General biology

presentation

First semester 2022\2023

General biology
 -Cholesterol is a substance like waxy fat that’s found in all the cells in your body.
Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones.

-The structural formula of cholesterol: C27H46O.

introduction -Cholesterol is a class of certain organic molecules called lipids. It is a sterol (or
modified steroid), a type of lipid Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells
about cholesterol: and is an important structural component of animal cell membranes.

-Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones,

bile acid and vitamin D. Cholesterol is the principal sterol.

-Cholesterol is found in the brain, nerves, liver, and bile, and cholesterol is used
in the body to build cell membranes, that we will mention this part at most in our
project.
 Francois Poulletier de La Salle, a French specialist,
isolated gallstones from heavy cholesterol in 1758.
Michel Eugene Chevreul, a French scientist,
contained and filtered sterol from gallstones in
1815. Additionally, he called it "cholesterol.

 "Wieland and Adolf Windaus received the Nobel Francois Poulletier de La Salle
Prize in 1927 for their work on the structure of bile
acids and cholesterol. Adolf Windaus described the
composition of cholesterol in 1932.

 Japanese physicians issued a warning that low

cholesterol and stroke may be related.
 In Japan, stroke is the leading cause of death .
They had lower cholesterol,When Japanese people
increased their intake of fat, the frequency of fatal History of
strokes decreased.
cholesterol:
2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) of bad cholesterol is considered to be a
desirable and ideal amount.
If the ratio is between 2.6-3.3 mmol/L (100-129 mg/dL), a near-ideal
level or slightly higher.
If the ratio is between 3.4 and 4.1 mmol/L (130 to 159 mg/dL), it is
over the usual level.
If the ratio is 4.14 to 4.9 mmol/L (160 to 189 mg/dL), then there is a
high level of bad cholesterol.
If the ratio is 4.92 mmol/L (190 mg/dL) or greater, there is a case of a
considerable rise in cholesterol levels.
 Structure formula of
cholesterol
Polar head group

Rigid steroid
ring structure

Nonpolar
hydrocarbon
tail
 Cholesterol function in membrane:

 Cholesterol has a high concentration in membranes, with around 25-30% of lipids in

the cell membrane being cholesterol.

 Although cholesterol contributes to membrane fluidity, its main function is to

decrease cell membrane permeability. By packing phospholipids more densely,
cholesterol aids in limiting the flow of molecules.

 Since cholesterol may squeak into phospholipid spaces, it inhibits water-soluble

compounds from diffusing across the membrane. While the vast hydrophobic domain
of cholesterol fits between the C-tails of lipids, the hydrophilic hydroxyl group of
cholesterol interacts with the aqueous environment.
 Three types of bad
cholesterol :

Low density High density Very low density

lipoprotein (LDL- lipoprotein (HDL- lipoprotein (VLDL-
CHOLESTEROL) CHOLESTEROL) CHOLESTEROL)

Effects of low cholesterol: Effects of high cholesterol:

1. Liver disease 1. Heart attack

2. Hyperthyroidism 2. Stroke
3. Deficiency of vitamin D 3. Chest pain
4. Malabsorption 4. Reduces blood flow to the legs and feet
 There is no doubt that high or low cholesterol is mostly a genetic
disease.
However, when we know that our family has this disease, we must
pay more attention to the type of our food.
Also, most cholesterol diseases are high cholesterol, not low That is
why we must know the symptoms and effects of this disease and the
way to maintain the appropriate level
People who want to maintain their proper cholesterol level can do
the following:
• Eat a heart-healthy diet.
• Exercising regularly.
• Avoid smoking.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Eat low-fat foods and focus on fruits and vegetables.
• Eat olive oil instead of oils and margarine.
Safety • Eat fish twice a week.
• Avoid foods rich in saturated fats.
instructions:
Thus, we have clarified the most important points related to our
topic, which is cholesterol.
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513326/

 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/cholesterol

 How Does Cholesterol Affects Cell Membrane?

(consumerscompanion.com)

 Cholesterol | MedlinePlus

 History in medicine: the story of cholesterol, lipids and cardiology

(escardio.org)

 A hundred year history of cholesterol (nutri-facts.org)

 History of Lipids Discovery; Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis & Lipid Test

(healthy-ojas.com)
 Done by:

Supervised by :  Mira Albuzz

 Nadeem Salman
D. Samer Abdallah  Suzan Tubaileh
 Noor Saad
 Abdelrahman baker
 Doaa Alabwah