EKLAVYA TELUGU

FOR CLASS 12Th BOARDS/JEE/NEET/EAMCET

ATOMS
ONE SHOT LECTURE

Krishnareddy sir
Today’s Goals

* Alpha – Particle Scattering Experiment

* Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom

* BOHR Atomic Model

* Atomic Spectrum

* X-RAYS
In 1911, H. Geiger & Ernst Marsden (on suggestion of Ernst Rutherford)

conducted 𝜶 – particle scattering experiment

Why Gold Foil ?
Observations

i. Most ( 99.86%) of the 𝜶−particles passes undeviated (𝜽 < 𝟏0)

ii. Only 0.14 % 𝜶−particles deviated more than 10 (𝜽 > 10)

iii. 1 in 8000 𝜶−particle deviate more than 900 (𝜽 > 900)

iv. 1 in 10,000,00 𝜶−particle deviate by 1800 (𝜽 = 1800) & returns back

Out of 1 crore alpha particles only 100 were deflected at angles more then 160

or 170 degree
Number of 𝜶−particles scattered at angle ‘𝜽’
Q. If 1000 𝜶−particles deflects at 600, Find number of 𝜶−particles that deflects at

900

(A) 100

(B) 150

(C) 200

(D) 250
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom

1. Since most 𝜶−particles passes undeviated, most part of atom is empty space

(Atom is hollow from inside).

2. Some 𝜶−particles deflected by more than 1 DEGREE (only 0.14 %) , this means

there is a +ve charge inside atom as 𝜶 is also +ve and this +ve charge is

concentrated in an extremely small space inside atom called Nucleus. Calculation

shows size of Nucleus is around 10-15m whereas size of atom is around 10-10m
3. For foils of different elements, the number of 𝜶−particles deflected at angle 𝜽

are different. This suggests different elements(metal as he used silver, platinum,

etc)have different +ve charge in their nucleus

4.The electrons are attracted by nucleus due to electrostatic force but are not

pulled towards it as they are constantly revolving in circular paths, using this

electrostatic force as centripetal force.

Nucleus Size Determination-distance of closest approach (ro)
Distance of closest approach (ro) gives idea about size of Nucleus
Size of Gold Nucleus

Most energetic Naturally obtained Alpha Particles = 7.7 MeV

Z = 79 for Gold
Q. When an α – particle of mass m moving with velocity v bombards on heavy
nucleus of charge ‘Ze’, its distance of closest approach from the nucleus depends
on m as (2016)
1
(A) 2
m

(B) m
1
(C)
m

1
(D)
m
 1
Q. An alpha nucleus of energy mv2 bombards a heavy nuclear target of charge
2

Ze. Then the distance of closest approach for the alpha nucleus will be
proportional to (2010)

1
(a)
Z2
1
(b)
m

(c) v2
1
(d)
e2
Q. In a Rutherford scattering experiment when a projectile of charge z1 and

mass M1 approaches a target nucleus of charge z2 and mass M2, the distance of

closed approach is r0. The energy of the projectile is : (2009)

(A) Directly proportional to z1z2

(B) Inversely proportional to z1

(C) Directly proportional to mass M1

(D) Directly proportional to M1 × M2

Impact Parameter: (b)

The ⏊rd distance of the initial velocity vector of the 𝜶−particle from the Centre of

the nucleus.
Limitations of Rutherford Model

i. Stability of Atoms
ii. Discrete Spectrum of Atoms
Bohr – Atomic Model

He modified Rutherford Model.

Model designed for H and H like Atom

Bohr’s Postulates

1. An e-in an atom can revolve only in certain stable orbits with fixed

energy. These orbits are called Energy Level or Stationary(Constant

Energy) states. These were named as K,L,M,N… Energy Levels

2. While revolving in a particular Energy Level, an e-do not radiate any

radiations. (Classical electromagnetism & classical mechanics cannot be applied

on atomic levels in all aspects)

3. The energy states are defined as:-

e- can revolve only in those orbits for which the orbital Angular Momentum is

ℎ
integral multiple of (Bohr Quantization Condition)
2𝜋
Orbital angular momentum of e in K, L, M, N shell
Angular Momentum (L)
4. From Rutherford’s Model

An e- moves in a Circle, so it needs centripetal force. This centripetal force is

provided by the electrostatic force between e-and nucleus

Q. The Bohr model of atom (2004)

(A) Assumes that the angular momentum of electrons is quantized

(B) Uses Einstein’s photo – electric equation

(C) Predicts continuous emission spectra for atoms

(D) Predicts the same emission spectra for all types of atoms
Q. To explain his theory Bohr used

(A) Conservation of linear momentum

(B) Quantization of angular momentum

(C) Conservation of quantum frequency

(d) None of these

Q. Consider 3rd orbit of He+(Helium), using non – relativistic approach, the

speed of electron in this orbit will be [given K = 9 × 109 constant, Z = 2 and h

(Planck’s Constant) = 6.6 × 10-34 Js] (2015)

(A) 0.73 × 106 m/s

(B) 3.0 × 108 m/s

(C) 2.92 × 106 m/s

(D) 1.46 × 106 m/s

Q. In which of the following systems will the radius of the first orbit (n = 1) be
minimum (2003)

(A) Doubly ionized lithium

(B) Singly ionized helium
(C) Deuterium atom
(D) Hydrogen atom
Q. When hydrogen atom is in its first excited level, its radius is ________ of the
Bohr radius.

(A) Twice
(B) 4 times
(C) Same
(D) half
Q. According to Bohr’s principle, the relation between principal quantum
number (n) and radius of orbit(r) is

1
(A) r ∝
n
1
(B) r ∝
n2

(C) r ∝ n
(D) r ∝ n2
Energy of electron in nth shell-

(1) Kinetic Energy:

(2) Potential Energy :
Total Energy :
Relation between K.E., U and E
For H Atom
Energy Levels
Q. The ratio kinetic energy to the total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of

the hydrogen atom, is (2018)

(A) 1 : 1

(B) 1 : -1

(C) 2 : -1

(D) 1 : -2
Q. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is

about -3.4 eV. Its kinetic energy in this state is (2005)

(A) 3.4 eV

(B) 6.8 eV

(C) -3.4 eV

(D) -6.8 eV
Q. The total energy of an electron in an atom in an orbit is -3.4 eV. Its kinetic and

potential energies are, respectively (2019)

(A) 3.4 eV , -6.8 eV

(B) 3.4 eV , 3.4 eV

(C) -3.4 eV , -3.4 eV

(D) -3.4 eV , -6.8 eV

Q. The energy of a hydrogen atom in the ground state is -13.6 eV. The energy of a
He+ ion in the first excited state will be (2010)

(A) -13.6 eV
(B) -27.2 eV
(C) -54.4 eV
(D) -6.8 eV
Q. The ground state energy of H – atom is -13.6 eV. The energy needed to ionize
H-atom from its second excited state (1991)

(A) 1.51 eV
(B) 3.4 eV
(C) 13.4 eV
(D) None of these
Q. When a hydrogen atom is raised form the ground state to an excited state.
(1995)

(A) P.E. increases and K.E. decreases

(B) P.E. decreases and K.E. increases
(C) Both K.E. and P.E. increase
(D) Both K.E. and P.E. decrease
Q. The radius of the first permitted Bohr orbit, for the electron, in a hydrogen
atom equals 0.51 Å and its ground state energy equals -13.6 eV. If the electron in
the hydrogen atom is replaced by muon (μ) [charge same as electron and mass
207 me], the first Bohr radius and ground state energy will be, (2019)

(A) 2.56 × 10-13 m,-13.6 eV

(B) 0.53 × 10-13 m,-3.6 eV
(C) 25.6 × 10-13 m,-2.8 eV
(D) 2.56 × 10-13 m,-2.8 keV
i. An e- while orbiting in a lower energy level may absorbs a specific photon

(energy) & jumps (excites) to a higher energy level. The Energy of such a photon

is equal to Energy difference of two orbits

Δ𝑬 = 𝑬𝒏𝟐 − 𝑬𝒏𝟏
ii. An e- in a higher energy level may release a specific photon(energy) & jumps

[deexcite] (makes transition) to a lower energy Level. The energy of emitted

photon is equal to the Energy difference of two orbits.

Δ𝑬 = 𝑬𝒏𝟐 − 𝑬𝒏𝟏
Q. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. Following Bohr’s theory,
the energy corresponding to a transition between the 3rd and the 4th orbit is
(1992)

(A) 3.40 eV
(B) 1.51 eV
(C) 0.85 eV
(D) 0.66 eV
Q. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. When its electron is in
the first excited state, its excitation energy is (2008)

(A) 10.2 eV
(B) 0
(C) 3.4 eV
(D) 6.8 eV
Q. Out of the following which one is not a possible energy for photon to be
emitted by hydrogen atom according to Bohr’s atomic model? (2011)

(A) 13.6 eV
(B) 0.65 eV
(C) 1.9 eV
(D) 11.1 eV
Limitations in Bohr Model

i. Model was applicable only for H - atom & H-like atoms. Single e- species-He+,

Li++, Be+++

ii. Wave nature of electron was not taken into consideration. (inconsistent with

De-Broglie hypothesis)
iv. It violates Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle & simultaneously defines

position (value of r)n and momentum value of v) of electron correctly.

v. It cannot explain splitting of spectral lines in

(a)Electric Field → Stark Effect

(b)Magnetic Field → Zeeman Effect

There are two types of Atomic Spectrum

i. Emission Spectrum

ii. Absorption Spectrum

(1) Emission spectrum
Explanation for line spectrum or Discrete spectrum
Calculating Wavelength (λ) of emitted photon
Q. Electron in hydrogen atom first jumps from third excited state to second
excited state and then from second excited to the first excited state. The ration of
the wavelengths λ1 : λ2 emitted in the two cases is (2012)
7
(A)
5

27
(B)
20

27
(C)
5

20
(D)
7
Q. If an electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from the 3rd orbit to the 2nd orbit, it
emits a photon of wavelength λ. When it jumps from the 4th orbit to the 3rd orbit,
the corresponding wavelength of the photon will be (2016)
20
(A) λ
13

16
(B) λ
25

9
(C) λ
16

20
(D) λ
7
Q. Energy levels A, B and C of a certain atom corresponding to increasing values
of energy i.e., EA < EB < EC. If λ1, λ2 and λ3 are the wavelengths of radiations
corresponding to the transitions C to B, B to A and C to A respectively, which of
the following statements is correct? (2005, 1990)
(A) λ3 = λ1+ λ2

λ1 λ2
(B) λ3 =
λ1+ λ2
(C) λ1+ λ2 + λ3 = 0
(D) λ32 = λ12 + λ22
Q. Maximum frequency of emission is obtained for the transition (2000)

(A) n = 2 to n = 1
(B) n = 6 to n = 2
(C) n = 1 to n = 2
(D) n = 2 to n = 6
Spectral Series

(1) Lyman Series

(2) Balmer Series
Other Spectral series
Q. When an electron does transition from n = 4 to n = 2, then emitted line
spectrum will be (2000)

(A) First line of Lyman series

(B) Second line of Balmer series
(C) First line of Paschen series
(D) Second line of Paschen series
Q. The transition from the state n = 3 to n = 1 in a hydrogen like atom results in
ultraviolet radiation. Infrared radiation will be obtained in the transition from
(2012)

(A) 2 → 1
(B) 3 → 2
(C) 4 → 2
(D) 4 → 3
Q. The ratio of wavelengths of the last line of Balmer series and the last line
Lyman series (2017)

(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 4
(D) 0.5
Q. In the spectrum of hydrogen, the ratio of the longest wavelength in the Lyman
series to the longest wavelength in the Balmer series is: (2013,2015)

5
(A)
27
4
(B)
9

9
(C)
4

27
(D)
5
Q. Given the value of Rydberg constant is 107 m-1, the wave number of the last
line of the Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum will be (2016)

(A) 0.25 × 107 m-1

(B) 2.5 × 107 m-1
(C) 0.025 × 104 m-1
(D) 0.5 × 107 m-1
Number of transitions/Number of spectral lines/number of

Unique wavelengths
Absorption Spectrum
 X- RAY :-

1. X-Rays are Electro Magnetic Radiations of wavelength Range 10-3 nm to 1nm.

Most part of the radiations lies in the range of 1A0 to 100 A0

2. X rays are produced whenever fast moving (high energy) electrons strike a

metal Target of High Atomic weight & High Melting Point.

3. X rays are invisible to eye but affect the photographic plate in the same way as

light do.

4. X rays are also called ’Roentgen’ rays as he discovered it.

Production of X – Rays: Coolidge Tube
Target Metal:

(a) Must have high atomic number to produce hard X–rays.

(b) High melting point to withstand high temperature produced.

(c) High thermal conductivity to remove the heat produced

(d) Platinum, Molybdenum , Tungsten and Platinum serve as target materials

Intensity of X rays:

Penetrating Power of X rays:

Continuous X – Rays:
Wavelengths where intensity varies

gradually are called Continuous X-rays.

Q. Consider a photon of continuous X-ray coming from a Coolidge tube. Its energy

comes from

(A) K.E. of striking electron

(B) K.E. of free electron of the target

(C) K.E. of the ions of the target

(D) An atomic transition in the target

Q. If the potential difference applied to the tube is doubled and separation between

the filament and the target is also doubled, the cutoff wavelength

(A) Will remain unchanged

(B) Will be doubled

(C) Will be halved

(D) Will become four times the original.

Q. Which of the following statements are correct for an X-ray tube

(A) On increasing potential difference between filament and target, photon flux of

X-Rays increases

(B) On increasing potential difference between filament and target, frequency of X-

Ray increases

(C) On increasing filament current, cut off wavelength increases

(D) On increasing filament current, intensity of X-Rays decreases

Q. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays emitted from an X-ray tube is dependent

on:

(A) The current in the tube

(B) Atomic number of the target

(C) Nature of the gas in the tube

(D) The voltage applied across the tube

Q. The minimum wavelength of the X-rays produced by electrons accelerated through

a potential difference of V volts is directly proportional to

1
(A)
𝑉

1
(B)
𝑉

(C) 𝑉

(D) V2
Characteristic X – Rays:

1. Sometimes the high energetic e- “knocks out” an inner e- of target atom.

2. This creates a vacancy in a Lower Energy Level. To fill this vacancy an e- from
higher energy level jumps here. This e- looses Energy in form of X-ray photon.
Q. Find λ of Lβ series

Characteristic X-Ray is a unique property

of each element as here λ depends on Energy
Levels of atom which is unique
X – rays where intensity is large are called characteristic X - rays
Moseley’s Law for Characteristic Spectrum
Q. The intensity I of X-rays from the Coolidge tube is plotted against wavelength λ

as shown in the figure. The minimum wavelength found is λc and the wavelength of

the Ka line is λk . As the accelerating voltage is increased:

(A) λk - λc increases

(B) λk - λc decreases

(C) λk increases

(D) λk decreases
THANK YOU