I.

Analysis
This experiment with the title "Two Component Phase Equilibrium"
was carried out starting Tuesday, September 19th 2022 at 13.00 - 15.30
WIB. This practicum is carried out in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory
by Prepare hot water with a bath, perform the experiment on test tubes A
and B, identify and calculate the equilibrium constant in each test tube. The
purpose of this experiment is to describe the phase equilibrium of two
components of liquid-liquid (butanol-water) phase, to determine the
equivalence point of two components phase equilibrium of liquid-liquid
(butanol-water) phase and to determine the phase, components, and
degrees of freedom of two components phase equilibrium of liquid-liquid
(butanol-water) phase. The working principle of this experiment is the
effect of temperature change and color change on the solution.
Equilibrium is a condition in which the reactants and products are in
an equilibrium state where the temperature and components are at a certain
condition. There are two important variables in this equilibrium, namely
phase and component. Phase is an area that has the same basic ingredients
but different physical properties, namely different components and
densities or densities. While components are substances involved in a
system both solutes and solvents. In the 2-component phase equilibrium
experiment here, the same component is used, namely liquid-liquid
(butanol-water), which causes the equilibrium to be in one phase that has
the same physical properties and components.
1) Prepare hot water with a water bath
Before starting the experiment, preparations were made to make
hot water with a water bath. The purpose of heating the water here is
as a place that will later be used to conduct experiments on test tubes
A and B. First, the water bath was prepared by placing a spirtus
burner under the three legs that had been attached to the wire mesh.
So that the spirtus burner is closer to the wet wire, a brick can be
given. Next, put water in a 1 liter beaker until it reaches half, then
place it on a water bath to boil until it heat causes small bubbles to
 come out in the water. Do not overheat, because it can cause the test
tube to break easily.

2) Test Tube A
For the first experiment, we used test tube A. First, put 10 ml of
colorless distilled water into the test tube. Next, 2 ml of colorless
butanol solution was added. After mixing, the test tube is shaken until
the butanol and distilled water solution is mixed which causes the
solution from colorless to cloudy. The turbidity of the solution is a
sign that there is a reaction between butanol and distilled water. After
it becomes cloudy, close the test tube using a plug that has been stuck
with a thermometer. The following is the reaction that occurs between
butanol and distilled water.

C4H9OH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C4H9OH (aq)

Next, place the test tube into a beaker containing heated water.
The purpose of this heating is to determine the solubility between
butanol and water before and after reaching the point of solubility. In
addition, heating will increase kinetic energy which will cause
molecules to move faster, causing the bonds in the solution to become
tenuous so that butanol and water can bind. After heating for a while,
the solution in test tube A gradually becomes colorless. A colorless or
clear solution indicates that there is an equilibrium between the two
components. This colorless solution indicates that the two
components of butanol and distilled water combine into one phase
which is indicated by a colorless solution.
After equilibrium occurs with a colorless solution, record the
temperature indicated on the thermometer as T1a. To record the
temperature on the thermometer must be in the correct way, namely
seen in line with the eyes and should not be held directly on the
surface of the thermometer but must hold the rope. The T1a that we get
is 63°C, 58°C, 56°C, 60°C, 60°C, 58°C, 62°C, 63°C, 62°C, 66°C.
After the experiment is repeated 9 times, the solution has not changed
(the solution remains cloudy) when heated. The reaction that occurs
will be faster in high temperatures because hydrogen bonds will be
more easily released. The system is binary because it consists of two
components, namely butanol and distilled water. The butanol-equades
binary system includes a liquid-liquid phase, butanol is a liquid and
distilled water is also a liquid. is also a liquid. The mixability of
butanol-aquades will increase when the temperature is increased.
increases when the temperature is increased. Degrees of freedom
obtained when heated (one phase) are as follows:
F=C-P+1
=2-1+1
=2
After obtaining the value of the temperature, place the hot test
tube into cold water. The test tube that was originally colorless after
cooling will turn into two layers where the top layer is cloudy
butanol, while the bottom layer is distilled water. The division of the
solution into two layers is because between butanol and distilled
water have different densities and different polarities. For butanol is
nonpolar which has a density of about 810 g / cm³, while distilled
water is polar which has a density of about 1000 g / cm³. From this
statement, it can be seen that butanol has a smaller density than
distilled water so that butanol is in the upper layer while distilled
water is in the lower layer. From this statement it is also known that
after cooling the solution is divided back into two phases with two
components.
Then record the temperature on the thermometer in the same
way and obtain the temperature as T2a. Then repeat the same thing
from gradually adding 2 ml of colorless butanol solution and then
heating and so on until after the addition and heating remains in a
cloudy state. If after the heating process the heated solution remains
 cloudy and does not turn colorless then the experiment has been
completed.
The T2a that we get is 34°C, 34°C, 33°C, 33°C, 35°C, 40°C,
39°C, 38°C, 38°C. When the solution is cooled, the reaction will be
slower. This is because hydrogen bonds will be difficult to release at
low temperatures. The degrees of freedom obtained when the solution
is cooled (two phases) are as follows:

F=C-P+1
= 2- 2 + 1
=1
Calculation of % butanol

Calculation on tube A %𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙

𝑥 100%
𝑉 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙

1. Experiment 1 = 𝑥 100% = 16.667%

2. Experiment 2 = 𝑥 100% = 28.571%

3. Experiment 3 = 𝑥 100% = 37.500%

4. Experiment 4 = 𝑥 100% = 44.444%

5. Experiment 5 = 𝑥 100% = 50.000%

6. Experiment 6 = 𝑥 100% = 54.545%

7. Experiment 7 = 𝑥 100% = 58.333%

8. Experiment 8 = 𝑥 100% = 61.538%

9. Experiment 9 = 𝑥 100% = 64.285%

From the data of % butanol, T1a and T2a, the following table is obtained:

No. V Water V Butanol T1 T2 %Butanol

1. 10 mL 2 mL 63°C 34°C 16.667%
2. 10 mL 4 mL 58°C 34°C 28.571%
 3. 10 mL 6 mL 56°C 33°C 37.500%
4. 10 mL 8 mL 60°C 33°C 44.444%
5. 10 mL 10 mL 60°C 35°C 50.000%
6. 10 mL 12 mL 58°C 40°C 54.545%
7. 10 mL 14 mL 62°C 39°C 58.333%
8. 10 mL 16 mL 63°C 38°C 61.538%
9. 10 mL 18 mL 62°C 38°C 64.285%

And from the data, a graph is obtained as follows:

Test Tube A Graphic

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%

T1 T2

3) Erlenmeyer 3
For the second experiment, we used test tube B. First, put 10 ml
of colorless butanol solution into the test tube. Next, 2 ml of colorless
distilled water was added. After mixing, the test tube is shaken until
the butanol and distilled water solution is mixed which causes the
solution from colorless to cloudy. The turbidity of the solution is a
sign that there is a reaction between butanol and distilled water. After
it becomes cloudy, close the test tube using a plug that has been stuck
with a thermometer. The following is the reaction that occurs between
butanol and distilled water.

C4H9OH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C4H9OH (aq)

Next, place the test tube into a beaker containing heated water.
The purpose of this heating is to determine the solubility between
butanol and water before and after reaching the point of solubility. In
addition, heating will increase kinetic energy which will cause
molecules to move faster, causing the bonds in the solution to become
tenuous so that butanol and water can bind. After heating for a while,
the solution in test tube A gradually becomes colorless. A colorless or
clear solution indicates that there is an equilibrium between the two
components. This colorless solution indicates that the two
components of butanol and distilled water combine into one phase
which is indicated by a colorless solution.
After equilibrium occurs with a colorless solution, record the
temperature indicated on the thermometer as T1b. To record the
temperature on the thermometer must be in the correct way, namely
seen in line with the eyes and should not be held directly on the
surface of the thermometer but must hold the rope. The T1b that we get
is 64°C, 62°C, 63°C, 59°C, 57°C, 59°C, 65°C, 65°C, 60°C. After the
experiment is repeated 8 times, the solution has not changed (the
solution remains cloudy) when heated. The reaction that occurs will
be faster in high temperatures because hydrogen bonds will be more
easily released. The system is binary because it consists of two
components, namely butanol and distilled water. The butanol-equades
binary system includes a liquid-liquid phase, butanol is a liquid and
distilled water is also a liquid. is also a liquid. The mixability of
butanol-aquades will increase when the temperature is increased.
increases when the temperature is increased. Degrees of freedom
obtained when heated (one phase) are as follows:
F=C-P+1
=2-1+1
=2
After obtaining the value of the temperature, place the hot test
tube into cold water. The test tube that was originally colorless after
cooling will turn into two layers where the top layer is cloudy
butanol, while the bottom layer is distilled water. The division of the
solution into two layers is because between butanol and distilled
water have different densities and different polarities. For butanol is
nonpolar which has a density of about 810 g / cm³, while distilled
water is polar which has a density of about 1000 g / cm³. From this
statement, it can be seen that butanol has a smaller density than
distilled water so that butanol is in the upper layer while distilled
water is in the lower layer. From this statement it is also known that
after cooling the solution is divided back into two phases with two
components.
Then record the temperature on the thermometer in the same
way and obtain the temperature as T 2b. Then repeat the same thing
from gradually adding 2 ml of colorless aquadest and then heating
and so on until after the addition and heating remains in a cloudy
state. If after the heating process the heated solution remains cloudy
and does not turn colorless then the experiment has been completed.
The T2b that we get is 34°C, 37°C, 38°C, 34°C, 34°C, 35°C,
35°C, 37°C. When the solution is cooled, the reaction will be slower.
This is because hydrogen bonds will be difficult to release at low
temperatures. The degrees of freedom obtained when the solution is
cooled (two phases) are as follows:

F=C-P+1
= 2- 2 + 1
 =1

1. Experiment 1 = 𝑥 100% = 83.333%

2. Experiment 2 = 𝑥 100% = 71.429%

3. Experiment 3 = 𝑥 100% = 62.500%

4. Experiment 4 = 𝑥 100% = 55.556%

5. Experiment 5 = 𝑥 100% = 50.000%

6. Experiment 6 = 𝑥 100% = 45.455%

7. Experiment 7 = 𝑥 100% = 41.667%

8. Experiment 8 = 𝑥 100% = 38.461%

9. Experiment 9 = 𝑥 100% = 35.714% .

From the data of % butanol, T1b and T2b, the following table is obtained:

No. V Water V Butanol T1 T2 %Butanol

1. 2 mL 10 mL 64°C 34°C 83.333%
2. 4 mL 10 mL 62°C 37°C 71.429%
3. 6 mL 10 mL 63°C 38°C 62.500%
4. 8 mL 10 mL 59°C 34°C 55.556%
5. 10 mL 10 mL 57°C 34°C 50.000%
6. 12 mL 10 mL 59°C 35°C 45.455%
7. 14 mL 10 mL 65°C 33°C 41.667%
8. 16 mL 10 mL 55°C 33°C 38.461%
9. 18 mL 10 mL 65°C 33°C 35.712%
 And from the data, a graph is obtained as follows:

Test Tube B Graphic

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%

T1 T2

II. Discussion

Phase Equilibrium Graphic

12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

T1 T2 Series3
 From the graph above, the value of the equivalence point is not
obtained. The discovery of the value of the equivalent point is due to
inaccuracy in observing the exact clear or colorless solution so that
the equilibrium that occurs is missed. This can also occur due to
errors in reading the thermometer.

III. Conclusion
From the experiment “Two Component Phase Equilibrium”, can be
concluded that:
1. Phase equilibrium can be described when it is heated there is one phase
which can be shown by the clear solution and when it is cooled there
are two phases with its cloudy solution and clear solution that
separated.
2. Equivalent point is not found because when it reaches the equivalent
point we are late or missed the temperature,
3. It is known that there are two types of phases, namely in a single-phase
state when the solution is heated (clear solution), and in a two-phase
state when the solution is cooled (cloudy solution). The components
contained in the solution consist of two components, namely butanol
solution and distilled water. And the degree of freedom of the two-
component liquid-liquid phase equilibrium system (butanol-aquades)
obtained degree of freedom 1 when the solution is in a single phase
(clear) and obtained degree of freedom 2 When the solution is in a state
of 2 phases (cloudy).