- Most sophisticated level; agricultural
machinery.
Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization
- Embracing the manufacture, distribution,
utilization and provision of after-sales service
of tools, implements and machines for land
development, agricultural production and
primary-post-production processes. It
includes the use of three main sources of
power: HUMAN, ANIMAL,
MECHANICAL, FAO (1979).
- Use of hand and animal-operated tools and
implements as well as motorized equipment
to reduce human effort, improve quality,
perform operations that cannot be done by
other means, and improve the timeliness of
various operations, thereby increasing yield,
quality of product and overall efficiency,
(stout and downing 1974).
THRESHING EQUIPMENT
- Methods of threshing
1. Rubbing Action
-grains are detached from their panicles
because of a rubbing action as in treading by
man, animal and vehicle.
-output of man treading is 14 kg/hr
LEVELS OF MECHANIZATION
1. Hand tool technology
- Simplest and most basic level; use of tools
and simple implements powered by human
muscle. Even where sophisticated levels of
mechanization are commonly used, hand tool
technology retains importance in agricultural
operations.
2. Draft Animal Technology
- Implements and machines utilizing animal
muscle as the power source.
3. Mechanical Power Technology
MODELS OF MECHANIZATION
1. High land area to farmer ratio (ex. USA)
- Motivated into increasing the level of Mech. In
order to cultivate large agricultural lands with
limited available manpower and take advantage
of favorable agricultureal commodity prices.
Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia follow USA
model.
2. Low land area to farmer ratio (ex. Japan)
- Motivated into increasing the level of Mech.
In order to increase yields and cropping
intensities to meet the growing demands for
food and agricultural raw materials. SK,
China, Taiwan, Shi lanka and the Philippines
follow Japan model.
POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM
MECHANIZATION
1. Increased cropping intensity and production
2. Increased productivity of labor
3. Full utilization of farm products and by
products
4. Reduction of losses
5. Increased value added of farm products
6. Employment and livelihood generation
7. Import substitution
8. Export possibilities
STATUS OF Ag. Mech. IN THE PH.
1. The level of mechanization in the PH remains
low compared to other Asian countries
2. From 1968 to 1990, Japan’s Mech level had
increased from 3 to 7 hp/ha, Korea from
0.435 to 4.11 hp/ha while the PH had
increased only from 0.198 to 0.52 hp/ha.
3. It was also estimated that in 1968, the total
available power per unit area for PH,
contributors from human, animal and
mechanical power were 36%, 52% and 12%
respectively. In 1990, human power accounts
for 50% of the total available power per unit
area, while animal power decreased to 14%
and mechanical power increased to 35%
 (Ozaki and McColly, 1968 and Rahman 1994 knapsack (imported
as cited in Gavino et al 2005.) sprayer from China,
manual Taiwan etc.)
STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL rotary Adopted in
MECHANIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES weeder Laguna,
- Table 1. Level of Mechanization in rice and Cotabato and
corn farms Nueva
Vizcaya.
Sources of Power Hp/ha Harvesting None- still IRRI reaper
1.Human Labor 0.24 done mostly introduced
2.Draft animal 0.08 by sickle but not
3.Four-wheel tractor 0.56 popular;
4.Engines PhilRICE
a. power tiller 0.56 reaper
b. thresher 0.34 released for
c. irrigation pump 0.07 commercial
d. harvesting, drying, 0.15 manufacture.
shelling equipment’s Improved
Total 1.68 reaper-
Table 2. Present areas of rice mechanization by windrower
operation in the Philippines, 1999. highly
adopted in
Operation Equipment’s Level of R/D Bataan and
locally and nearby
adopted equipment provinces.
adoption Table 3. Percentage of rice and corn farms using
Land Power tiller + Highly 3 sources of power.
preparation attachments adopted in
four-wheel favorable Operation Manua Man- Mechanic
tractor + areas; for l Anima al
rotavator custom hiring l
in irrigated Land Preparation 3.15 64.71 23.17
areas for Planting 98.67 1.15 0.16
custom Weeding 85.20 14.80 0
service near Fertilizer 98.69 1.31 0
sugar estates Application
popular in Spraying 100 0 0
Luzon for Harvesting 98.79 0 1.21
custom land Threshing/shelli 31.01 0 68.99
preparation ng
Transplanting Done IRRI manual Drying 100 0 0
manually transplanter Milling 0 0 100
introduced Average 56.53 19.25 21.70
but was not Source: Canapi and follosco 2002 as cited in Gavino
widely
et al. 2015.
accepted
Direct Mostly by Slow but 1. Lowly mechanized: Manual power exceeds
Seeding hand continuing 33%
broadcast adoption of 2. Fairly Mechanized: Animal power utilization
drum seeder ranged from 34-100%
Crop Lever- Highly
Protection operated adopted
 3. Highly Mechanized: mechanical power
utilization ranged from 67-100%
GOVERNMENT SECTOR
1. Department of Agriculture (DA):
a. Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization
Committee (AFMeC) – inter-agency committee
which serves as advisory to the secretary on
mechanization concerns.
b. Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension
(BPRE)- in charge of postharvest mechanization and
corn mech.
c. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)- in
charge of rice mech.
d. Bureau of Soils and Water management (BSWM)
– in-charge of developing small-scale irrigation
projects.
e. National Irrigation administration (NIA) – in
charge of developing small-scale irrigation projects.
f. Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) – in charge of
vegetable mechanization.
g. National Food Authority (NFA) – in charge of
grain storage and marketing.
h. Bureau of Agriculture Research (BAR) – base of
the agricultural Eng’g RDE network.
i. Philippine Center for Postharvest Development
and Mechanization (PhilMech) – generate, extend
and commercialize appropriate and problem-
oriented agriculture and fishery postharvest and
mechanization technologies.
j. Regional Agricultural Engineering Group (RAEG)
– in charge of agricultural mechanization concerns in
the different regions.
2. University of the Philippines Los Banos
(UPLB).
a. Agricultural Mechanization Development
Program (AMDP) – Research and extension on
agricultural mech; Philippine counterpart of the
regional network for agricultural machinery
(RNAM).
b. Agricultural Machinery testing and Evaluation
Center (AMTEC) – Testing and evaluation of
agricultural machinery; development of agricultural
machinery standards.
3. Central Luzon State University (CLSU):
a. Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural
technology (PhilSCAT) – adaption and promotion of
Chinese agricultural machinery for local conditions.
4. Department of Science and Technology
(DOST):
a. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and
Natural Resources Research and Development (
PCARRD) – base of the agricultural engineering R/D
team which provides policy direction for ag. Mech.
5. Professional regulation Commission (PRC) – base
of the board of ag. Eng’g (BOAE) which regulates
and promotes the ag. Eng. Professions.
PRIVATE SECTORS
1. Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers
(PSAE) -national and regional proff. Org. og
ag. Eng’g with similar fn as BOAE.
2. Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers,
Dealers and Distributors Association
(AMMDA) – heart of the agricultural
machinery manufacturing, marketing and
after-sales service.
REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 8435
- Or the Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997 (dec,
22, 1997). It is a policy instrument defining
measures to modernize Philippine ag. For
country to compete in a global market.
- In general, AFMA aims to transform the agri.
and fisheries sectors to technology based,
advanced and competitive industry; ensure
that small farmer and fisherfolk have equal
access to assets, resources and services;
guarantee food security; encourage farmer
and fisherfolk groups to bond together for
more bargaining power; strengthen people’s
org, cooperatives and non-gov. org. by
enhancing their participation in decision-
making; pursue an aggressive market driven
 approach to make the products more
competitive in the market; stimulate further
processing of agricultural products and make
it more marketable; and implements policies
that will invite more investors to establish
business in the country.
RA 10601
-farm mech can enhance the efficiency of both land
and labor, inputs that are vital in sustaining food
production and increasing farm income. However,
despite innovation in mech in the PH, it lagged
behind other country in terms of mech power at 1.68
hp/ha (Amongo, 2011)
In Ph, DA was mandated by AFMA of 1997 to give
priority to the dev. And promotion of appropriate
agricultural machinery and other ag. Mech. tech. to
enchance agri. Mech in the country. To fully realize
this, thisRA 10601 is signed by former pres. Benigno
Simeon Aquino iii on June 5, 2013.