Name: Mendoza, Alliah Cyrelle S.

Course & Year: BSA-2A

LIPID ACTIVITY

1. The key enzyme in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis?

Fatty acids are normally synthesized from acetyl-CoA, a process that requires
ATP, biotin, Mg++, and Mn++. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty
acid biosynthesis, is inhibited by glucagon and epinephrine, and stimulated by insulin.

2. Arachidonate has 20 carbon atoms with ______ double bonds.

Arachidonic acid is a carboxylic acid which has 20 carbon and four double
bonds in the cis configuration. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is mainly
present in the membrane phospholipids and in platelets. It is also found in liver,
erythrocytes, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle. Meat, egg, and fish are rich sources of
arachidonic acid.

3. In the intestine, the dietary fats are hydrolysed by what enzyme?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and fat-soluble vitamins are example of
dietary fats of which triglycerides contributes more than 90% of total fat. Fat digestion
begins in mouth, continue in stomach and end in small Intestine and enzyme involved in
this process are called Lipase(s). In Small intestine, Pancreatic lipase is released and it
contains bile salts which hydrolyses the remaining triglycerides hence pancreatic lipase
hydrolyzed dietary fats in the intestine

4. HDLs are synthesized in what organ?

HDL particle is synthesized mainly by the liver, and also by the intestines.

5. Animals cannot convert fatty acids into glucose because

a. acetyl CoA can not be converted to pyruvate
b. absence of malate synthase
c. absence of dehydrogenase
d. absence of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

6. Micelles of fatty acids in water are organized such that the __________ faces the
solvent and the __________ are directed toward the interior.
Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tail

7. Chylomicrons are synthesized in what organ?

Chylomicrons are synthesized in the small intestine
8. What is chylomicrons?
Chylomicrons are large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced in enterocytes from
dietary lipids—namely, fatty acids, and cholesterol. Chylomicrons are composed of a main
central lipid core that consists primarily of triglycerides, however like other lipoproteins, they
carry esterified cholesterol and phospholipids.

9. Cholesterolemia means?
Cholesterolemia is a term that just describes the presence of cholesterol in your
blood. It breaks down like this; “cholesterol,” referring to cholesterol, and “lemia,” referring to
blood, getting you cholesterolemia. Cholesterolemia refers to the levels of cholesterol in our
blood, which is a normal part of our bodily functions

10. How many types of lipoproteins are there?

There are five main types of lipoproteins:

• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the “good cholesterol.” It carries cholesterol back to

your liver to be flushed out of your body. High levels of HDL reduce your risk of
cardiovascular (heart) disease.

• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the “bad cholesterol.” It increases your risk of

coronary artery disease, heart attacks and stroke. LDL carries cholesterol that
accumulates as plaque inside blood vessels. Plaque buildup can make blood vessels too
narrow for blood to flow freely. This condition is atherosclerosis.

• Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are another type of “bad cholesterol.” VLDLs
carry triglycerides — and to a lesser degree, cholesterol — to your tissues.

• Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) are created when VLDLs give up their fatty
acids. They’re then either removed by your liver or converted into LDL.

• Chylomicrons are very large particles that also transport triglycerides.

11. Atherosclerosis can cause blood?

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the
artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking
blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot.

12. How many classes of steroid hormones are there?

There are five major classes of steroid hormones:
 testosterone (androgen)
 estradiol (estrogen)
 progesterone (progestin)
 cortisol/corticosterone (glucocorticoid)
  aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

13. Synthesis of fatty acid takes place when?

Fatty acids are synthesized in the saturated form and desaturation occurs later.

14. Considered as the milk ejection hormone?

The release of the hormone oxytocin from maternal pituitary which leads to the milk
ejection. Oxytocin stimulates the muscle contraction surrounding the breast to squeeze out
the milk.

15. Cholestrol is the precursor of?

Cholesterol is the principal precursor for steroid biosynthesis in steroidogenic
tissue.