea and is suspended within the clavicular air sac.
• The walls of the syrinx are two thin, vibrating membranes called the
tympanic membranes. The bird makes sound by causing these
membranes to vibrate.

Bronchi
• The trachea divides at the syrinx into the left and right bronchi which are
called the primary or mesobronchi.
In case of IB plug is formed at bifurcation and it is less than 1cm ( if
more than 1cm then it is influenza)
• On entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide to form four series of
secondary bronchi and these, in turn, divide again to form numerous
anastomising tertiary bronchi or parabronchi.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Gas exchange
• Leading off from the bronchi in the lungs are a large number of extremely
small air capillaries (ducts) that are interlocked with the capillaries of the
lung circulatory system. These interlocked capillaries are the lungs’ gas
exchange system and are very thin which accommodates gaseous
exchange.

Layers
• Single cell epithelial wall of the air capillary
• Base membrane one cell thick
• Single cell epithelial wall of the blood capillary

Lungs:
• The avian lung is a flattened structure that occupies the roof of the cranial or
head end of the coelom.
• Air sac
• The air sacs are very thin walled extensions of the bronchi that could be likened
to balloons. Some of these sacs also connect too many of the larger long bones to
form the pneumatic bones.

. There are nine air sacs in the domestic fowl. These are:
• Single clavicular air sac
• Pair of cervical air sacs
• Pair of cranial thoracic air sacs
• Pair of caudal thoracic air sacs
• Pair of abdominal air sacs
White nodules in lungs due to E-Coli glycocalyx and in case of
aspergillosis these nodules are yellow in color.
Inside lungs hemorrhage due to ND due to heam producing
ability.

Mechanism of respiration:
There are two major actions associated with respiration – inspiration and expiration
(inspiration – the drawing in of the air; expiration – the expulsion of air from the
system). Respiration is a mechanical response by a number of muscle complexes to
chemical and nerve controls as a result of situations that develop in the body

Avian respiratory cycle:

During inhalation, air moves into the posterior air sacs and, simultaneously, into the
lungs and through the parabronchi and into the anterior air sacs.
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Dr. Sabir Sultan

During exhalation, air moves out of the posterior air sacs into and through the
parabronchi and, simultaneously, out of the anterior air sacs and out of the body via the
trachea.
During inhalation,
( step 1 )all air sacs expand as inhaled air passes through primary bronchi,enters into
posterior air sacs ( may in anterior also but not take part in O2 & CO2 exchange
(step 2 ) inhaled air move from posterior air sacs to lungs where O2 & CO2 exchange
(step 3) oxygen depleted air or CO2 rich air moves from the lung into anterior air sacs
(step 4 ) CO2 rich air moves from anterior air sacs to bronchi and trachea then back into
atmosphere

Skeletal System
Pneumatic Bones
• Poultry have pneumatic, or hollow, bones.
• Connect with the respiratory system.
• Their light weight is an adaptation for flight.
• Keel bone , synsacrum ( thoracic , lumber , pelvic ) humorous , scapula

Medullary Bone
• Medullary bone contains high amounts of calcium.
• Storage source is used by the female hen to produce the egg shell during reproductive
periods.
• Femur , tibia , ulna

Fused Bones
• Bones in the feet, or shank, are fused.
• Cause birds to walk upright.
• Many vertebrate along the backbone are fused for the purpose of flight.

Cervical:
Shape having 16 bones
Clavicle (v shape, wish bone)
Coracoid (strongest bone)
Fore limb
Coracoid ,Scapula, humorous, radios , ulna (large) , carpus & Meta carpus
Hind limb
Femur, tibia (largest bone) fibula, tarsus Meta tarsus, digits 3-4

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Digestive System
Part of digestive system
• Mouth and crop
• Glandular stomach (or proventriculus)
• Muscular stomach (or gizzard)
• Small intestine and enzyme action
• Gall bladder (galblaas)
• Caeca and colon
• The cloaca

Mouth
• beak
• Tongue. hard muscular , having papillae
• Taste buds: only can taste bitter taste.

Crop
Protruded part of esophagus, on right side
Function: storage, mixing, softening of food and somewhat digestion of carbohydrate .
Black color of crop shows off feed bird for four days or adeno

Esophagus:
Flexible tube that connects mouth to the crop.
Proventriculus:
The stomach of the bird.
Function: uses acids and digestive enzymes to breakdown food.
ND has affinity for sialic acid receptors and they are present mostly
in proventriculus, due to heam producing ability of ND
hemorrhages also ND virus ruptures capillaries of proventriculus
(goblet cells + HCL producing cell)
D.Dx from blood shunt, pyrexia and toxicosis in which redness of
floor occur instead of capillaries(heat stress)
Proventiculitis (Can detect by rupture of air sac) due to toxins or
ND

Gizzard
Function: like “teeth,” it mechanically grinds up food particles.
Small Intestines
Three sections:
- Duodenum: mixing of enzyme
- Ileum
- Jejunum

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Function: absorption of nutrients from food.

Erosions of kolin layer due to toxins

Macal diverticulum:
Place between jejunum and ileum, where egg yolk absorb, also having role in passive
immunity.
Caeca and caecal tonsils
Two ceca that are terminal pouches
• Function: fermentation of any leftover food particles/ water absorption.
• show immunity level
in case of E-coli and due to management we can see unabsorbed yolk sac

Colon
• Large intestine
• Function: Further water absorption.
Hemorrhages in case of clostridia starts from here

Cloaca
• Also known as the vestibule.
• having three part
• caprodium : where faeces store
• urodium : where ureter open
• propodium : expel the faces
• Function: responsible for expulsion of feces and urine through the vent.

Accessory organ of digestive system

• liver and pancreas

Liver
• Multi-lobed organ ,three lobed
Functions:
• produce bile to digest fats (stored in gall bladder).
• detoxification
• store fat and fat-soluble vitamins (i.e., A,D,E, K)
• metabolize fats, carbohydrates, and proteins that are in the diet.
Bronz liver in case of salmonella
Mottled and pale with necrotic focci in case of IBH
Multiple coloured in case of toxicity

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Pancreas:
• Function: Produces insulin, useful in carbohydrate digestion.

IMMUNE SYSTEM
Line of defense:
1st line of defense : skin
2nd line of defense : chemical mediators(granulocytes ,A-granulocytes and NK cells)
3rd line of defense: cell mediated ( T-cells , B-cells and dendritic cells)
Classification
Primary immune organ: (1)Thymus is normal of pea size (regress in case of viral
high path strains, edematous in case of vaccine and inflamed in case of moderate viral
strains) (2) Bursa (IBD vaccine multiply in bursa and disturb IgM so clostridia can
occur and receptors of IBD develop after 8th day of age) and (3)bone marrow
secondary immune organ : (1) spleen
Pin point white focci in case of adeno
Misshapen spleen in case of salmonella
(2)caecal tonsil (3)pear patches (4)hardarian gland (5) lacrimal gland
Other classification
GALT: caecal tonsil , macal diverticulum ,pear patches , junction of esophagus and
proventicolous .
BALT : thymus 7 lobs
HALT lacrimal gland , hardarian gland.
IgG is absent in birds and IgY is present instead of IgG.

Circulatory System
Blood
nucleated blood cells that’s why can not do CBC
Blood Vessels
Arteries: carries blood from heart & to the rest of the body.

Arterioles: directs blood to certain tissues of the body.

Capillaries: site of exchange between blood and tissues.

Veins: brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Components of Blood:
• Red Blood Cells (erythrocyte)
• White Blood Cells (leukocyte)
• Plasma

Urinary System
A. Kidneys
Two multi-lobular structures located in the rib cage.

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Produce urine by removing waste products from the blood.

B. Ureters
Transports the liquids kidney filtrate from the kidneys to the cloaca for excretion.
Birds do not have a bladder.
Urine is not stored, but rather excreted when produced.
Urates in case of salmonella
Urates in case of post effect of medication
C. Cloaca
Feces and urine exit out of the bird’s body through this region in the abdominal cavity.
D. Uric Acid Excretion
• Poultry excreta contain uric acid.
• Very high in nitrogen due to its lowered water content is semi-solid.
• urine contain uric acid , urea and ammonia
• bacteria inside of litter produce uredase enzyme and urease enzyme they
covert uric acid into urea and then urea into ammonia respectively in suitable
environment as high temp, humidity and basic or high PH level
• lime mixing in litter is bad practice.

Reproductive System
no doubt there is little bit importance of this system in broiler production however

Male Reproductive System

1.testes
Two testes located internally in the body.
2. Ductus Deferens
Deliver semen from the testes to the phallus.
3. Rudimentary phallus
Poultry have no external penis, but rather an internal protuberance termed a
rudimentary phallus.

Female Reproductive System

1. Ovary
-Poultry have only one functioning ovary, usually the left ovary.
2. Oviduct
a. Function: to produce albumen (egg white), shell membrane, and the shell around the
yolk.
b. Five regions
1. Infundibulum: receives the follicle and is the location of conception where the male
and female gamete come together.
2. Magnum: produces the albumen.
3. Isthmus: produces the inner and outer shell membranes.
4. Uterus: plumps the egg, forms the shell and cuticle (seals pores of the egg shell) and
determines the shell pigment.

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5. Vagina: produces some cuticle, and expels the egg and regulates timing of egg
production.
6. Cloaca
- Also known as the vestibule. The common chamber through which the egg passes is
also responsible for the expulsion of feces and urine.
7. Vent
- the exterior opening through which passage occurs from the digestive system, the
urinary tract and the reproductive tract.
8. Ovulation
- The releasing of the egg yolk from the ovary to begin its journey through the oviduct.
9. Oviposition -the process of laying the fully formed egg which is regulated by
hormones.
10.clutch
the place where all follicle aggregate in ovary.

DIESEASES AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT

NEWCASTLE DISEASE(ND OR RANIKHET):

Definition:
An infectious, highly contagious & fatal rapidly spreading viral disease

•Chiefly affecting chicken, cage / aviary birds and wild birds

•Characterized by respiratory, digestive, & nervous symptoms.

•Marked variation in morbidity, mortality, signs and lesions ( depends on strain of

virus )

Etiology:
Newcastle disease virus:
•Family: Paramvxoviridae

•Genus: Paramyxovirus(Type 1)

Characteristics:

• RNA virus
• Enveloped
• Agglutinates avian RBCs (HA & HI)
• Destroyed by various physical & chemical treatments (acids & alkalis)

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Viral classification:
(1) On the basis of pathotype
• Velogenic
• Mesogenic
• lentogenic
(2) 0n the basis of tissue tropism
• Neurotropic
• Viscerotropic
• pneumotropic

transmission:

Sick birds secrete virus through

• Feaces
• Nasal secretions
• Probably genital secretions
Horizontal:
• Between flocks
• Poultry products-Mechanical vectors
• Wild birds-Contamination of vaccines
• Within a flock (3-4days all birds infected)
Aerosol-Feed and water-Clothing and foot-wear

Vertical: Not reported

Clinical signs
Respiratory signs
• Respiratory sounds with sneezing, Gasping & coughing, Copious mucoidnasal
discharge
• Edema of tissue around eyes especially lower eyelid
• Cyanosis of comb & wattles
Nervous signs
• Convulsions
• Torticollis
• Drooping of wings
• Paralysis of legs & wings
Enteric signs
• Off feed with Greenish diarrhoeais frequently seen
• Mortality ----frequently upto100%

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Viscerotropicvelogenic(vvND):
• Sudden appearance, Spreads rapidly
• Marked depression and loss of appetite
• Increased respiratory
• Sharp drop in egg production (Cessation)
• Profuse bright green whitish mucoidwatery diarrhoea
• Oedematousswellings of the head and cyanosis of the combs and conjunctivitis
in few birds
• Nervous signs in those that survive initial phase
• High mortality (>90%) in susceptible flocks

Neurotropic Velogenic:
• Acute respiratory and nervous signs
• predominate
• Sudden depression
• Loss of appetite
• Drop in egg production
• Respiratory distress —severe coughing& Gasping
• Nervous signs —head tremors, wing and leg paralysis, torticollis
• Mortality rate in adults up to 50-90%. May be much higher in young chickens

Mesogenic:
• Depression and anorexia
• Weight loss
• Drop in egg production (lasting 1–3 weeks)
• Acute respiratory disease with coughing & gasping
• Nervous signs may develop late in the clinical course
• Mortality rate about 20-40 %

Lentogenic:
• No major clinical signs
• Mild respiratory signs
• Temporary loss of appetite
• Drop in egg production in layer flocks
• No nervous signs
• Negligible mortality unless concurrent disease is present

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POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
Respiratory system
• Haemorrhages in pharynx & trachea
• Catarrhal exudate in nasal passages
Nervous System
• Congestion and oedema of the brain
Digestive system
• Haemorrhages in proventriculus is an outstanding feature
• Initially haemorrhagic changes followed by Bluish red raised necrotic areas in
lymphoid follicles of intestine & caecal tonsils which ulcerate and form ‘Button’
like ulcers

Lentogenic& MesogenicND:
• Mild conjunctivitis and catarrhal tracheitis
VelogenicND:
•Haemorrhage and necrosis of trachea
•Haemorrhages on tips of proventriculus glands
•Haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in entire GIT which ulcerate to form button
ulcers
• Cecal tonsils necrotic & haemorrhagic
Treatment:
Supportive and symptomatic treatment
• Flushing
• Yogurt
• Probiotics
• Proton inhibitors
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Methycobal

INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB)

Acute, highly contagious, viral disease which causes high morbidity and respiratory
signs in young chicks (30-40%) and in adult layers and breeder birds mainly uro-genital
and reproductive signs are noted.

Respiratory system; Mild to severe respiratory discomfort along with Gasping,

Coughing, Sneezing and Tracheal rales

Uro-genital system; Nephritis and urolithiasis

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Reproductive system; Drastic drop in egg production & deterioration in egg

quality & shell strength in laying flocks

HOSTS; Chicken, Pheasants are natural hosts (all ages of birds are
susceptible)

ETIOLOGY:
Infectious bronchitis virus

Family: Coronaviridae

Genus: Coronavirus

Serotypes:
Massachusetts & Connecticut shows affinity for respiratory system. The principal
site for replication of IB virus is the ciliated epithelium of respiratory tract.
Massachusetts strain is used for immunization purpose.

Arkansas 99 and O72, T, Gray, Australian & Holte shows affinity for kidney
tissues i.e, Nephrotropic, cause permanent damage to kidneys.

European strains like D-207, D-212, D-41 are associated with drop in egg
production.

TRANSMISSION:
• Sick bird excretes virus through
• Respiratory secretions
• Faeces

Horizontal
• Aerosol
• Faecal contamination
• Carrier birds & shedders
• Contamination of personal or equipment

Vertical: Not reported

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CLINICAL SIGNS
• Characteristic respiratory signs in chicks (up to 6 weeks)
• Gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales (Abnormal
respiratory sounds) & nasal discharge
• Depressed, huddled under the heat source (weakness)
• Decreased feed consumption & weight gain
• Watery droppings causing Wet litter
• In laying flock, drasticdecline in egg production (30-40%)
& egg quality
• Hatchability decreases
• Misshapen & rough shelled eggs
• Thin & watery albumin with running yolk
• Small hemorrhages may be seen in the albumin or yolk
• Pullets exposed to IB virus cause permanent damage to their fallopian tubes &
continue to lay misshapen eggs

PATHOGENESIS:
• Virus can replicate in tissues of respiratory tract, intestinal tract, kidneys and
oviduct.
• Replication occurs in cytoplasm.
• Virion formation occurs by budding process at the membranes of the
endoplasmic reticulum, not at the cell surface.
• Virion accumulate in smooth vesicles, but the mechanism for their release from
the cell is unknown.
• After a brief viraemia, the virus can be detected in the kidneys, reproductive
tract, and caecal tonsils.

GROSS LESIONS:
• Mild to moderate inflammation of upper respiratory tract
• Serous, catarrhal or caseous exudate in the trachea, nasal passages & sinuses
• Some times caseous plug in the lower trachea or bronchi of dead birds
• Air sacs may appear cloudy. Abdominal air sacs contain a yellow
• caseous exudate (seen in complicated cases)
• Nephritis and urolithiasis
• Kidneys covered with urates deposits, pale (chronic), mottled, and can be 2 to 3
times their normal size

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• Middle third of the oviduct is most severely affected, permanent damage to

the developing oviduct which cause 20% loss of laying birds
• Oviducts may be hypoplastic or cystic, birds deposit yolk and fully formed eggs
in abdominal cavity as ova are not taken up by badly formed oviduct and are
called internal or blind layers

DIAGNOSIS:
• Clinical history & gross lesions
• Isolation & identification of the causative organism
• Site for sample collection
• Trachea, lungs, airsacs, caecal tonsils, kidneys, oviduct

DIFFRENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
• ND: Nervous signs are observed; drop in egg production in laying flocks is
greater than IB
• ILT: It spreads more slowly & respiratory signs may be more
severe than IB
• EDS: Internal egg quality is not affected in EDS and
soft shell eggs seen
Treatment:
Supportive and symptomatic treatment

• Essential oils
• ADEK
• Organic acids

AVIAN INFLUNENZA (BIRD FLUE)

• Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious / infectious viral disease which can affect all
species (90) of birds
• Infection among domestic or confined birds
• is associated with a variety of disease syndromes:
• Subclinical
• Mild upper respiratory disease
• Reproductive failure (Loss of egg production)
• Severe acute highly fatal generalized disease Mortality and severity of disease
depends on strain of virus
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ETIOLOGY
Family: Orthomyxoviridae

TRANSMISSION:
Virus is secreted from
• Respiratory system
• Conjunctiva
• Faeces

Horizontal:
• Aerosol
• Faecal contamination of feed & water
• Direct contact between infected & susceptible birds (migratory waterfowl, shore
birds, pet birds) (natural reservoirs)
• Wild/free living birds worldwide carry the viruses in their intestines, but usually
do not get sick (natural resistance)
• Ducks, waterfowl and shore birds are most important reservoir,
• same bird can harbour 2 or more strains
• Live bird markets & exotic birds
• Swine flu (H1N1 & H3N2) to turkeys & humans
• Virus contaminated fomites

Vertical: No evidence

CLINICAL SIGNS:
LPAI; H9
• Extremely variable
• Pronounced depression & feed consumption
• Huddling and ruffled feathers
• Mild to severe respiratory sign: coughing, sneezing, rales & excessive
lacrimation, sinusitis and depression

HPAI; (mostly seen in chicken) H5 & H7

• Sudden onset and short course with mortality near 100% (peracute)

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• Subcutaneous edema of head & face which may extend to neck and breast
• Cyanosis of wattles, comb & unfeathered skin
• Areas of diffuse hemorrhage on shanks and feet
• Nervous disorders i. e, convulsions, ataxia
• Mucoid Diarrhoea (green)
• Drastic decline in egg production
• ANY OF THESE SIGN MAY OCCUR SINGLY OR IN VARIOUS
COMBINATIONS

PATHOGENESIS:
• Virus enters by inhalation or ingestion & replicates in nasal cavity, lungs &
intestinal tract
• Virus adsorbs to glycoprotein receptors on the cell surface
• Enters the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Nucleocapsid enters the cytoplasm & migrates to nucleus
• Production & assembly of viral protein and RNA
• Budding from the plasma membrane

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
• LPAI: Mild to moderate inflammation of trachea, sinuses, conjunctiva later
airsacs are affected with MG infection
• In layers; ovarian damage and haemorrhagic & involution of oviduct
• HPAI: Variable; Lesions may be absent with sudden death
• Congested carcass with dark red muscles, severe congestion of the musculature
and conjuctiva
• Edema of head, neck & swollen sinuses
• Cyanotic, congested, haemorrhagic & necrotic wattles & combs
• Congestion & haemorrhages on shanks
• Hemorrhagic tracheitis , congested & haemorrhagic lungs
• Haemorrhages on epicardium and coronary fat
• Petechiae in abdominal fat, mucosal & serosal surfaces
• Haemorrhagic streaks in proventriculus and erosion of gizzard mucosae
• Airsaculitis: Airsacs thickened & having fibrinous or caseous exudate
• Egg yolk peritonitis and haemorrhagic follicles in laying hens
• Severely congested kidneys
• Necrotic foci in Pancreas, spleen, heart & later kidneys, liver

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CONTROL:
• Proper biosecurity measures
• Wild birds control (WATER BIRDS)
• All-in/all-out
• Movement of people & equipment should be controlled
• Correct disposal of carcasses
• Routine serologic monitoring of blood or egg yolk antibody
• Vaccination: It is not practical to vaccinate against all possible serotypes, on the
other hand if some serotype involving an outbreak is identified, vaccination may
be a useful tool.
• Traditional killed vaccines are effective( H7, H9 ) Autovaccine are mostly used
• Vaccines will protect only against other avian influenza viruses with the same
hemagglutinin (H) type. Immunity is hemagglutinin subtype specific
Treatment:
Supportive and symptomatic

• Antipyretic

ADENO VIRUS INFECTIONS OF POULTRY

HYDROPERICARDIUM SYNDROME
INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS
EGG DROP SYNDROME

HYDROPERICARDIUM SYNDROME (ANGARA DISEASE/ LICHI HEART

DISEASE)

• Firstly observed in Pakistan at Angara Goth,Karachi in 1987

• An acute, infectious, viral disease of chickens
• Characterized by:
• Excessive pericardial fluid
• Multifocal hepatic necrosis
• Jaundice

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HOST & TRANSMISSION:

• Host: Broilers (3-5 weeks old) Vertical Transmission: Yes Horizontal
Transmission:
• Close proximity of multiage farms
• Dissemination of virus by carriers
• Faecal contamination of clothing, footwear & equipments
• Live-bird trading

CLINICAL SIGNS:
• No specific clinical signs
• Abrupt onset of disease
High morbidity in broilers between 3 and 5 weeks of age
• Lethargy & huddling together with ruffled feathers
• Yellow mucoid droppings
• Jaundice
Mortality peaks in 4-5 days and subsides during next 4-5 days
• Mortality upto 50%

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
• Generalized congestion & pulmonary oedema
• Presence of up to 10 ml of clear transudate in the pericardial sac
• Protein content is 1.0-1.8g/dl
• Liver & kidneys are enlarged, pale & friable
• Petechial haemorrhages may be present on pericardium or beneath the capsule of
the liver
• Pinpoint white foci in pancreas

CONTROL:
BIOSECURITY

• Proper biosecurity measures

• All in- All out System
• Thorough decontamination of houses between successive flocks

VACCINATION

• Formalinized inactivated vaccine

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• Water based/Oil-emulsified inactivated vaccine

INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS (Haemorrhagic syndrome)

• Acute infection of young broiler chickens(3-8 weeks)
• Characterized by;
• Sudden onset, sharp increase in mortality but upto 20%, hepatitis and severe
anaemia.

TRANSMISSION:
• Vertical transmission occurs
• Horizontal transmission occurs through; mechanical carriers
• Fomites
• Contaminated food and water Infected eggs

CLINICAL SIGNS:
• Young chicken of mostly 3-8 weeks are affected but birds of 1-20 weeks age are
susceptible
• Sudden onset of mortality
• Birds depressed with ruffled feathers
• Severe anemia with pallor comb and wattles and other unfeathered parts
• Mild respiratory signs like gasping, rales etc
• Weakness, prostration and finally death

LESIONS:
• Skin pale and icteric.
• Haemorrhages throughout the body; skin, under surface of the wings, breast and
thigh muscles and intestines.
• Liver swollen, mottled, pale and with necrotic areas. Microscopically,
extensive degeneration and necrosis of liver with intranuclear inclusion
bodies in hepatocytes
• Kidneys pale and swollen.

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• Bone marrow is pale yellow (anemia)

• Sometimes increased fluid in the pericardial sac

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
• IBD; intramuscular haemorrhages
• CIA; also causes anaemia
• HPS; hydropericardium is more severe with little lesions on liver

CONTROL:
• Strict biosecurity
• Carrier breeder birds should be culled
• Control of IBD/CIA/Mycotoxicosis (immunosuppression)
• Vaccination in breeder birds
Treatment:
Supportive and symptomatic treatment

• Salmirin
• Sorbitol
• frusamide

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (IBD,GAMBORO)

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, contagious, viral disease of young chickens
characterized by inflammation followed by atrophy of the Bursa of Fabricius and
variable degrees of immunosuppression.

ETIOLOGY:
• IBD is caused by a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus
Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae. The viral genome has two double
stranded RNA segments. The virus may be propagated in chicken embryos or
chicken embryo cell cultures. Two serotypes exist, with only serotype 1 being
pathogenic.
• The virus is very resistant to environmental factors and many disinfectants. It
can persist for months incontaminated houses and for weeks in water, feed, and
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droppings. It can be transmitted by fomites. It has some susceptibility to

formalin and iodide disinfectants. Invert soaps with 0.05% sodium hydroxide
may kill IBD virus.

CLINICAL SIGNS :
• Clinical disease is observed only in birds infected after 3 weeks of age. There is a
sudden onset, particularly with the first outbreak. There may be tremor or
unsteadiness. There is depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers, and a droopy
appearance that resembles coccidiosis.
• Diarrhea and dehydration are usually present. Occasionally there is voiding of
blood and straining during defecation. Vent picking is common and may be self-
inflicted.
• Morbidity is very high. Mortality is usually low although it can be substantial
(approaching 30%) if husbandry is poor or if strains are particularly virulent.
Mortality in a flock has usually peaked and receded within a week of onset. IBD
tends to be more severe in leghorn strains than in broiler stock.

LESIONS :
• In the acute phase, the bursa is very enlarged with subserosal edema and mucosal to
transmural petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhage. Caseous exudate may be found in the
lumen of the bursa as a result of the extensive necrosis and inflammation of the bursal
follicles during the acute phase of the disease. The swelling recedes by the 5th day and
the bursa atrophies rapidly until 8-10 days’ post infection. There is increased mucus in
the intestine.
• Petechial and echymotic hemorrhages are common in thigh and pectoral muscles and,
sometimes at the junction of the proventriculus and gizzard.
• Kidneys may be swollen and the ureters may contain urates. The spleen can be slightly
enlarged and contain small pale foci.
• Necrotic lesions/atrophy may also be found in other lymphoid tissues such as the thymus,
Harderian gland, cecal tonsils and Peyer’s patches, particularly with highly virulent IBD
strains.
• Some variant strains of the virus cause few clinical signs and minimal gross acute
changes in the bursa. However, these variant strains may induce follicular lymphoid
necrosis without the inflammatory component and rapid bursal atrophy and severe
immunosuppression.
• IBD infection results in immunosuppression, so birds are more susceptible to secondary
infections such as gangrenous dermatitis, IBH, coccidiosis, etc. Historically, IBH was
preceded by an immunosuppressive infection such as IBD but recently, IBH has been
recognized as a primary disease.

CONTROL :
• Vaccination of breeders to confer immunity to progeny is an effective method of
reducing the disease in young chicks. Vaccination programs typically include
“priming” with live vaccines and “boosting” with inactivated oil-emulsion
vaccines to produce high and long-lasting levels of antibody in breeders.

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•Chicks can be vaccinated against the disease but timing the vaccination in
maternally immune chicks can be difficult. When maternal antibodies wane, use
of “hot” vaccines in nonimmune chicks may result in bursal atrophy. Vaccination
with milder vaccines will not
• be effective in birds with high levels of maternal antibody. Therefore, knowledge
of passive antibody levels and correct timing are necessary for successful
vaccination.
• An in ovo immune complex vaccine is available that results in decreased vaccine
pathogenicity without loss of immunogenicity.
• Sanitation programs are rarely successful due to the highly resistant nature of the
virus.
Treatment:
Supportive and symptomatic treatment
• Immune boosters
• ADEK

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BROODER PNEUMONIA (ASPERGILLOSISI)

DEFINATION:
• An infectious disease
• Mainly of respiratory tract of bird
• Characterized by
• Acute infection of the lungs in young birds
• Chronic air sac infection in adult

SYNONYMS:
• Aspergillosis
• Mycotic pneumonia

ETIOLOGY:
• Many species of genus Aspergillus are involved
• Mainly Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus
• Family Moniliaceae

CHARACTERISTICS:
• Commonly occur in decaying vegetative matter, soil & feed grains
• Grow readily on most common laboratory media
• Both major organisms lack a sexual stage

HOST:
• Chicken, Pheasants, captive & wild birds.

TRANSMISSION:
• Moldy food or litter: Birds become infected from inhaling spores
• Egg shell contamination lead to penetration of organism through the shell
• Contaminated incubators
• Contaminated hatcher

PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
• High humidity & temperature favor growth of fungus
• Young age
• Debility
• Bad management

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CLINICAL SIGNS:
• Serous exudation from nasal & ocular mucosa
• inappetence, emaciation
• Dysphagia if oesophageal mucosa was involved
• Dyspnea, gasping & accelerated breathing
• Torticollis, lack of equilibrium
• Other respiratory diseases increase the severity of acute aspergillosis

POST MORTEM LESIONS:

• Visible greenish gray mold growth may also be observed on air sacs due to
sporulation of organism.
• lungs, shows large and extensive caseous nodules.
• Caseous nodules in the air sac.
• Multiple nodules in the liver

DIAGNOSIS:
• Necropsy findings
• Isolation & identification of organism
• Sample sites:
• Caseous nodule in lung or air sac
• Media: Sabouraud dextrose agar
• Direct microscopy
• Small portion of nodule is teased in 20% KOH on a slide & is covered with cover
slip
• Serologic tests are of limited use
• Monitoring of hatchery, feed, litter & premises to find out source of infection

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
• Pullorum disease: Lesions of brooder pneumonia are confined to respiratory
system while pullorum disease lesions occur also in abdominal organs
• CRD ND & IB: Gasping & breathing is rapid in brooder pneumonia but no
respiratory sounds.

IN CASE OF OUTBREAK:
• It is usually an infection of individual birds rather than a flock problem
• Sacrifice the affected birds
• Spray pens with 1% CuSo4 solution

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TREATMENT and CONTROL:

• No effective treatment only control measures adopted.
• Hatchery sanitation
• Feed & litter should be kept dry
• Access to moldy litter & feed should be avoided.
• Daily cleaning & disinfection of feed and water utensils
• Proper ventilation
• Overcrowding should be avoided
Treatment:
Supportive and symptomatic

• 1% CUSO4 soln, can use for spray the pen

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

(MYCOPLASMOSIS,CRD)

Is a slow spreading chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infection of chickens,
turkeys (infectious sinusitis) and other birds

Characterized by:
• Abnormal respiratory sounds like Rales (excessive mucous)
• Coughing, gasping (struggle for breath)
• Nasal discharge and rhinitis
• Air sacculitis
• Razor blade breast

ETIOLOGY:
• Mycoplasma gallisepticum
• Family: Enterobacteriaceae

TRANSMISSION:
Horizontal transmission;
Between flocks:

• Carrier birds, dust particles, droplets. Spread is slow between houses and pens
suggesting that aerosols are not normally a major route of transmission.

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Within a flock:

Spread from bird to bird i.e., Direct contact

Vertical transmission; Present (35% of eggs infected)

CLINICAL SIGNS:
• Low feed intake and low FCR
• Poor carcass quality (Stunting) and weight gain
• Out break occurs between 4 – 8 weeks of age if horizontal spread. In vertical
spread infection occurs after 2nd week
• Abnormal respiratory gurgling sounds
• Nasal discharge, coughing, gasping, sneezing
• Thin & weak birds with razor blade breasts
• CRD COMPLEX: Mixed infection with E. coli, ND,IB,ILT,IC cause serious losses
called CCRD. Usually upper and lower respiratory tract is involved

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
• Sinus and nasal mucosa is coated with turbid mucus
• Excessive mucus in trachea
• Consolidated spots on lungs
• Cheesy material in bronchi
• Airsacculitis; Air sacs are often cloudy and contain large amounts of exudate
which later become cheesy
• Perihepatitis, pericarditis and salpingitis

CONTROL:
• Ideally maintain Mycoplasma-free flock
• Medications of breeders to eliminate egg transmission.
• Before purchasing chicks from a hatchery, it should be confirmed that they are
free from CRD
• Blood serum testing of breeder chickens for MG antibodies to test flocks for MG
infection
• Before coming in contact with flocks, workmen should take shower and put on
special clothes
• Strict biosecurity measures should be adopted
• Egg dipping in antibiotic solutions e g, Tylosin
• Antibiotic therapy to chicks (Tetracyclines)
• Disposing of dead birds by incineration, deep burial or by means of special
disposal pits.

TREATMENT:
• HICOS+COLISTINE

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• TIAMOLIN
• Tilmicosin

COLIBACILLOSIS:

Localized or systemic infection of chickens of all ages. (very common) mainly affects
broiler chickens between the ages of 4 and 6 weeks (growing birds)

• Economically important disease, causes reduce weight gain, Poor FCR, Poor
growth and condemnation of carcass
• Mostly seen as
• Colisepticaemia
• Coligranuloma (granulomas in adults)
• Omphalitis / Mushy chick disease (chicks)
• Air sac disease (CRD complex)

CLINICAL SIGNS:
• Drop in feed consumption
• Severe depression
• Labored rapid breathing
• Snicking and gurgling noise

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
• Foamy exudates in early stage
• Caseous exudates in later infection
• Fibrinous covering on liver called perihepatitis
• Yellow chessy mass seen
• Air sacculitis, peritonitis, perihepatitis & pericarditis
• Septicaemic carcass --- Liver, spleen, lungs, & kidneys dark and congested
• Cloudy and thick air sacs containing caseous deposits
• Fibrinous covering around liver & heart
• Granulomas in liver, ceca, duodenum and mesentery(Coligranuloma)
• Panophthalmitis if infection localizes in eye
• Salpingitis due to ascending infection from cloaca
• Omphalitis (Yolk sac and navel infection)

CONTROL & TREATMENT:

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• Proper sanitation & disinfection of the farm and hatchery

• Proper ventilation
• Good quality feed
• Chlorination of water (3 to 5 ppm) and use nipple drinkers to reduce
transmission in water
• Focus on eggs hygiene
• Use of antibiotics like gentamycin+colistin
Treatment:

• Enro 10%
• Doxy 50%
• Colistine

INFECTIOUS CORYZA

An acute or sometimes subacute/chronic rapidly spreading upper respiratory tract

disease of young and adult birds characterized by :

• Catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory tract

• Foul smelling occulo-nasal discharge
• Conjunctivitis
• Swollen infra orbital sinuses
• Edema of face
• Dyspnoea
• Considerable economical losses due to poor growth and marked reduction in egg
production (10-40%) in layers
• May progress to complications with CRD, ILT etc

ETIOLOGY
Haemophilus paragallinarum
Characteristics

• Pleomorphic, Gram –ve rods,

• Non spore forming, Non motile,
• Antigenic serotypes are A, B, C
• Killed within few days outside host & easily destroyed by disinfectants

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TRANSMISSION:
Between flocks

• Chronically ill & apparently healthy carrier birds are main source of infection

Within a flock

• Drinking water contaminated with infective nasal discharge

• Inhalation of infected dust aerosol

Vertical transmission is not known to occur

CLINICAL SIGNS:
• Rapid onset and high morbidity
• Birds with distressed noisy breathing
 in feed consumption, poor growth
• Mucoid occulonasal discharge and later purulent
• Conjunctivitis with some adherence of eyelids
• Facial edema; swelling of face and infra-orbital sinuses, Occasionally swollen
wattles (esp. in males)
• Drop in egg production of 10-40% in layers
• Coughing, sneezing, rales and gurgling; respiratory noises. Exudates in the
trachea produce raffling (rales)
• Natural course is usually
• 10 -12 days in uncomplicated cases
 2 months in complicated cases

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:

• Catarrhal inflammation of nasal passages and infra orbital sinuses

• Conjunctivitis with cheesy exudate in conjunctival sac with eyelid adherence
• Edema of face & wattles (unilateral) due to the accumulation of fluid under the
skin
• Petechiae of upper respiratory tract membrane
• Pneumonia and airsacculitis in complicated cases

DIFFERNTIAL DIAGNOSIS:

• Mycoplasmosis – M. gallisepticum infection is slow to develop

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Infectious laryngotracheitis – Bloody tracheitis, diphtheritic lesions in

mucous membrane
• Fowl pox – Warts like lesions, diphtheritic lesion in pharynx & larynx
• Infectious bronchitis – kidney lesions, nasal & eye lesions are not noticed, small
misshaped eggs
• Newcastle Disease – Haemorrhages in proventriculus
• Vitaminosis A def – White pimples down the throat
• Fowl cholera -- Swelling of the face and wattles
• Swollen head syndrome — respiratory signs more severe in coryza, more
swelling of head in SHS, HA test; Haemophilus agglutinates red cells, Ab titer of
haemophilus

CONTROL:

•Appropriate biosecurity measures

•After cleaning and disinfection of equipment & houses the premises should be
allowed to remain vacant for 2-3 wks before restocking
• Depopulate carriers, recovered birds remain carriers and shedders for life
• All in - all out Programme
• Avoid introduction of adult birds in flock
• Use of bacterin or live vaccine (10-12 and 16-18 weeks )
Treatment:
• Sulphonamide combination
• Sulphonamide with trimethoprim
• Sulphonamide with tetracycline
• Sulphonamide and strptomysin
• Quinolones and macrolide

FOWL CHOLERA

Fowl Cholera is a highly contagious septicaemic disease of chickens ( above 4 months

age) & turkeys,

• Acute or Chronic,

Characterized by:

• Respiratory distress
• Discharge from the mouth
• Diarrhoea

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- Swollen comb and wattles

• High morbidity & mortality

ETIOLOGY:
• Pasteurella multocida
Characteristics

• Gram -ve
• Occurs singly or occasionally in pairs or short chains
• Non-motile, non spore forming
• 16 serotypes
• Easily destroyed by ordinary disinfectants, sunlight, drying or heat

TRANSMISSION:
• Infection occurs through:
• Body excreta of diseased birds that contaminate soil, water, feed, etc.,
• Carcasses of birds that have died of the disease
• Contaminated water supplies such as surface tanks, ponds, lakes and streams
• Mechanical transmission by contaminated shoes or equipment

Within a flock

• Contaminated soil, feed and water

• Cannibalism can disseminate the disease when healthy chicks peck at dead
birds.

Between flocks

• Direct contact with sick or recovered birds or their excretion

• Rats, predators and insects

Vertical transmission - Does not occur

• Observation: larvae, nymph, adult ticks (argus persicus) and red mite also
become infected by feeding the blood of infected birds but don’t transmit the
organism.

CLINICAL SIGNS:
Peracute:

• Death without any symptoms

Acute:

• Hunched up position

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• Foetid diarrhea
• Respiratory distress
• Cyanosis mostly in unfeathered areas of head
• Mucous discharge from mouth
• Birds may die within 2 hours of exposure
• Mortality 10-50% (may reach 70% within 8 days)
Chronic
Chronic F.C may follow

• Acute form of the disease

• Result from infection with organism of low virulence

Signs – related to localized infections

• Wattle form: Wattles fiery red & hot to touch

• Arthritic form: Swollen limb joints & foot pads
• Nervous form: Torticollis
• Resp. form: Yellow caseous exudate in air sacs

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
PER ACUTE:

• None or may have small haemorrhages on the surfaces

ACUTE:

• Subserosal multiple petechial haemorrhages (visceral)

• Liver: swollen with multiple small focal areas
• of coagulative necrosis and heterophilic infiltration.
• Enteritis
• Increased Peritoneal and Pericardial fluid
• Free yolk, peritonitis, oophoritis, regressed follicles
CHRONIC:

• Localized inflammatory lesions

• Ovary: Yellow, putrid smelling material, resembling
cooked egg yolk, often surrounds the ovary and
may fill the body cavity
• Lungs: Consolidation & having a number of nodules
Pneumonia is common in Turkey.
• Wattles: Greatly swollen and indurated, first a cloudy grey fluid and later a
cheesy material

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• Caseous arthritis- Hock joint involve

• Middle ear & Conjunctival sac: Caseous exudate

CONTROL:
• Pick up and destroy all dead birds before they can be cannibalized or fed on by
scavengers

• Biosecurity

• Sanitation

• All-in All-out practice

• Separate different species of birds

• Fence off stagnant pools, drain rain puddles

• Vaccination by Bacterins and Live vaccines

Treatment:

• Sulpha drugs

CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA(CIA)

• CIA is infectious disease of young chicken

• Which is characterized by
Aplastic anemia
Lymphoid atrophy

ETIOLOGY:
• Circo virus
• Gyroviridae family
CLINICAL FINDINGS:
• Anorectic, lethargic, depressed, and pale. PCV is low , leukopenia, or
pancytopenia.
• Pale bone marrow.

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

• Organs are pale;

• Thymus atrophy
• Pale or yellow Bone marrow
• Hemorrhage under the skin, muscle, and other organs.

TREATMENT & CONTROL:

• No specific treatment.
• Secondary bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics.
• Live vaccines are available for vaccination of antibody-negative breeder flocks
prior to the start of egg production.

SALMONELLA INFECTIONS OF POULTRY

• PULLORUM DISEASE
• FOWL TYPHOID
• PARATYPHOID

PULLORUM DISEASE
(Bacillary White Diarrhoea)

An acute highly contagious disease of young chicks (up to 3 weeks)

Characterized by :

• Septicaemia
• White diarrhoea
• Respiratory distress
• High morbidity (10-80%)
• Up to 100% mortality
• In adults -localized and chronic infection (brown-shell egg layers)
• Also infects turkeys, guinea fowls, sparrows, parrots, ring doves, ostriches and
peafowl

ETIOLOGY:
Salmonella pullorum

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Dr. Sabir Sultan

Family:Enterobacteriaceae

Characteristics:

• G –ve, rods with rounded ends

• Non motile
• Non spore forming
• Anaerobic

CLINICAL SIGNS:
CHICKS

• Incubation period (4 –5 days)

• Large numbers of dead in-shell chicks or chicks that die shortly after hatching
with heavy losses occurring within one week
• Loss of appetite and huddling together
• Sagging of wings & distorted body appearance
• Chalky white excreta (white diarrhea)
• Vent pasting
• Pot-bellied
• Laboured breathing or gasping

ADULTS

• Exhibit little or no symptoms

• Swollen hock joints & poor growth

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
• Sudden death
• Liver enlarged, congested and hemorrhagic

Septicaemic form;

• Small areas of necrosis in liver, heart and lungs

• Intestinal or caecal inflammation and caecal cores

Chronic cases;

• Yellowish or blood stained yolk sac

• Delayed yolk absorption
• Enlarged spleen & congested kidney
• Thickened intestinal wall and peritonitis

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• Abscess formation in hock joint

• Necrotic foci/abscesses on cardiac

Common diagnostic lesions

• Unabsorbed yolk sacs
• Classic gray nodules in the liver, spleen, lungs, heart, gizzard, and intestine
• Firm, cheesy material in the ceca (cecal cores)
• Raised plaques in the mucosa of the lower intestine

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Liver lesionsresemble other salmonella infections
• Lung lesions resemble Aspergillus infection
• Joint lesions resemble Mycoplasma Synoviae infection
• Pericardium and ovary lesions resemble Coliform,Staphylococci and Micrococci
infection

CONTROL:
• Good management
• Serological testing of flock and removal of infected breeder birds
• Proper sanitation and disinfection of farm and premises
• Control of rodents
• Focus on egg hygiene
• Proper hatchery sanitation
• Use of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin)

FOWL TYPHOID
(Salmonella gallinarum)

Acute septicemic disease which affects growers and adults.Some times seen in young
chicks as well

• Many signs and lesions resembling Pullorum disease

• Characterized by profuse bright sulphur yellow diarrhea and later anemia
• Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible
• Disease affects chicken, turkeys, ducks, parrots, sparrows and wild birds

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TRANSMISSION:
Horizontal;

• Droppings contaminating feed and water

• Cannibalism
• Vectors
• Carrier birds

Vertical; (Trans-ovarian)

• 80-90% eggs laid are infected

CLINICAL SIGNS:
• Watery bright yellow diarrhea
• Rapid respiration
• Marked thirst, muscular weakness
• Anemia
• Comb pale and shrunken due to anemia
• After 5-6 days Mucoid greenish yellow droppings along with pasting around
vent
• Mortality 4-50%
• Arthritis in some cases

POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
ACUTE:

• Liver; enlarged, congested, friable and on exposure to air bronze coloration or a

bronze sheen on the surface.(unexcreted bile)with small necrotic foci
• Spleen; swollen, mottled and brittle
• Kidneys enlarged
• Intestines; catarrhal enteritis of anterior small intestine along with ulceration

Chronic

• Heart; white to grey nodular masses scattered throughout myocardium(pin head

to pea size)which bulge out from surface; later pericarditis
• Intestines; irregular and lumpy gray nodules along the length
• Ovary; follicles inflamed in laying hens, broken egg yolks in peritoneal cavity,
misshapen eggs
• Lungs; congested edematous and peculiar yellowish brown in color

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CONTROL:
• Good management and sound biosecurity
• Serological testing of flock and removal of infected breeder birds
• Proper sanitation and disinfection of farm and premises with Compounds that
contain phenol, quaternaryammonium compounds and iodophores may be used
• Heat treatment, formalin, dichloride of mercury and potassium permanganate
can also inactivate these organisms
• Salmonella free feed(crumbs)
• Control of rodents, free wild birds(carriers)
• Focus on egg hygiene
• Proper hatchery sanitation use disinfectants like virus snip,virkon-S and CID20
• Use of antibiotics
Treatment for salmopnellosis:

• Florfenicol i.e floshot

• Sulpha

COCCIDIOSIS
DEFINITION

• Avian coccidiosis is common protozoal disease of poultry and many other birds
characterized bydiarrhea and enteritis. Coccidiosis in poultry affects the
intestinal tract,
ETIOLOGY

• Coccidiosis in chickens is caused by the protozoal species of Eimeria.

• Coccidia are host specific
CLINICAL SIGNS

• Diarrhea which may be mucoid or bloody.

• Dehydration often accompanies the diarrhea.(RUFFLED FEATHERS )
• Anemia
• Listlessness
• Weakness
• Retraction of the head and neck
• Somnolence.
• Growth rate is often adversely affected.
• Depigmentation of the skin may be apparent in well-established cases.

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• Morbidity and mortality within a flock may vary greatly, but both can be
very high.
PARTS OF INTESTINE AFFECTED

• ANTERIOR 1/3 OF GUT; E.ecervulina

• MIDDLE 1/3; E.necatrix and E.maxima
• POSTERIOR 1/3; E.brunette and E.tenella

POST MORTEM LESIONS

ANTERIOR 1/3 OF GUT; E.ecervulina:

• (Duedenum and part of ilium)

• Patechie (asexual form)
• Mucosa thickened
Numerous discrete, small round ,whitish spots or ladder like streaks (sexual
form)

MIDDLE 1/3; E.necatrix and E.maxima

• E.necatrix
• White to yellow foci and bright red petechialhemorrhages on serosal surface.
• Ballooning of middle intestine
• Intestinal contents (blood and mucous)

• E.maxima
• Thickened intestinal wall (congestion and oedema).
• Patechie on may be serosal surface
• Intestinal contents orange pink or brown

POSTERIOR 1/3; E.brunette and E.tenella

• E.brunette: (below to yolk sac diverticulum)

• Red pinpoint areas above ilio-caecal junction.
• Areas of coagulative necrosis with a brownish cast.

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• E.tenella(caeca)
• Swollen
• Enlarged 3-4 times with hemorrhages oncaecal wall.
• Lumen filled with blood (invading parasite ruptured blood vessels.
• Ulcerated mucosa
CONTROL

• Anticoccidial Compounds in Feed.

• Coccidia eventuallybecome resistant to most anticoccidials, therefore rotation of
types may be used to maintain efficacy.
• A wide range of anticoccidials are approved for prevention of coccidiosis,
Examples include: amprolium, monensin, clopidol, Buquinolate, robenidine,
lasalocid, halofuginone, salinomycin, and narasin.
• Immunization. Commercial coccidiosis vaccines are available. Planned exposures
of young chicks or poults to small numbers of oocysts by coarse spray at the
hatchery or in feed, water or gel blocks havebeen used successfully.
• Natural Exposure. If chickens are exposed to modest numbers of oocysts in their
environment, theydevelop immunity to the species of coccidia represented.
• Exposure must be moderate or clinical signswill appear.
• Exposure can be limited if dry litter conditions (unfavorable for rapid
sporulation ofoocysts) are maintained.
• Wet litter (including wet areas around waterers) is especially to be avoided.
IN FACT OF OUTBREAK

• Spray of ammonium hydrooxide

• Improve hygiene disinfect with 5 percentformalin
• Improve litter condition.
• No late to prevent economic loss.
• Prefer water medication.
• Inhibit the active transport of thiamine to parasites.
• Amprolium for caecal coccidiosis
• Sulfonamides are superior for intestinal coccidiosis.
• (Active against asexual phase and lesser against sexual phase of coccidia) use
vitamin ADEK.
• Gut acting antibiotic, neomycinoxytetracycline, penicillin and streptomycin.
• Coccidial drugs amprolium,sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfamethzine
Side effects of sulfa drugs

• Low immunity
• Kidney damage.
• Diarrhe

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Trainer Name : Dr naqash

Date : 5-10-2020
Topic : 1) feed and feeding management
2)vaccination and medication protocol

FEED AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT

• Broiler chickens are birds crossbred from special strains of Cornish and Plymouth rock
chickens. Hatcheries developed these birds for maximum growth over 6 to 8 weeks. By the
time these birds reach five weeks, most are ready for slaughter as broilers.
• Use recommended digestible amino acid levels for optimum broiler performance.
• Ensure high-quality protein sources are used.
• Provide the correct levels of the major minerals in the appropriate balance.
• Vitamin and mineral supplementation depends on feed ingredients used, feed manufacturing
practices and local circumstances

Starter Feeds:
• The objective of the brooding period (0-10 days of age) is to establish good appetite and
maximum early growth in order to meet the seven-day bodyweight objective. It is
recommended that a Broiler Starter feed be fed for ten days.
• The Starter represents a small proportion of the total feed cost and decisions on Starter
formulation
• should be based primarily on performance and profitability rather than purely on diet
cost.
• The benefit of maximising nutrient intake on early broiler growth and subsequent
performance is well established. Feeding broilers the recommended nutrient density will
ensure optimal growth is established during this critical period of life.

Grower Feeds:
• Broiler Grower feed is generally fed for 14- 16 days following the Starter.
• Starter to Grower transition will involve a change of texture from crumbs/minipellets to
pellets.

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• Depending on the pellet size produced, it may be necessary to feed the first delivery of Grower
as crumbs or mini-pellets. During this time broiler growth
• continues to be dynamic. It therefore needs to be supported by adequate nutrient
intake.
• For optimum feed intake, growth and FCR, provision of the correct diet nutrient density,
especially energy and amino acids, is critical.

Finisher Feeds:
• Broiler Finisher feeds account for the major volume and cost of feeding a broiler.
• It is therefore important that feeds are designed to maximise financial
return for the type of products being produced. Finisher feeds should
be given from 25 days until processing.

• Birds slaughtered later than 42-43 days may need a second Finisher feed
specification from 42 days onwards.

MEDICATION PROTOCOL

• Never use medicine with same mode of action e.g. Macrolides and Lincosamides both
inhibit protein synthesis by acting on 50s ribosomal subunit.
• Timuline should not be used with coccidiostat especially ionophores. It cause severe
lameness and birds are unable to stand even after 10-12 hours.
• Penicillin+ aminoglycoside (combination should not be used)
• Erythromycin + sulpha drugs
• Florfenicol + Furaltadone (For salmonella)
• Amoxicillin + colistin (synergistic effect)
• Penicillin+ streptomycin+ neomycin (good results)
• Penicillin + Tetracycline (Should not be used)

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• Mostly sulphonamides are used individually

• Sulpha drugs + florfenicol (immunosuppressive)
• Enrofloxacin + sulpha drugs (Good result)
• Norfloxacin + sulphonamide (cause precipitation)
• Don’t use chlorine with antibiotic
• Sulpha drugs have good results when pH of water is basic but not effective in acidic
pH.
• Enrofloxacin work well in acidic pH.

VACCINATION PROTOCOL
OBJECTIVE:
• To prevent natural shedding of pathogeb
• To built immunity against pathogens
Protocols:
Area wise:
H9, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, E-coli, Coccidiosis

In healthy season:

Days Vaccine
1 ND clone 30
10 Burseen plus
14-15 Booster ND clone 30

If challenge of ND:

Days Vaccine
1 Ma-5, Clone 30
5 ND killed
10 Burseen plus
13 ND clone 30

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

If challenge of IB:
Days Vaccine
1 IB primer + Clone 30
14 IB repeat (ND + IB)

OR
Days Vaccine
5 Ma-5, Clone 30
18 Repeat

OR
Days Vaccine
1 Ma-5, Clone 30
14 ND Clone 30
25 ND Clone 30
24-25 live shot if killed not provide titer

General protocol:
Days Vaccine Route
st
1 ND(Clone 30)live +IB Spray
(MA-5) IBD(Bursaplex inj) Inject
ion
5th (in high virus load ) ND-killed (G7) + A.I H9(Killed) Injection
8th or 10th (if IBD bursa plex missed) Intermediate (brocin 2 ®) Drinking Water
Lukard strain (D72 , 2512)
live
13 ND(clon-30) live (Booster dose) Drinking Water or
Spray
25 (when 5th day missed ) ND (Clone 30) live (booster) Spray

Routes of administration:
Spray method is best for respiratory vaccine

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

Live vaccine:
Spray method:
• Equipment should free of disinfectant/essential oils
• No sedimentation/erosion in equipment
• Water temperature should be 15-18C and water quantity 0.2-0.25ml per bird
• Ph of water should neutral and TDS should less
• if 15micron size the distribution is good and use 0.1ml per bird
• in case of challenge increase the dose of vaccine
• 28psi or 2BAR pressure
• Micron size is 150-200 and dose is 0.2ml per bird

Note:
• Fans should off
• Do vaccine within 20-30 minutes
• Distance of nozzle should be 1-1.5ft away from the bird and tilted for uniform
spread

Spray of old bird (25 days):

• Choose that point of day where you can compromise the ventilation
• Do vaccine in short period of time
• Distribution should equally
• 250-300 micron size can use

Eye drops:
• 3-4 sec require for absorption
• Good uniformity
Drawbacks:

• Handling is difficult
• Experts are required
• cold chain disturb

Drinking water:

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• make sure quqlity and quantity of water

• select cool part of the day
• before vaccine do flushing of tank via pressure water or via chlorine/H2O2
Calculation:

• 30% of total water use

• 2 hr thirst period
• Max 4 hrs thirst can do
age × no. of birds × 1 or 1.5
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 =
1000

𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙. = 𝜋𝑟ℎ2 ×28.317

• Vaccine stabilizers should use with vaccine

• Ensure that all birds are toward water
• Vaccine cp by syringe
• 20-25 minutes workers should be available inside shed
• Bluish tongue tip shows successful vaccination

Killed vaccine
Use at room temperatue or shed temperature

Injectable route:
• Decide on basis of team experty
• Decide on basis of bird marketing
• Place vial inside water bucket
• Before use shake vial properly
• After every half hr shake again during injecting
• Scar show success of vaccine
• For IM select route where there are more muscles

Vaccine failure:
• Cold chain disturb
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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• killed vaccine work well in 6-8 hrs

• stressed bird
• use of disinfectants with vaccine
• chock water lines
• Spray machine problem
• Direct sunlight exposure
• Use of immunosuppressive medications
• Different strains
• Dose problems
Note: Treat disease, then go for vaccine

Trainer Name : Dr, naqash

Date : 6-10-2020
Topic : use of modern instruments

pH meter:
• 1 liter of drinking water
• Add 0.1 ml of acid and record pH after proper mixing

TDS meter:
CO2 meter:
Infrared & Laser gun thermometer:
• Range= -50 to 750oC
Uses:

• Wall temperature
• Pad temperature
• Water temperature
• Vaccine temperature
• Bird temperature

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• Chick vehicle temperature

• It should be used within range of 2ft distance from subject.

Envirnoment Multimeter:
• This instrument is used for multiple operations such as
• Decibels meter (for sound)
• Lux meter (for light)
• Temperature Meter
• Relative humidity meter
• Velocity meter

Trainer Name : Dr, jahanzaib

Date : 7-10-2020
Topic : 1) differential diagnosis
2)medication (prescription writing)

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

ORGAN E-COLI MG IB H9
TRACHEA Hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic Dry and pale Blood in trachea
circular rings circular rings
with mucus
MUCUS White Pus-white in Less than 1cm Hard and inside
nodules color plug and soft brochules
KIDNEY Inflamed but Inflamed due to Nephritis and Nephritis
no urates bacterimia urates
LIVER Perihepatitis Inflamed Black, Large in size
congested and
small
HEART Pericarditis Redness in heart Blood Blood
accumulation accumulation in
on heart heart side and

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

mortality during
feeding
EYES Slight Slight Gasping Oval shape
lacrimation lacrimation and
sneezing

MEDICATION (PRESCRIPTION WRITING)

Time-Dependent Killing:
• For time-dependent drugs, the pharmacodynamic parameter can be simplified to
the time that serum concentrations remain above the MIC during the dosing
interval (t>MIC
• For instance, certain antibiotics, like beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins,
carbapenems, monobactams), clindamycin, macrolides (erythromycin,
clarithromycin), oxazolidinones (linezolid), can be effective because of the
extensive amount of time the antibiotic binds to the microorganism.

Concentration-Dependent Killing:
• . For concentration-dependent agents, the pharmacodynamic parameter can be
simplified as a peak/MIC ratio
• Other classes of antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides and quinolones, have high
concentrations at the binding site which eradicates the microorganism and,
hence, these drugs are considered to have a different kind of bacterial killing,
named concentration dependent killing

Commonly used groups of antibiotics in poultry

Penicillin:
• (Penicillin, amoxicillin etc.)
• Inhibit Cell wall synthesis
• Used in Necrotic enteritis

Cephalosporin:
• (Ceftiofur sodium)
• Inhibit Cell wall synthesis

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• Mostly used in Day Old Chick

Aminoglycoside:
• Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and impair bacterial protein synthesis
• Gentamicin (For E.coli)
• Streptomycin
• Neomycin (Enteric problems)

Lincosamides:
• Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit and impair bacterial protein synthesis
• Lincomycin (Used as growth promotor, For Mycoplasma, Necrotic enteritis)

Tetracycline:
• Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and impair bacterial protein synthesis
• Doxycycline (For Mycoplasma), Oxytetracycline

Amphenicols:
• Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit and impair bacterial protein synthesis
• Florfenicol (For Salmonella), chloramphenicol

Macrolides:
• Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit and impair bacterial protein synthesis
• Erythromycin, Tilmicosin, Timulin (For Mycoplasma)

Quinolones:
• Inhibit the action of DNA gyrase enzyme that is responsible for supercoiling of
DNA which results in disruption of bacterial DNA replication
• Mostly used for E.coli infection
• 1st generation: Nalidixic acid
• 2nd generation: Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin
• 3rd generation: Pfloxacin (For E.coli, Mycoplasma)

Polymixin B:
• Colistin sulphate (Injectable/oral)

Sulphonamides:
• (Sulphadiazine, sulphamethoxazole & sulphadimidine)

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• They act as PABA analogue and inhibit the bacterial folic acid synthesis by
blocking the action of dihydropteroate synthase enzyme
• Mostly used for E.coli, salmonella, Mycoplasma and in case of early chick
mortality
• It is also used in coccidiosis
• It decreased the immunity and affects the kidney

Nitro furan:
Used as Growth promotor

For Necrotic enteritis & Salmonella

DOSE CALCULATION:
For example tiamolin 45% @20mg per kg
no.of birds×avg weight
𝑥= ×20 ( this will give you pure dose)
1000

Now divide above answer by 450 to get amount in kg for 24hrs

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

Trainer Name : Dr, naqash raza

Date : 8-10-2020
Topic : 1) ventilation

VENTILATION
Objective:
• Provision of fresh air
• Removal of obnoxious gases
• Control humidity
• Control temperature

Why we focus more on ventilation?

In Pakistan

• we have 4 seasons and climate change

• Extreme humidity
• extreme temperature
Ventilation systems:
Generally divided into two types:

Natural air flow system:

• Natural air currents are allowed to enter into the house.
• Fit for areas where outside temperature does not exceed 33°C.
• House width may be maximum around 30 feet for this system.
• Used in conventional farms but not best fit for our conditions.

Mechanical air movement (fans):

• Mechanical air movement is required to ventilate a house in all climatic conditions. This
system suits our climatic conditions.
• Mechanical systems use electric fans as principal components to exchange air in the
building.
• They can be divided into two distinct types(Positive pressure and negative
pressure).

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Positive pressure System:

• In the positive pressure system, fans are arranged to push fresh air in to the
building.
• Creates air velocity which produces wind chill effect.
• For rearing at higher stock densities in extreme climatic conditions this system is not
very much effective.

Negative Pressuresystem:
• In the negative pressure system, fans are arranged to expel air from the building. In
doing so, they create a partial vacuum or negative pressure inside the house. The
pressure difference pulls fresh air through inlets into the poultry house.
• The location, distribution and size of the fans and inlets are critical if all areas of the
house are to be ventilated.
• We may term this system best fit for Pakistan.
• To discuss this system in changing climatic conditions we may mainly divide it in
to;

1-Cold Weather Ventilation (Minimum ventilation)

2-Hot Weather Ventilation (Tunnel ventilation)

3-Optimum weather ventilation (Transitional ventilation)

Tunnel ventilation
Tunnel ventilation systems are used to moderate the effects of seasonal temperature
fluctuations and are particularly effective during hot weather.

• In tunnel ventilation systems, all exhaust fans are placed at one end of the house and air
intakes at the opposite end. As a general guideline, the air is drawn at a velocity of
3.00 m/s (600 ft./min) through the length of the house removing heat, moisture
and dust.
• The airflow creates a wind-chill effect, which can reduce the effective temperature by 5
- 7 °C (10-12 °F).
• House effective temperatures should be maintained below 30 °C (86 °F) and a complete
air exchange should occur within one minute .

Note : If temperature is increased 7 Ḟ than required temperature in transitional

ventilation we will move on tunnel ventilation .

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• If temperature is increased 5 Ḟ than required temperature in tunnel ventilation we

will move on evaporating cooling system in tunnel ventilation .
CALCULATIONS:
Fans calculations:
volume
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
fan capacity

OR
cross section area × desired velocity
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
fan capacity

OR
No of birds × avg wt in kg × desired cfm
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
fan capacity

Hint:
Desired/air velocity= total cfm of tunnel fans/cross section area
total volume
𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
total fan capacity

pad area calculation:

Hint: 1 fan require 80sqft area
Dimensions of 1 pad: 6.5×2 = 13sqft
Area required for pads: No.of fans×80sqft
No.of pads= Area required for pads/dimensions of one pad

face velocity

Thickness in inches Phase velocity

2 150
4 300
6 250-450

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

Pad opening:
=total fan capacity / face velocity divide it by width of shed then you will get
pad opening in ft.

Transitional ventilation
• Fall and spring are transitional seasons when difference between day and night
temperature may range from 15 to 20 degree centigrade. So this is a difficult time for
farmers to manage poultry house ventilation.

•These fans have an operating capacity able to ensure a house air exchange every 2
min.
• Farmer must be alert to need for ventilation setup changes and manage the
transition smoothly.
• Transitional ventilation goal is to maintain in house optimum temperature that
support best bird performance.
• In transitional weathers wind chill is required at day time but may hurt bird
performance at night. So keep on switching between minimum and tunnel depending
upon outside temperature is necessary.
Objectives of Transitional ventilation
• Transitional ventilation fills gap between hot weather and cold weather ventilation
needs.
• Maintaining in house temperature that support best bird performance during changing
weathers.
• Switching between minimum ventilation and tunnel ventilation to get wind chill
when required in any part of day and stopping when required.
• Switching between side wall fans and tunnel fans as required.
Tools for transitional ventilation:
• Side fan
• Air inlets
• Pads
• Side fan
• Front fans

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Calculations:
Transitional fans calculation:

cfm of tunnel ventilation×40%

𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒏𝒔 =
cfm of 1 fan

total volume
OR 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = total fan capacity

volume of house
( 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 = ) ÷ cfm of 1 fan
air exchange rate

House inlets calculation:

cfm of transitional ventilation
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 = ×15
10000

Note: For 10000 cfm 15 sqft area is required

Desired/air velocity= total cfm of tunnel fans/cross section area

Minimum ventilation
The main purpose of minimum ventilation is to provide good air quality. It is important
that the birds always have adequate oxygen, optimum relative humidity and minimum
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3) and dust - see air
quality guidelines. Inadequate minimum ventilation and the resulting poor air quality in the
poultry house can cause

increased levels of NH3, CO2, moisture levels and an increase in production related syndromes
such as ascites. Always evaluate NH3 levels at bird height. The negative effects of NH3 include:
foot pad burns, eye burns, breast blisters/skin irritations, decreased weights, poor uniformity,
disease susceptibility and blindness.

The minimum amount of ventilation (air volume) required to maintain full genetic potential
by ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen while removing the waste products of growth
and combustion from the environment. The requirements of a correctly operated minimum
ventilation system include.

• Provide fresh air containing oxygen and exhaust ammonia, carbon dioxide and
other gases.
• Provide an adequate air exchange to control moisture.

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• Get rid of excessive heat if any.

• Provide an in house airflow pattern that avoid chilling birds.
• Reduction in fuel cost by minimizing heat loss.

Side fans calculation:

Calculation of fans:
No of birds × avg wt in kg × desired cfm
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
fan capacity
OR
No. of fans =( volume of house ÷ 8 min ) ÷ CFM of one fan

Fans should operate on a timer and not a thermostat.

OR
No. of fans =( volume of house ÷ 5 min ) ÷ CFM of one fan

ventilation should be able to achieve an air exchange every 5 min. and run on
a temperature control only and not on a timer.

Common gas levels in poultry houses

Gas Symbol Lethal Desirable Effects
Carbon CO2 Above Below 1% Suffocation
Dioxide 30% ,ascites
pneumatic
lungs
Methane CH4 Above 5% Below 1%
Ammonia NH3 Above Below 10 Eyes damage,
40 ppm Tracheitis
Ppm
Hydrogen H 2S Above 500ppm Below 10 ppm Bad smelling ,
Sulfide stress

Oxygen O2 Below 6% Above

16%
Dust Above 3.4 Below 3.4 mg/ m3 Damage cilia ,
mg/100 over mucous ,
Cbm increase NH3
100 effect , leading
to ND
Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

Static pressure:

• Lets say width of house is 64 feet.

• Divide 64 by 3.2808 to convert it into meters.
64/3.2808 gives 19.50.
• So 19.50 Pascal pressure is required.
• Divide 19.50 by 249 to convert it into inches of water column.
• So 0.0783 inches of water column static pressure is required to pull the air up to the
center of house.
No.of vents calculation:

Area for vents=Total no of fans x cfm of one fan x 40%

700

Total no of vents=total area for vents

Area of one vent

• (40% of total ventilation is maximum limit of minimum ventilation).

• (Air should pass across the vent at a speed of 700 fpm).
• We can purchase vent of any dimension from market. Greater the area of vent, Less
would be the number of vents and vice versa which are supposed to be installed in
house uniformly.
Velocity of air:
Vx × X
𝑉𝑖𝑛 =
k ×b
Where

Vin = air velocity at inlet

Vx = still air velocity [constant] = 75 fpm X = distance want to travel for air

K = half the width of house

b = inlet opening in feet

POST concept of minimum ventilation:

• P = PRESURE; O = OPENING S = SOURCE
T = TIME
• Pressure – Adequate static pressure, usually around 0.10 inches or more, is required to
get good “throw” of incoming cold air to mix with warm in-house air above the
birds, not dropping to the floor and chilling them or causing condensation and
wetting of litter.
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• Openings – To enable static pressure to do its air-throw job, you must have the right
number of vent doors unlatched and opening properly, not too wide and not too
tight.
• Source – The correct ventilation setup (fans and vents) to bring all incoming air through
the brood chamber.
• Timing – Minimum ventilation fan on-off cycling time must be right for the size/age
of birds so as to maintain proper air quality. Getting any one of these four POST
requirements wrong results in wet floors, too high ammonia, too high fuel bills, and
poor flock performance. This newsletter explains how to use POST to get them all
righ.
• Thumb rule : 0.01 water inch pressure pull 2 feet air inside .
PRESSURE AIR VELOCITY
0.03 water inches 700 FPM
0.04 water inches 800 FPM
0.05 water inches 900 FPM
0.06 water inches 1000 FPM
Each 0.001 increase 100 FPM

Vent opening:
Assuming requirement of 27000 CFM÷4 (One square inch of inlet opening is required for each
04 cfm of fan capacity)

Total Inlet Area =27000 divide by 4

=divide above number of vents present in your designed area

=divide above by length of vent in inches

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

Trainer Name : Dr, naqash raza

Mr. rana anees ur rehman

Date : 9-10-2020
Topic : 1) general management at farm

GENERAL MANAGEMENT AT FARM

At farm the manager has to manage all the technical and non technical
issues
Technical field management includes;
• Biosecurity
• C & D protocols
• litter treatment
• Ventilation
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Complex issues like high humidity or low humidity
• High temperature or low temperature
• Post mortem
• Feed management
• Medication and medicine storage
• vaccination
• Reporting
• Planning
• catching

Non technical field management includes;

• outside cleaning
• brooder cleaning
• weight scale covering
• control panel
• Built team
• Involvement in each and every aspect occurring at farm
• Expense management
• Mess management
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• Visitors management
• Trouble shooting
• Electricity
• Generators
• How to deal with complex situations
• Motivation of team
• Implementation of rules or polices at farm

Trainer Name : DR.HAFEEZ ALI KHERA

mr. umair aziz (PSD HEAD)
Date : 10-10-2020
Topic : 1) reports

TYPES OF REPORTS
Record keeping is very important. It contains all the necessary information
related to flock and farm management
• Production report
• Postmortem Report
• Medicine/Vaccine stock Feed stock
• Daily Visit report Attendance Sheet
• Initial chick place record
• Daily kitchen expense Staff in/out

• Equipment transfer note Litter in/out

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

• Generator maintenance record Flock Analysis

report

• No of empty bags record

• General Expense record
• Catching Record (Sale voucher/Sale Book)

Trainer Name : DR.HAFEEZ ALI KHERA

Date : 11-10-2020
Topic : 1) electric control panel and equipments

ELECTRIC CONTROL PANEL AND EQUIPMENTS

Electricity calculation:
watt
Tunnel fan 1.28KW 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 220

Transition fan 0.64KW

watt
Feed motor 0.75KW 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 692

Pad motor 2HP

Light 12w 1𝐻𝑃 = 746𝑊

Turbine 3HP
KW
1st generator 150kw 𝐾𝑉𝐴 = 0.8

2nd generator 350kw

3rd generator 410kw

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

Trainer Name :mr rana anees ur rehman

Topic : 1) birds signaling and catching protocol

Birds signaling
You can judge the broiler birds by following ways

• Bird Behavior
Respond to your entry

Respond to ay change within less time

• Bird Posture & Position

Sitting Posture

Relaxing Posture

Duck Posture

• Nasal and ocular Discharge

Respiratory Issues

Managemental Flaws

i.Temperature & Humidity

ii.Ammonia Level

iii.Air Speed

iv.Dry Air

• Oral Discharge
In case of ND
In case of feed toxicity
• Eyes Brightness & Abnormalities
Shape
It should be round

Almond in case of A.I

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Dr. Sabir Sultan IPT

More linear in case of IB

Swelling around eyes in case of mycoplasma

Color
Water Content of Eye

• Feather Patterns Comb and Wattle Condition

Feather Pattern( erect)

Growth (less or more)

Roughed Feather (disease or managemental falws)

• Shank Condition

It should oily and smooth

• Foot Pad Condition

• Physical Anomalies
• Diagnosis from Poops
• Skin Condition

Hydration Status

• Measurement of Breast and Keel bone Condition

It shows the body mass of bird

CATCHING PROTOCOL
Catching request format:
1. Farm Name:
2. House No:
3. Avg. Weight:
4. Age:
5. Health Status:
6. Reason:
7. Catching Night:
8. Info Contact: (farm mobile number for guidance to drivers and team)

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Catching team members:

• Loading incharge
• Loading information staff
• Sale voucher staff
• Sales book staff
• Cashier
• Vehicle inspection staff
• Gate in out staff
• Guard
• Catching labor

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