Scicent QRN U4 Final Bilingual

Cells, Human Reproduction
4 and Heredity
細胞、人類生殖與遺傳
4.1 Cells 細胞
1. Cells are the basic unit of living things.

細胞是生物的基本單位。
2. Animals cells contain a cell membrane, a nucleus and cytoplasm.

動物細胞有一層細胞膜、一個細胞核和細胞質。
cell membrane
細胞膜
nucleus
細胞核 cytoplasm
細胞質
3. Plants cells contain a cell membrane, a nucleus, cytoplasm, a rigid cell wall and
a large vacuole. Some cells in green plants also contain chloroplasts.
植物細胞有一層細胞膜、一個細胞核、細胞質、一層細胞壁和一個大的液泡。
綠色植物的一些細胞更含有葉綠體。
cell wall
cell membrane 細胞壁
細胞膜
chloroplast vacuole
葉綠體液泡
nucleus
cytoplasm
細胞核
細胞質
Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2018 © 雅集出版社有限公司 2018
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Quick Revision Notes 快速温習錦囊
Unit 4 單元 4
4. The table below lists the functions of the basic structures of cells.
下表列出了細胞各項基本構造的功能。
Structure 構造 Function 功能
Controls the movement of substances into and out

Cell membrane
of the cell
細胞膜
控制物質進出細胞
Contains genetic materials which control the

Nucleus
activities of the cell
細胞核
含有遺傳物質，控制細胞的各項活動
Cytoplasm The medium where chemical reactions take place

細胞質是大部分化學反應進行的地方
Cell wall Protects, supports and gives shape to a plant cell

細胞壁保護及支撐細胞，並維持細胞的形狀
Contains mainly water and stores dissolved

Vacuole
minerals
液泡
主要含有水，也儲存已溶解的礦物質
Site where photosynthesis takes place in order to

Chloroplast
make food
葉綠體
進行光合作用以製造食物的地方

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Unit 4 單元 4
5. We use a microscope to observe cells.

我們可以使用顯微鏡來觀察細胞。
eyepiece 接目鏡
coarse adjustment knob 粗調節器
the lens closest to our eye when we look
used for making large adjustments in
through the microscope; magnifies the
focusing
image of the object
對焦時作較大幅度的調節
進行觀察時最貼近眼睛的透鏡，能把物
體影像放大
fine adjustment knob
微調節器
objective 接物鏡
used for making small
the lens nearest to the object; magnifies
adjustments in focusing
the image of the object
對焦時作較小幅度的調節
進行觀察時最貼近物體的透鏡，能把物
體影像放大
arm 鏡臂
clip 夾
the part we use to carry
holds the object (slide) on the stage the microscope from
把要觀察的物體（玻片）固定在 one place to another
載物台上移動顯微鏡時要緊握
的部分
diaphragm 光欄
adjusts the amount of light
entering the microscope stage 載物台
調節進入顯微鏡的光量 the place where the
object is held for viewing
放置要觀察的物體
mirror 反光鏡
reflects light onto the object
base 鏡座
把光線反射到載物台上的物體
the bottom stand of the microscope
顯微鏡的基座
6. A microscope has different eyepieces and objectives. Each of them has a

magnification marked on its body.
顯微鏡有不同的接目鏡和接物鏡，鏡身上刻有不同的數字，代表透鏡的放大
率。

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Unit 4 單元 4
7. The magnification of a microscope can be calculated as follows:

顯微鏡的放大率可用以下公式來計算：
Magnification of Magnification of Magnification of

a microscope the eyepiece the objective
= ´
顯微鏡的接目鏡的接物鏡的
放大率放大率放大率
Eyepiece Objective Total magnification

接目鏡接物鏡放大率
5X 4X ´ 20
10X 10X ´ 100
15X 40X ´ 600
8. Below are the key steps in using a microscope:

以下是使用顯微鏡的主要步驟：
(a) Place the microscope near a light source.
把顯微鏡放近光源。
(b) Use a low-power eyepiece and a low-power objective.
選用低倍接目鏡和低倍接物鏡。
(c) Adjust the mirror to obtain the most suitable brightness.
調節反光鏡，以得到充足均勻的光線。
(d) Place the slide on the stage and hold it in place using the clips.
把玻片放在載物台上，用夾固定位置。
(e) Turn the coarse adjustment knob until the objective is just above the slide.
轉動粗調節器，使接物鏡盡量貼近玻片。
(f) Turn the coarse adjustment knob in the opposite direction until you see a
clear image.
循相反方向慢慢轉動粗調節器，直至清楚看到影像。
(g) Turn the fine adjustment knob to obtain the sharpest image.
轉動微調節器，直至影像變得最清晰為止。

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Unit 4 單元 4
9. The image observed under the microscope is magnified and inverted.

在顯微鏡下觀察到的影像是放大和倒置的。
10. When we make biological drawings of the cells, we should remember the
following tips:
我們繪畫生物繪圖時，需要注意以下的技巧：
þ Different parts of the drawing should be in correct proportion.

圖中各部分必須按比例繪畫。
þ Use a sharp HB pencil to draw and erase with a rubber. Never draw in pen.
用削尖的 HB 鉛筆來繪圖，不要使用原子筆；需要修改時可用橡皮擦擦
掉。
þ Leave enough space to label all features. Draw label lines with a ruler. Make
sure the lines do not cross each other.
預留足夠空間標註圖片；用尺繪畫標註線，並確保標註線互不相交。
þ Use single solid lines. The lines

cell membrane
should be smooth and clear.
細胞膜
繪圖的線條要清晰流暢。
nucleus
þ DO NOT shade the diagram. Use dots
細胞核
that are close together to represent an
cytoplasm area darker in colour.
細胞質不要在圖中加上陰影，有需要時可用
一些黑點來表達顏色較深的部分。
An ox eye cell (´ 100) þ Give a title to the drawing and write
牛眼細胞 (´ 100) the magnification (e.g. ´ 100).
加上合適的標題，並寫出顯微鏡
的放大率（例如× 100）。
11. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material inside the
nucleus.
DNA 是指脫氧核糖核酸。它是細胞核內的遺傳物質。

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Unit 4 單元 4
12. Chromosomes are thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell. They are
made up of DNA coiling around some proteins.
細胞核內呈線狀的染色體是由 DNA 捲曲盤繞着蛋白質而組成的。
13. Cells can undergo cell division to form new cells.

細胞會進行細胞分裂來生成更多新細胞。
cell membrane 細胞膜

1 Before cell division, the genetic
nucleus 細胞核 materials in the nucleus make an
cytoplasm 細胞質 identical copy of themselves.
細胞開始分裂前，細胞核內的
遺傳物質首先自行複製。
2 The nucleus divides into two.

細胞核一分為二。
3 The cytoplasm divides into two.

細胞質也開始分裂。
4 Two daughter cells are formed,

each containing a nucleus.
形成兩個子細胞，每個細胞都
有一個細胞核。
5 The daughter cells absorb nutrients

and grow bigger.
子細胞吸取養分，體積逐漸增大。
14. Living things grow by increasing the number and size of cells.
生物生長時，細胞的數目會增加，細胞的體積亦會增大。

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Unit 4 單元 4
4.2 How are cells organized in living things?

生物體內的細胞是怎樣組織的？
15. Stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Each type is specialized
to perform a particular function. The process of cells becoming specialized is
called cell differentiation.
幹細胞可以分化成不同種類的細胞，它們各有特定的功能。這個分化過程稱
為細胞分化。
stem cells
幹細胞
cell differentiation
細胞分化
nerve cells
神經細胞
muscle cells red blood cells

肌肉細胞紅血細胞

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Unit 4 單元 4
E 16. The levels of organization of multicellular organisms include:

多細胞生物體內的組織層次包括：
Cell 細胞 A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together.

多個相同種類的細胞組合起來便形成組織。
Examples: 例子：
Tissue 組織 • muscle tissue (in humans) 肌肉組織 (於人體內)
• vascular tissue (in plants) 維管組織 (於植物內)
An organ is a group of tissues that work together.

各種組織組合起來便形成器官。
Examples: 例子：
Organ 器官 • heart (contains heart muscle tissue, blood tissue and nerve tissue)
心臟 (由心臟肌肉、血和神經等組織組合而成)
• stem in plant (contains vascular tissue and epidermal tissue)
植物的莖 (由維管組織和表皮組織組合而成)
A system is a group of organs that work together.

System 系統相關的器官會互相合作和協調，這些器官組合起來便形成系統。
Examples: 例子：
• digestive system (includes stomach, intestines and liver)
消化系統 (包括胃、腸和肝臟)
• circulatory system
Organism 生物
循環系統
E 17. An example of levels of organization in humans is shown below.

以下是人體組織層次的一個例子：
Cell 細胞 Tissue 組織 Organ 器官 System 系統 Organism 生物
heart muscle cell heart muscle tissue heart circulatory system the human body
心臟肌肉細胞心臟肌肉組織心臟循環系統人體

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Unit 4 單元 4
4.3 Human reproduction 人類生殖
18. Human reproduction involves the fusion of a sperm (a male sex cell) and an
ovum (a female sex cell). A sperm and an ovum each carries 23 chromosomes.
人類的生殖過程中，精子 (男性的性細胞) 會與卵 (女性的性細胞) 融合。
人類的精子和卵分別有 23 條染色體。
19. The table below lists the differences between a sperm and an ovum.
下表列出精子和卵的相異之處。
Sperm 精子 Ovum 卵
head cell membrane

頭部 cytoplasm 細胞膜
細胞質
nucleus jelly coat
nucleus tail
細胞核啫喱狀保護層
細胞核尾巴
Smaller in size 體積較小 Larger in size 體積較大

Can move by its tail 能游動 Cannot move by itself 不能自行移動
Without a food store 沒有養分儲藏 With a food store 有養分儲藏
20. The table below summarizes the number of chromosomes in human body cells
and sex cells.
下表總結了人類身體細胞及性細胞內染色體的重點。
Male 男性 Female 女性
Body cell Sex cell 性細胞 Body cell Sex cell 性細胞
身體細胞 (sperm) (精子) 身體細胞 (ovum) (卵)
No. of chromosomes 46 46
(in 23 pairs) 23 (in 23 pair) 23
染色體數目 (條) (23 對) (23 對)
No. of autosomes
44 22 44 22
常染色體數目 (條)
half in number: X
Sex chromosomes 半數是 X
XY XX X
性染色體 half in number: Y
半數是 Y
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Unit 4 單元 4
21. Sperms and ova are produced in the male and female reproductive systems
respectively.
精子和卵分別由男性和女性的生殖系統製造。
22. The following figure shows the front view of the male reproductive system.
以下是男性生殖系統的正面圖。
sex glands 性腺體 urethra 尿道

produce a fluid which contains carries semen and urine out of the
nutrients for the sperms body
分泌含精子所需養分的液體精液和尿液都經此管道排出體外
sperm duct 輸精管 penis 陰莖

carries sperms from the testes ejects semen to the female
to the urethra reproductive system during
把精子由睾丸輸送到尿道 sexual intercourse
性交時把精液射入女性的生
殖系統內
testis 睾丸
produces sperms and sex hormones
scrotum 陰囊
製造精子及性激素
a bag of skin which holds the testes
由皮膚構成的袋狀物，以承托睾丸
23. The following figure shows the front view of the female reproductive system.
以下是女性生殖系統的正面圖。
oviduct 輸卵管 uterus 子宮

carries the ovum from the place where a foetus grows and
the ovary to the uterus develops before its birth
把卵從卵巢送到子宮胎兒在此生長和發育，直至誕生
ovary 卵巢 vagina 陰道
produces ova and sex receives the penis during sexual
hormones intercourse; a baby passes through
製造卵及性激素 here at birth
性交時讓陰莖進入；亦是嬰兒出
生的通道

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Unit 4 單元 4
24. The following figure summarizes the process of human reproduction.

以下總結了人類生殖的過程。
Father Mother
父親母親
1 1
Testes produce sperms Ovaries produce ova
(23 chromosomes). (23 chromosomes).
睾丸製造精子卵巢製造卵
(23 條染色體）。（23 條染色體）。
2 2
During sexual intercourse, During ovulation, an ovum is
semen containing sperms released into the oviduct.
is ejected into the vagina. 排卵時，一個卵被釋出到輸卵管。
Sperms swim up to the 3
oviducts. Fertilization 受精
性交時，精液射出並進入 One of the sperms fuses with the ovum
陰道，當中的精子游向輸 to form a zygote (46 chromosomes).
卵管。其中一個精子與卵融合，形成合子
（46條染色體）。
4
Implantation 植入
The zygote undergoes cell division to form an
embryo which implants to the uterine lining.
合子進行細胞分裂，形成胚胎，胚胎植入子
宮內膜。
5
After implantation, the embryo begins
to develop in the uterus.
植入後，胚胎開始發育。
6
About 8 weeks after fertilization, the
embryo develops into a foetus.
受精後約8周，胚胎發育成胎兒。
7
About 38 weeks after fertilization, the
foetus is ready to be born.
受精後約38周，胎兒準備出生。

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Unit 4 單元 4
25. At puberty, secondary sexual characteristics appear.

青少年踏入青春期會出現第二性徵。
Males 男性
• Beards grow
長出鬍鬚
• Larynx becomes larger and voice becomes deeper
喉頭變大，聲音變得低沉
• Shoulders become wider and the body becomes more muscular
肩膊變寬，肌肉變得更發達
• Hair grows in pubic area and armpits
長出陰毛和腋毛
Females 女性
• Breasts develop
乳房變大
• Hair grows in pubic area and armpits
長出陰毛和腋毛
• Hips become wider
臀部變寬
26. At puberty, boys may experience wet dream and girls start to have
menstruation. Both of these are signs of sexual maturity.
踏入青春期，男孩子可能會出現夢遺，而女孩子則開始有月經。這些都是性
成熟的徵兆。
4.4 Being parents 為人父母
27. The pregnancy period lasts about 38 weeks. The signs of pregnancy include:
懷孕期一般長約 38 周。女性在懷孕期間，身體會出現一些懷孕徵兆，包括：
• absence of menstruation 月經停止 • swollen breasts 乳房脹大

• nausea 噁心 • frequent urination 尿頻
• feeling tired easily 容易疲倦 • constipation 便秘
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Unit 4 單元 4
E 28. Married couples can practise birth control to reach their goals of family planning.
The table below shows different birth control methods and the basic principles.
要實踐家庭計劃，夫婦可採用不同控制生育的方法來預防懷孕。下表展示不
同的控制生育方法及基本原理。
Birth control method Basic principle

控制生育的方法基本原理
• Condom* 避孕套*
Preventing sperms from reaching
• Diaphragm 子宮帽
the ovum
• Rhythm method 周期避孕法防止精子遇上卵
• Sterilization 絕育
Birth control pills 避孕丸 Preventing ovulation 防止排卵
* can help prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

* 有助防止性病傳播
4.5 Heredity and variation 遺傳與變異
29. Heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to the next, as a result of
the transmission of genetic information.
透過遺傳信息的傳遞，性狀由一代傳到下一代，這現象稱為遺傳。
30. By analysing a ‘genetic traits tree’, we can study the passing of traits through
each generation in a family.
藉着分析「遺傳性狀樹」，我們可以研究某一性狀在家族中的遺傳情況。
31. Variations are the differences in features among individuals of a species. There
are two types of variations, continuous variation and discontinuous variation.
同種生物個體之間的差異稱為變異。變異可分為兩類，分別是連續變異和不
連續變異。

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Unit 4 單元 4
32. The table below shows the differences between continuous variation and
discontinuous variation.
下表顯示連續變異和不連續變異的分別。
Continuous variation Discontinuous variation
連續變異不連續變異
A continuous range
Definition Clear-cut differences
of differences
定義能明確地劃分
呈連續變化
• With or without ear lobes

• Height 身高有或沒有耳垂
Example • Body mass 體重 • Curved or straight thumbs
例子 • Hand span 指距彎或直拇指
• IQ • Blood group 血型
• Gender 性別
Method for presenting

the data of the
Draw a histogram Draw a bar chart
variation
繪畫直方圖繪畫棒形圖
表達變異的統計數據
的方法
A histogram 直方圖 A bar chart 棒形圖
Number of students with different blood groups in a class

班中不同血型的學生人數
Distribution of heights of a group of students
一組學生身高的分布
20
Number of students
20
Number of students
學學 15
生 15 生
人人
數 10 數 10
5 5
0
139.5 142.5 145.5 148.5 151.5 154.5 157.5 160.5 163.5 166.5 169.5 0
A B AB O
Height (cm) Blood group
身高 (cm) 血型
33. Variations are determined by heredity and the environment.

變異是由遺傳和環境決定的。

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Unit 4 單元 4
34. There are two types of twins, identical twins and non-identical twins. The table
below shows the differences between identical twins and non-identical twins.
雙生可分為兩類，分別是單卵雙生和非單卵雙生。下表顯示單卵雙生和非單
卵雙生的差異。
Identical twins 單卵雙生 Non-identical twins 非單卵雙生
Result from a single zygote Result from two different zygotes
由同一個合子發育而成由兩個不同的合子發育而成
Have the same genetic materials Have different genetic materials
兩人的遺傳物質相同兩人的遺傳物質不同
Of the same gender and look like each May not be of the same gender and
other may look different from each other
性別相同，外貌也非常相似性別可能不同，外貌也有明顯分別
35. Variations between identical twins are due to the differences in their living habits
and the environment.
單卵雙生之間出現變異，是由於兩人有不同的生活環境和習慣所致。
E 36. DNA consists of two strands twisted around one another to form a double helix.
On the strands, there are four different kinds of bases: A, T, C and G for short. A
always pairs with T. C always pairs with G.
DNA 的兩條長鏈互相盤繞，形成雙螺旋結構。兩條長鏈上都有 A、T、C 和
G 四種不同的鹼基。A 只會與 T 配對，而 C 則只會與 G 配對。
chromosome
cell 染色體
細胞
A with T
A 與 T 配對
nucleus C with G
細胞核 C 與 G 配對
strands of DNA twisted around

one another to form a double helix
DNA
DNA的兩條長鏈互相盤繞，形成
雙螺旋結構
E 37. Instructions encoded on DNA depend on the sequence of bases on the DNA.
DNA 載有的指令，是由 DNA 的鹼基序列決定。
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Cells, Human Reproduction

1. Cells are the basic unit of living things.

2. Animals cells contain a cell membrane, a nucleus and cytoplasm.

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

Controls the movement of substances into and out

Contains genetic materials which control the

Cytoplasm The medium where chemical reactions take place

Cell wall Protects, supports and gives shape to a plant cell

Contains mainly water and stores dissolved

Site where photosynthesis takes place in order to

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

5. We use a microscope to observe cells.

6. A microscope has different eyepieces and objectives. Each of them has a

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

7. The magnification of a microscope can be calculated as follows:

Magnification of Magnification of Magnification of

Eyepiece Objective Total magnification

8. Below are the key steps in using a microscope:

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

9. The image observed under the microscope is magnified and inverted.

þ Different parts of the drawing should be in correct proportion.

þ Use single solid lines. The lines

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

13. Cells can undergo cell division to form new cells.

cell membrane 細胞膜

2 The nucleus divides into two.

3 The cytoplasm divides into two.

4 Two daughter cells are formed,

5 The daughter cells absorb nutrients

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

4.2 How are cells organized in living things?

muscle cells red blood cells

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

E 16. The levels of organization of multicellular organisms include:

Cell 細胞 A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together.

An organ is a group of tissues that work together.

A system is a group of organs that work together.

E 17. An example of levels of organization in humans is shown below.

Cell 細胞 Tissue 組織 Organ 器官 System 系統 Organism 生物

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

4.3 Human reproduction 人類生殖

head cell membrane

Smaller in size 體積較小 Larger in size 體積較大

sex glands 性腺體 urethra 尿道

sperm duct 輸精管 penis 陰莖

oviduct 輸卵管 uterus 子宮

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

24. The following figure summarizes the process of human reproduction.

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

25. At puberty, secondary sexual characteristics appear.

4.4 Being parents 為人父母

• absence of menstruation 月經停止 • swollen breasts 乳房脹大

Birth control method Basic principle

Birth control pills 避孕丸 Preventing ovulation 防止排卵

* can help prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

4.5 Heredity and variation 遺傳與變異

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀

• With or without ear lobes

Method for presenting

A histogram 直方圖 A bar chart 棒形圖

Number of students with different blood groups in a class

33. Variations are determined by heredity and the environment.

Aristo Science for the New Century 雅集科學新世紀