Name: _____Prestoza, Mhica B.

_______ Course & Year: __BSN 1-2____

1. Identify three major types of lipids, and describe differences in their structures.
 The three main types of lipids are triacylglycerol also called triglycerides, phospholipids, and
sterols. Triglyceride is made up of glycerol and three fatty acids. Glycerol is the three-carbon
backbone of triglycerides, while fatty acids are longer chains of carbon molecules attached to
the glycerol backbone. Phospholipids have a structure that is similar to triglycerides.
Phospholipids, like triglycerides, have a glycerol backbone. Unlike triglycerides, though,
phospholipids only have two fatty acid molecules connected to the glycerol backbone, with the
third carbon bonded to a phosphate group, a chemical group containing the mineral
phosphorus. Triglycerides and phospholipids have a different structure from sterols. Sterols are
multi-ring structures which look similar chicken wire and do not contain any fatty acids. They are
complex molecules that contain interlinking rings of carbon atoms, with side chains of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen attached

2. Why are lipids poorly soluble in water whereas most-low-molecular-weight carbohydrates are
Water soluble?
 Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are nonpolar in nature. This is due to the fact that
they are hydrocarbons having nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds. Non-polar
molecules are hydrophobic, meaning they are water insoluble. In a cell, lipids serve a variety of
roles. Fats are used by cells to store energy for long-term consumption. Plants and animals
benefit from lipids because they provide insulation from the environment.

3. Explain at least three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals.
 Growth, a strong immune system, and reproduction all require lipids. Lipids enable the body to
store fat-soluble vitamins including A, D, E, and K in the liver. Cholesterol is a building block for
hormones including estrogen and testosterone. Bile acids, which breakdown fat, are also
produced. Around 80% of cholesterol is produced in the liver and intestines, with the rest
coming from diet.
 Lipids provide the energy that plants require for metabolic processes and cell-to-cell
communication. Lipids such as cholesterol, sitosterol, camposterol, stigmasterol, and a variety of
lipophilic hormones and compounds are found in the phloem, which, along with the xylem, is
one of the primary transport components of plants. When a plant is harmed, several lipids may
play a role in signaling. Plant phospholipids act in response to environmental stimuli as well as
pathogen infections.
 Lipids have more than twice the quantity of energy as proteins and carbs, hence they give the
most energy from consumption. During digestion, the body breaks down fats, some for instant
energy demands and others for storage. Lipid storage is tapped for exercise by lipases, which
break down the lipids and eventually create more adenosine triphosphate to fuel cells.
4. Why have trans fats been banned from some restaurants? How are they created?
 Because trans fat is linked to heart disease. This kind of fat has been shown to raise bad
cholesterol and lower good cholesterol, which can increase risk of heart problems and even
type-2 diabetes. Trans fat builds up plaque in arteries, which could eventually lead to heart
attack. Trans fat is formed through a manufacturing process that adds hydrogen to vegetable oil,
which converts the liquid into a solid fat at room temperature.

5. High cholesterol levels in the bloodstream can cause negative health effects but explain why we
Wouldn’t want to get rid of all the cholesterol in our bodies.
 Cholesterol in our body helps to produce sex hormones, it's a component of human tissues, it
helps the liver produce bile and cholesterol is essential for your body to produce vitamin D. That
is why we wouldn’t want to get rid all of the cholesterol in our body.