PRESENT SIMPLE

I get up at 6. We get up at 6.
--- ---
Hatkor kelek. Hatkor kelünk.
I do not get up at 6. We do not get up at 6.
I don’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not) We don’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Do I get up at 6? (no change of word order, do! ; When do you get up?) Do we get up at 6? (no change of word order, but: do)
Yes, I do. (no short forms) Yes, we do. (no short forms)
No, I don’t. (always use short forms) No, we don’t. (always use short forms)

You get up at 6. You get up at 6.

--- ---
Hatkor kelsz. Ön hatkor kel.! Hatkor keltek. Önök hatkor kelnek. !!
You do not get up at 6. You do not get up at 6.
You don’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not) You don’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Do you get up at 6? (no change of word order, but: do) = Do you get up at 6? (no change of word order, but: do)
Yes, you do. (no short forms) Yes, you do. (no short forms)
No, you don’t. (always use short forms) No, you don’t. (always use short forms)

He/She/It gets up at 6. They get up at 6.

--- ---
(Ő) hatkor kel. (Ők) hatkor kelnek.
He/She/It does not get up at 6. They do not get up at 6.
He/She/It doesn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not) They don’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Does he/she/it get up at 6? (no change of word order, but: does) Do they get up at 6? (no change of word order, but: do)
Yes, he/she/it does. (no short forms) Yes, they do. (no short forms)
No, he/she/it doesn’t. (always use short forms) No, they don’t. (always use short forms)

Practise. Write similar charts using:

- eat breakfast at 7
- listen to music in the morning
- speak German
TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS SPELLING (HE/SHE/IT)
- adverbs of frequency (never, often, always etc.) GROUP 1: get up, eat, listen, speak, play, take … + s
- every day / every week / every month / every year
GROUP 2: -ss (kiss), -sh (finish), -ch (watch), -x (mix), -zz (buzz) + es
- on Mondays etc.
- once, twice, three times a day/week/... GROUP 3: go, do + es
GROUP 4: cry, try … – consonant+y > ies (vs. play vowel+y)
!! have >>> he/she/it has

PRONUNCIATION
TYPE 1: /s/ after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/
TYPE 2: /z/ after vowels (e.g. /i/ study – studies) and voiced consonants except /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/
TYPE 3: /ɪz/ after /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/ and /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/

+ VOICED:
/b/ rob, /d/ add, /g/ beg, /v/ nerve oneself to (make oneself brave enough to do sg), /ð/ betroth (dated --- give sy in marriage), /z/ buzz, /ʒ/ television –
noun!!!, /dʒ/ lodge (elhelyez, elszállásol), /l/ kill, /r/ cover it!!!, /w/ window !!! – noun!!!, /j/- jacht – noun!!!, /m/ climb, /n/ run , /ŋ/ ring
+ VOICELESS:
/p/ help, /t/ meet, /k/ ask, /f/ laugh, /θ/ berth a ship (hajót lehorgonyoz), /s/ kiss, /ʃ/ wish, /tʃ/ watch, /h/ house – noun!!!

USAGE
1. general truths and permanent situations – The sun rises in the east. Sarah lives in Bristol.
2. repeated habitual actions - I play tennis on Mondays. *** (See Adverbs of Frequency)
3. future actions connected to timetables / programmes – The plane to New York arrives at 6:50. The football final starts at 8 pm.
4. narrating the plot of a film, book, TV programme – In today’s episode, Helen marries Bob.
5. sports commentaries – Adams kicks a goal and …
6. exclamatory sentences with Here … / There … - Here comes Harry!
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (BE+ …ING)
I am going home.
I’m going home. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) hazamegyek.
I am not going home.
I’m not going home.
Am I going home? (change of word order)
Yes, I am. (never use short forms)
No, I’m not. (always use short forms)
You are going home.
You’re going home. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) hazamész. Ön (épp) hazamegy. !
You are not going home.
You aren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
(You’re not going home. See The Verb ꞌbeꞌ)
Are you going home? (change of word order)
Yes, you are. (never use short forms)
No, you aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
He/She/It is going home.
He/She/It’s going home. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Ő épp) hazamegy.
He/She/It is not going home.
He/She/It isn’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Is he/she/it going home? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it is. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it isn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- eat breakfast
- listen to music
We are going home.
We’re going home. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) hazamegyünk.
We are not going home.
We aren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Are we going home? (change of word order)
Yes, we are. (never use short forms)
No, we aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You are going home.
You’re going home. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) hazamentek. Önök (épp) hazamennek. !!
You are not going home.
= You aren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Are you going home? (change of word order)
Yes, you are. (never use short forms)
No, you aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
They are going home.
They’re going home. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Ők épp) hazamennek.
They are not going home.
They aren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Are they going home? (change of word order)
Yes, they are. (never use short forms)
No, they aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
- talk on the phone

SPELLING
GROUP 1: cook, play, study, eat, go … > + ing
GROUP 2: dance, take, care … > -e +ing (dancing, taking, caring)
GROUP 3: shop, stop, hit, get … + travel > double consonant + ing (shopping, stopping, hitting, getting + travelling)
GROUP 4: lie, die > ie>y +ing (lying, dying)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS

o now o today o next week …
o at the moment o these days o tonight, tomorrow …
o at present o this week / month / year

USAGE
1. actions happening at or around the time of speaking – I’m talking on the phone (now). I’m reading a good book (these days).
2. temporary situations – I’m working as an au pair in the summer.
3. annoying actions which happen repeatedly !!! (vs. present simple) (use always, constantly, continually) – You’re always leaving your clothes around!
4. situations which are changing or developing around the present time – Water shortage is becoming a serious issue in Africa.
5. future arrangements – Thomas and Lisa are getting married next Saturday.

NOTE: STATIVE VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES

1. senses: see !!, hear, smell !!, taste !!, feel !! etc.
2. emotions: like, love, dislike, hate, want, need, wish etc.
3. perception and opinion: understand, know, remember, forget, hope, imagine, believe, think !! etc.
4. ownership: have !!, own, possess, belong to etc.
5. permanent states: be, seem, appear, cost, weigh etc.
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)
I have seen* this film.
I’ve seen this film. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Már) láttam ezt a filmet.
I have not seen this film.
I haven’t seen this film. (apostrophe = not)
Have I seen this film? (change of word order)
Yes, I have. (never use short forms)
No, I haven’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You have seen* this film.
You’ve seen this film. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Már) láttad ezt a filmet. Ön már látta ezt a filmet. !
You have not seen this film.
You haven’t seen this film. (apostrophe = not)
Have you seen this film? (change of word order)
Yes, you have. (never use short forms)
No, you haven’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
He/She/It has seen* this film.
He/She/It’s seen this film. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Ő már) látta ezt a filmet.
He/She/It has not seen this film.
He/She/It hasn’t seen this film. (apostrophe = not)
Has he/she/it seen this film? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it has. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it hasn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- answer his email / be to London twice /read this book
We have seen* this film.
We’ve seen this film. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Már) láttuk ezt a filmet.
We have not seen this film.
We haven’t seen this film. (apostrophe = not)
Have we seen this film? (change of word order)
Yes, we have. (never use short forms)
No, we haven’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You have seen* this film.
= You’ve seen this film. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Már) láttátok ezt a filmet. Önök már látták ezt a filmet. ! !
You have not seen this film.
You haven’t seen this film. (apostrophe = not)
Have you seen this film? (change of word order)
Yes, you have. (never use short forms)
No, you haven’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
They have seen* this film.
They’ve seen this film. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Ők már) látták ezt a filmet.
They have not seen this film.
They haven’t seen this film. (apostrophe = not)
Have they seen this film? (change of word order)
Yes, they have. (never use short forms)
No, they haven’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
 VERB FORMS – INFINITIVE, PAST SIMPLE, PAST PARTICIPLE

Regular Verbs – Past Simple = Past Participle

SPELLING
GROUP 1: verb + ed > watch – watched – watched; play – played – played
GROUP 2: verb -e +ed > live – lived – lived; smoke – smoked – smoked
GROUP 3: verb + double consonant + ed > shop – shopped – shopped; stop – stopped – stopped + travel – travelled – travelled
GROUP 4: verb ending in consonant + y > ied (vs. play vowel+y) try – tried – tried, study – studied – studied

PRONUNCIATION (Revision: voiced and voiceless sounds, see PRESENT SIMPLE 2)

TYPE 1: ed = /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/ > e.g. study /i/ - studied, love /v/ - loved
TYPE 2: ed = /t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/ > e.g. like /k/ - liked, pass /s/ - passed
TYPE 3: ed = /id/ after /d/ and /t/ > e.g. end /d/ - ended, want /t/ - wanted
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS (meaning + position in the sentence)

o already o before o recently
o yet !! o so far o for vs. since
o ever o just o once/twice/three times …
o never o always o How long …?

USAGE
1. past actions, we don’t mention the exact time – I have done the washing-up.
2. past actions, the results are obvious in the present – I have done the washing-up. (the plates etc. are clean)
3. actions which started in the past and continue up to the present (we emphasize the action!) – I have read 50 pages so far today.
4. recently completed actions – We have just come back from the cinema.
5. with adjectives in the superlative form – It’s the best film I have ever seen.
6. with expressions like the only / the first / the second … - It’s the first time I have tasted Mexican food.

Note
 for vs. since
I have had this mobile for 2 years. (a period of time) vs. I have had this mobile since 2016. (a point of time: it can be a day/a year/… or an event!!)
 have been to vs. have gone to
I have been to Prague twice in my life. (I have visited Prague and I have come back.)
Tom has gone to the theatre. (Tom has gone to the theatre and has not come back yet.)
 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (HAVE + BEEN + ...ING)
I have been working here for 10 years.
I’ve been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
10 éve itt dolgozom.
I have not been working here for 10 years.
I haven’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Have I been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, I have. (never use short forms)
No, I haven’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
You have been working here for 10 years.
You’ve been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first two
letters)
10 éve itt dolgozol. Ön 10 éve itt dolgozik. !
You have not been working here for 10 years. = 10 éve itt dolgoztok. Önök 10 éve itt dolgoznak. !!
You haven’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Have you been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, you have. (never use short forms)
No, you haven’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
He/She/It has been working here for 10 years.
He/She/It’s been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two
letters)
(Ő) 10 éve itt dolgozik.
He/She/It has not been working here for 10 years.
He/She/It hasn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Has he/she/it been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it has. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it hasn’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- do it since 10 o’clock
- read this book all afternoon
We have been working here for 10 years.
We’ve been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two
letters)
10 éve itt dolgozunk.
We have not been working here for 10 years.
We haven’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Have we been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, we have. (never use short forms)
No, we haven’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
You have been working here for 10 years.
You’ve been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first two
letters)
You have not been working here for 10 years.
You haven’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Have you been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, you have. (never use short forms)
No, you haven’t. (always use short forms) (’= not)
They have been working here for 10 years.
They’ve been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two
letters)
(Ők) 10 éve itt dolgoznak.
They have not been working here for 10 years.
They haven’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Have they been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, they have. (never use short forms)
No, they haven’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
- clean the flat all week

SPELLING See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS

How long …? for vs. since all morning / day / week / …

USAGE
1. actions which started in the past and continue up to the present (we emphasize the duration!) – I have been reading this book for 5 hours.
2. (finished or not finished) actions which happened over a period of time in the past, the results are obvious in the present – Your eyes are red. Have
you been crying?
3. recent actions, we show annoyance – Who has been using my computer again?

NOTE: STATIVE VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)
 PAST SIMPLE
I got up at 6. We got up at 6.
--- ---
Hatkor keltem. Hatkor keltünk.
I did not get up at 6. We did not get up at 6.
I didn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not) We didn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Did I get up at 6? Did we get up at 6?
Yes, I did. (no short forms) Yes, we did. (no short forms)
No, I didn’t. (always use short forms) No, we didn’t. (always use short forms)

You got up at 6. You got up at 6.

---
Hatkor keltél. Ön hatkor kelt fel. !
You did not get up at 6.
You didn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Did you get up at 6?
Yes, you did. (no short forms)
No, you didn’t. (always use short forms)
---
Hatkor keltetek. Önök hatkor keltek fel. !!
You did not get up at 6.
You didn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
= Did you get up at 6?
Yes, you did. (no short forms)
No, you didn’t. (always use short forms)

He/She/It got up at 6. They got up at 6.

--- ---
(Ő) hatkor kelt. (Ők) hatkor keltek.
He/She/It did not get up at 6. They did not get up at 6.
He/She/It didn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not) They didn’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Did he/she/it get up at 6? Did they get up at 6?
Yes, he/she/it did. (no short forms) Yes, they did. (no short forms)
No, he/she/it didn’t. (always use short forms) No, they didn’t. (always use short forms)

Practise. Write similar charts using:

- eat breakfast at 7
- listen to music in the morning
- speak German
TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS
o yesterday
o the day before yesterday
o last morning/afternoon …
o last week/month/year
o in 2011
o (two days) ago
o When …?

USAGE
1. completed actions in the past, we mention the time or we know when it happened (vs. present perfect simple) – I sold my old car yesterday.
2. completed actions in the past, they happened one after the other – The man stepped on a banana peel, slipped and hurt himself.
3. past habits and repeated actions in the past (often used with adverbs of frequency) – When I was a child, I often ate lunch at my grandmother’s.
4. permanent situations in the past – When I was a child, I lived with my parents.
5. an action in the past that interrupted another, usually longer action in progress – I was having a shower when the phone rang.
= When the phone rang, I was having a shower.
 PAST PROGRESSIVE (WAS/WERE + …ING)

I was going home. We were going home.

--- ---
(Épp) hazafelé mentem. (Épp) hazafelé mentünk.
I was not going home. We were not going home.
I wasn’t going home. (apostrophe = not) We weren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Was I going home? (change of word order) Were we going home? (change of word order)
Yes, I was. (no short forms) Yes, we were. (no short forms)
No, I wasn’t. (always use short forms) No, we weren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)

You were going home. You were going home.

---
(Épp) hazafelé mentél. Ön (épp) hazafelé ment. !
You were not going home.
You weren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Were you going home? (change of word order)
Yes, you were. (no short forms)
No, you weren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
---
(Épp) hazafelé mentetek. Önök (épp) hazafelé mentek. !!
You were not going home.
= You weren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Were you going home? (change of word order)
Yes, you were. (no short forms)
No, you weren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)

He/She/It was going home. They were going home.

--- ---
(Ő épp) hazafelé ment. (Ők épp) hazafelé mentek.
He/She/It was not going home. They were not going home.
He/She/It wasn’t going home. (apostrophe = not) They weren’t going home. (apostrophe = not)
Was he/she/it going home? (change of word order) Were they going home? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it was. (no short forms) Yes, they were. (no short forms)
No, he/she/it wasn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not) No, they weren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)

Practise. Write similar charts using:

- eat dinner
- listen to the radio
- talk on the phone
 SPELLING See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS

o at 10 o’clock last night / …
o in those days
o while
o when
o as

USAGE
1. an action in progress at a definite time in the past – What were you doing at 9 o’clock yesterday morning? – I was answering emails.
2. an action in progress in the past that was interrupted by another (usually shorter) action – When/While/As I was walking home, I met Daisy.
= I met Daisy when/while/as I was walking home.
3. actions that were happening at the same time in the past – While/As I was cleaning the flat, he was watching a football match.
4. temporary past states or actions – My grandmother was embroidering tablecloths in those days.
5. background scenes to a story – It was cold and dark inside the cave. Mary was holding the lantern in her hand and was shivering with fear.
annoying past actions which happened repeatedly !!! (vs. past simple) (use always, constantly, continually) – Sylvie’s daughter was always leaving her clothes
around when she was a teenager!

NOTE: STATIVE VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)
I had finished* work (before Sandy arrived).
I’d finished work. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
Befejeztem a munkát, mielőtt Sandy megérkezett.
I had not finished work.
I hadn’t finished work. (apostrophe = not)
Had I finished work? (change of word order)
Yes, I had. (never use short forms)
No, I hadn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You had finished* work.
You’d finished work. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
Befejezted a munkát…. Ön befejezte a munkát,… !
You had not finished work.
You hadn’t finished work. (apostrophe = not)
Had you finished work? (change of word order)
Yes, you had. (never use short forms)
No, you hadn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
He/She/It had finished* work.
He/She/’d finished / It had finished work.
(Ő) befejezte a munkát….
He/She/It had not finished work.
He/She/It hadn’t finished work. (apostrophe = not)
Had he/she/it finished work? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it had. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it hadn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- answer his email
- be to the shop
- read the newspaper
We had finished* work.
We’d finished work. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
Befejeztük a munkát….
We had not finished work.
We hadn’t finished work. (apostrophe = not)
Had we finished work? (change of word order)
Yes, we had. (never use short forms)
No, we hadn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You had finished* work.
You’d finished work. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
Befejeztétek a munkát…. Önök befejezték a munkát…. !
You had not finished work.
= You hadn’t finished work. (apostrophe = not)
Had you finished work? (change of word order)
Yes, you had. (never use short forms)
No, you hadn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
They had finished* work.
They’d finished work. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Ők) befejezték a munkát….
They had not finished work.
They hadn’t finished work. (apostrophe = not)
Had they finished work? (change of word order)
Yes, they had. (never use short forms)
No, they hadn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS (meaning + position in the sentence)
o already o before o when
o ever o after o by
o never o just o by the time

USAGE
1. an action which was completed before a specific point in the past – I had finished my homework by 5 pm. = By 5 pm I had finished my homework.
2. an action which was completed before another action (PAST SIMPLE) in the past – The concert had already started when we got there.
= When we got there, the concert had already started.
 PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (HAD + BEEN + ...ING)
I had been working here for 10 years (when Tom joined the team).
I’d been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
Már 10 éve itt dolgoztam, mikor Tom csatlakozott a csapathoz.
I had not been working here for 10 years.
I hadn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Had I been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, I had. (never use short forms)
No, I hadn’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
You had been working here for 10 years.
You’d been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first two
letters)
Már 10 éve itt dolgoztam…. Ön már 10 éve itt dolgozott…. !
You had not been working here for 10 years. = Már 10 éve itt dolgoztam…. Önök már 10 éve itt dolgoztak…. !!
You hadn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Had you been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, you had. (never use short forms)
No, you hadn’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
He/She/It had been working here for 10 years.
He/She’d been / It had been working here for 10 years.
(Ő) már 10 éve itt dolgozott….
He/She/It had not been working here for 10 years.
He/She/It hadn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Had he/she/it been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it had. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it hadn’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- use these new machines for 2 years (when Tom joined the team)
- take part in this project for 3 months (when Tom joined the team); - live in the city for 5 years (when I met James)
We had been working here for 10 years.
We’d been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two
letters)
Már 10 éve itt dolgoztunk….
We had not been working here for 10 years.
We hadn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Had we been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, we had. (never use short forms)
No, we hadn’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
You had been working here for 10 years.
You’d been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first two
letters)
You had not been working here for 10 years.
You hadn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Had you been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, you had. (never use short forms)
No, you hadn’t. (always use short forms) (’= not)
They had been working here for 10 years.
They’d been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first two
letters)
(Ők) már 10 éve itt dolgoztak….
They had not been working here for 10 years.
They hadn’t been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Had they been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, they had. (never use short forms)
No, they hadn’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
SPELLING See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS

o already o since (+ a point of time) o when
o by the time o after o How long …?
o for (+ a period of time) o before

USAGE
1. an action that was in progress before another action (PAST SIMPLE) or a specific point of time in the past, we emphasize duration
We had been waiting for Sandra for half an hour when she arrived.
2. an action whose duration caused visible results at a later point of time in the past
I was exhausted because I had been working in the garden all afternoon.

NOTE: STATIVE VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)

I will get up at 6.
I’ll get up at 6. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
Hatkor fogok kelni.
I will not get up at 6.
I won’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Will I get up at 6? (change of word order)
Yes, I will. (never use short forms)
No, I won’t. (always use short forms)
You will get up at 6.
You’ll get up at 6. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
Hatkor fogsz felkelni. Ön hatkor fog felkelni.!
You will not get up at 6.
You won’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Will you get up at 6? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms)
He/She/It will get up at 6.
He/She/It’ll get up at 6. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
(Ő) hatkor fog felkelni.
He/She/It will not get up at 6.
He/She/It won’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Will he/she/it get up at 6? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it will. (neve use short forms)
No, he/she/it won’t. (always use short forms)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- make some coffee
- study more
- call Jenny later
FUTURE SIMPLE
We will get up at 6.
We’ll get up at 6. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
Hatkor fogunk felkelni.
We will not get up at 6.
We won’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Will we get up at 6? (change of word order)
Yes, we will (never use short forms)
No, we won’t. (always use short forms)
You will get up at 6.
You’ll get up at 6. (’ = the omitted first two letters)
Hatkor fogtok felkelni. Önök hatkor fognak felkelni. !!
You will not get up at 6.
You won’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
= Will you get up at 6? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms)
They will get up at 6.
They’ll get up at 6.
(Ők) hatkor fognak felkelni.
They will not get up at 6.
They won’t get up at 6. (apostrophe = not)
Will they get up at 6? (change of word order)
Yes, they will. (never short forms)
No, they won’t. (always use short forms)
TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS
o soon
o later
o tomorrow / tonight
o next Tuesday/week/month etc.
o in an hour etc.

USAGE
1. predictions about the future (usually with perhaps, maybe, probably etc. or after think, hope, believe etc.) – I think I’ll go home.
Maybe she’ll come tomorrow.
According to scientists the Sun will eat up
the Earth.
2. spontaneous decisions and resolutions – We don’t have enough bread. I’ll go and buy some. // In the new year I’ll eat less chocolate.
3. promises – I’ll call you back later today.
4. offers – I’ll help you with your homework. + I, we: Shall I / Shall we help you with your homework?
5. requests – Will you help me lift these boxes?
6. threats and warnings – Don’t do that again or I’ll tell Mum.
 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE (WILL + BE + …ING)
I will be travelling to Paris.
I’ll be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = the omitted first two letters)
(Épp) úton leszek Párizsba.
I will not be travelling to Paris.
I won’t be travelling to Paris.
Will I be travelling to Paris? (change of word order)
Yes, I will. (never use short forms)
No, I won’t. (always use short forms)
You will be travelling to Paris.
You’ll be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = the omitted first two
letters)
(Épp) úton leszel Párizsba. Ön (épp) úton lesz Párizsba. !
You will not be travelling to Paris.
You won’t be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = not) = You will not be travelling to Paris.
Will you be travelling to Paris? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
He/She/It will be travelling to Paris.
He/She/It’ll be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = the omitted first two
letters)
(Ő épp) úton lesz Párizsba.
He/She/It will not be travelling to Paris.
He/She/It won’t be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = not)
Will he/she/it be travelling to Paris? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it will. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- eat lunch
- sit in the garden
We will be travelling to Paris.
We’ll be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = the omitted first two
letters)
(Épp) úton leszünk Párizsba.
We will not be travelling to Paris.
We won’t be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = not)
Will we be travelling to Paris? (change of word order)
Yes, we will. (never use short forms)
No, we won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You will be travelling to Paris.
You’ll be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = the omitted first two
letters)
(Épp) úton lesztek Párizsba. Önök (épp) úton lesznek Párizsba. !!
You won’t be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = not)
Will you be travelling to Paris? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
They will be travelling to Paris.
They’ll be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = the omitted first two
letters)
(Ők épp) úton lesznek Párizsba.
They will not be travelling to Paris.
They won’t be travelling to Paris. (apostrophe = not)
Will they be travelling to Paris? (change of word order)
Yes, they will. (never use short forms)
No, they won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
- play computer games

SPELLING See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS

o at 10 o’clock tomorrow etc.
o this time tomorrow
o this time next week/month/year etc.

USAGE
- actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future – This time tomorrow we’ll be lying on the beach.

NOTE: STATIVE VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)
 FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE (WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

I will have done* the cleaning (by the time John arrives).
I’ll have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = the omitted first 2 letters)
Addigra megcsinálom a takarítást.
I will not have done the cleaning.
I won’t have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = not)
Will I have done the cleaning? (change of word order)
Yes, I will. (never use short forms)
No, I won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
We will have done* the cleaning (by the time John arrives).
We’ll have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = the omitted first 2letters)
Addigra megcsináljuk a takarítást.
We will not have done the cleaning.
We won’t have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = not)
Will we have done the cleaning? (change of word order)
Yes, we will. (never use short forms)
No, we won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)

You will have done* the cleaning (by the time John arrives).
You’ll have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = the omitted 2 two
letters)
Addigra megcsinálod a takarítást. Ön addigra megcsinálja a takarítást. !
You will not have done the cleaning.
You won’t have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = not)
Will you have done the cleaning? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You will have done* the cleaning (by the time John arrives).
You’ll have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = the omitted first 2
letters)
Addigra megcsináljátok a takarítást. Önök addigra megcsinálják a
takarítást. !!
= You will not have done the cleaning.
You won’t have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = not)
Will you have done the cleaning? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)

He/She/It will have done* the cleaning (by the time John arrives).
He/She/It’ll have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = the omitted first 2
letters)
(Ő) addigra megcsinálja a takarítást.
He/She/It will not have done the cleaning.
He/She/It won’t have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = not)
Will he/she/it have done the cleaning? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it will. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- answer his email
- be to London twice
They will have done* the cleaning (by the time John arrives).
They’ll have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = the omitted first two
letters)
(Ők) addigra megcsinálják a takarítást.
They will not have done the cleaning.
They won’t have done the cleaning. (apostrophe = not)
Will they have done the cleaning? (change of word order)
Yes, they will. (never use short forms)
No, they won’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
- read this book
TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS
o by + a point in time
o by the time
o by then
o before

USAGE
1. an action which will be completed before a specific time in the future – I will have finished my homework by 5 pm.
= By 5 pm I will have finished my homework.
2. an action which will be completed before another action (PRESENT SIMPLE) in the future – She’ll have made breakfast by the time you get up.
= By the time you get up, she’ll have made breakfast.
 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (WILL + HAVE + BEEN + ...ING)
(By next January) I will have been working here for 10 years.
I’ll have been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first 2 letters)
Következő januárban lesz 10 éve, hogy itt dolgozom.
I will not have been working here for 10 years.
I won’t have been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Will I have been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, I will. (never use short forms)
No, I won’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
You will have been working here for 10 years.
You’ll have been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first 2
letters)
10 éve lesz, hogy itt dolgozol. 10 éve lesz, hogy Ön itt dolgozik. !
You will not have been working here for 10 years. = You will not have been working here for 10 years.
You won’t have been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Will you have been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
He/She/It will have been working here for 10 years.
He/She/It’ll have been working here for 10 years. (’ = the omitted first 2
letters)
10 éve lesz, hogy (ő) itt dolgozik.
He/She/It will not have been working here for 10 years.
He/She/It won’t have been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Will he/she/it have been working here for 10 years? (change of w.o.)
Yes, he/she/it will. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it won’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
We will have been working here for 10 years.
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- by next September / study engineering for 5 years
- by Tuesday / read this book for 6 days // - by 7 pm / write emails for 3 hours
We’ll have been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first 2
letters)
10 éve lesz, hogy itt dolgozunk.
We will not have been working here for 10 years.
We won’t have been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Will we have been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, we will. (never use short forms)
No, we won’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
You will have been working here for 10 years.
You’ll have been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first 2
letters)
10 éve lesz, hogy itt dolgoztok. 10 éve lesz, hogy Önök itt dolgoznak. !!
You won’t have been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Will you have been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, you will. (never use short forms)
No, you won’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
They will have been working here for 10 years.
They’ll have been working here for 10 years. (’= the omitted first 2
letters)
10 éve lesz, hogy (ők) itt dolgoznak.
They will not have been working here for 10 years.
They won’t have been working here for 10 years. (’ = not)
Will they have been working here for 10 years? (change of word order)
Yes, they will. (never use short forms)
No, they won’t. (always use short forms) (’ = not)
SPELLING See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)

TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS

by / by 6 pm
by tomorrow
by next Friday
by next June
by 2020 etc.

USAGE
- to show the duration of an action up to a certain point of time in the future. The action may continue further.
By next August we will have been living in this flat for 6 years. = We will have been living in this flat for 6 years by next August.

NOTE: STATIVE VERBS ARE NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES See Present Progressive (Be + …ing)
 FURTHER FUTURE FORMS 1 – BE GOING TO
I am going to meet Alan.
I’m going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
Azt tervezem, hogy találkozom Alannel.
I am not going to meet Alan.
I’m not going to meet Alan.
Am I going to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, I am. (never use short forms)
No, I’m not. (always use short forms)
You are going to meet Alan.
You’re going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
Azt tervezed, hogy találkozol Alannel. Ön azt tervezi, hogy találkozik
Alannel. !
You are not going to meet Alan.
You aren’t going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not) = You aren’t going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
(You’re not going to meet Alan. See The Verb ꞌbeꞌ)
Are you going to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, you are. (never use short forms)
No, you aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
He/She/It is going to meet Alan.
He/She/It’s going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Ő) azt tervezi, hogy találkozik Alannel.
He/She/It is not going to meet Alan.
He/She/It isn’t going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
Is he/she/it going to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it is. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it isn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- eat breakfast
We are going to meet Alan.
We’re going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
Azt tervezzük, hogy találkozunk Alannel.
We are not going to meet Alan.
We aren’t going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
Are we going to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, we are. (never use short forms)
No, we aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
You are going to meet Alan.
You’re going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
Azt tervezitek, hogy találkoztok Alannel. Önök azt tervezik, hogy
találkoznak Alannel. !!
You are not going to meet Alan.
Are you going to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, you are. (never use short forms)
No, you aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
They are going to meet Alan.
They’re going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Ők) azt tervezik, hogy találkoznak Alannel.
They are not going to meet Alan.
They aren’t going to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
Are they going to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, they are. (never use short forms)
No, they aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
- listen to music
- play computer games
-
 TYPICAL TIME EXPRESSIONS
o tomorrow
o tonight
o next Friday/week/month/year etc.
o in an hour / in a year etc.
o soon

USAGE
1. future plans (we haven’t made any arrangements yet vs. present progressive!) – I’m going to spend the summer in Austria
(but I haven’t booked the accommodation yet).
2. predictions based on evidence (vs. future simple predictions!) – Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain soon.
3. go, fly, travel >>> we usually use the present progressive if it is not important whether we have made any arrangements or not

Note: future simple vs. be going to vs. present progressive

My tooth hurts. I think I’ll see the dentist. (spontaneous decision)

My tooth hurts. I’m going to see the dentist but first I need to ask for an appointment. (future plan, no arrangements yet)
My tooth hurts. I’m seeing the dentist at 10 am tomorrow. (I have already made arrangements.)

+ was/were going to …
 FURTHER FUTURE FORMS 2 – BE (JUST) ABOUT TO

I am about to meet Alan.

I’m about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) azon vagyok, hogy találkozzam Alannel.
I am not about to meet Alan.
I’m not about to meet Alan.
Am I about to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, I am. (never use short forms)
No, I’m not. (always use short forms)
We are about to meet Alan.
We’re about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) azon vagyunk, hogy találkozzunk Alannel.
We are not about to meet Alan.
We aren’t about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
Are we about to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, we are. (never use short forms)
No, we aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)

You are about to meet Alan.

You are about to meet Alan.
You’re about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
You’re about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Épp) azon vagy, hogy találkozz Alannel. Ön (épp) azon van, hogy
(Épp) azon vagytok, hogy találkozzatok Alannel. Önök (épp) azon
találkozzon Alannel. !
vannak, hogy találkozzanak Alannel. !!
You are not about to meet Alan.
You are not about to meet Alan.
You aren’t about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not) =
You aren’t about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
(You’re not about to meet Alan. See The Verb ꞌbeꞌ)
Are you about to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Are you about to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, you are. (never use short forms)
Yes, you are. (never use short forms)
No, you aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
No, you aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
He/She/It is about to meet Alan.
They are about to meet Alan.
He/She/It’s about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
They’re about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = the omitted first letter)
(Ő épp) azon van, hogy találkozzon Alannel.
(Ők épp) azon vannak, hogy találkozzanak Alannel.
He/She/It is not about to meet Alan.
They are not about to meet Alan.
He/She/It isn’t about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
They aren’t about to meet Alan. (apostrophe = not)
Is he/she/it about to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Are they about to meet Alan? (change of word order)
Yes, he/she/it is. (never use short forms)
Yes, they are. (never use short forms)
No, he/she/it isn’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
No, they aren’t. (always use short forms) (apostrophe = not)
Practise. Write similar charts using:
- eat a sandwich - call Sally - go out
 USAGE

- actions that will happen very soon – Hurry up! The train is about to leave.

+ was/were about to …
 ALL TENSES – PRACTICE
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use contractions if possible.

1. ___________________ me lift these boxes? (help)

2. Adams _________________ a goal and … (kick)
3. Don’t do that again or I __________________ Mum. (tell)
4. Here __________________ Harry! (come)
5. Hurry up! The train _____________________. (leave)
6. I _________________ my old car yesterday. (sell)
7. I __________________ a good book these days. (read)
8. I __________________ as an au pair until I find a better job.
9. I __________________ tennis on Mondays. (play)
10. I ___________________ 50 pages so far today. (read)
11. I ___________________ the washing-up. (already do)
12. I ____________________ this book for 5 hours. (read)
13. I ______________________ the summer in Austria (but I haven’t booked the accommodation yet). (spend)
14. I met Daisy when/while/as I ___________________ home. (walk)
15. I was exhausted because I ______________________ in the garden all afternoon. (work)
16. I was having a shower when the phone ___________________. (ring)
17. In the new year I ________________ less chocolate. (eat)
18. In today’s episode, Helen _________________ Bob. (marry)
19. It was cold and dark inside the cave. Mary ___________________ the lantern in her hand and ________________ with fear. (hold, shiver)
20. It’s the best film I ______________________. (ever see)
21. It’s the first time I ______________________ Mexican food. (taste)
22. Look at those black clouds. It ________________________ soon. (rain)
23. Maybe she __________________ tomorrow. (come)
24. My grandmother ______________________ tablecloths in those days. (embroider)
25. She ____________________ breakfast by the time you get up. (make)
26. Sylvie’s daughter ______________________ her clothes around when she was a teenager! (always leave)
27. The concert _____________________ when we got there. (already start)
28. The football final _________________ at 8 pm. (start)
29. The man _______________ on a banana peel, _______________ and ____________________ himself. (step, slip, hurt)
30. The sun _________________ in the east. (rise)
31. This time tomorrow we ___________________ on the beach. (lie)
32. Thomas and Lisa ___________________ next Saturday. (get married)
33. Water shortage __________________ a more and more serious issue in Africa. (become)
34. We ____________________ in this flat for 6 years by next August. (live)
35. We _____________________ from the cinema. (just come back)
36. We ______________________ for Sandra for half an hour when she arrived. (wait)
37. What ____________________ at 9 o’clock yesterday morning? (do)
38. When I was a child, I __________________ with my parents. (live)
39. When I was a child, I often ________________ lunch at my grandmother’s. (eat)
40. While/As I ____________________ the flat, he __________________ a football match. (clean, watch)
41. You _____________________ your clothes around! (always leave)
42. Your eyes are red. _________________________? (cry)
 ALL TENSES – PRACTICE / KEY

1. ___________________ me lift these boxes? (help) – Will you help

2. Adams _________________ a goal and … (kick) – kicks
3. Don’t do that again or I __________________ Mum. (tell) – ’ll tell
4. Here __________________ Harry! (come) – comes
5. Hurry up! The train _____________________. (leave) –’s about to leave
6. I _________________ my old car yesterday. (sell) – sold
7. I __________________ a good book these days. (read) –’m reading
8. I __________________ as an au pair until I find a better job. –’m working / ’ll work / ’m going to work / ’ll be working
9. I __________________ tennis on Mondays. (play) – play/played
10. I ___________________ 50 pages so far today. (read) – ’ve read
11. I ___________________ the washing-up. (already do) – ’ve already done
12. I ____________________ this book for 5 hours. (read) –’ve been reading
13. I ______________________ the summer in Austria (but I haven’t booked the accommodation yet). (spend) – ’m going to spend
14. I met Daisy when/while/as I ___________________ home. (walk) – was walking
15. I was exhausted because I ______________________ in the garden all afternoon. (work) – ’d been working
16. I was having a shower when the phone ___________________. (ring) – rang
17. In the new year I ________________ less chocolate. (eat) – ’ll eat
18. In today’s episode, Helen _________________ Bob. (marry) – marries
19. It was cold and dark inside the cave. Mary ___________________ the lantern in her hand and ________________ with fear. (hold, shiver) –
was holding, was shivering
20. It’s the best film I ______________________. (ever see) – ’ve ever seen

21. It’s the first time I ______________________ Mexican food. (taste) – ’ve tasted
22. Look at those black clouds. It ________________________ soon. (rain) –’s going to rain
23. Maybe she __________________ tomorrow. (come) – ’ll come
24. My grandmother ______________________ tablecloths in those days. (embroider) – was embroidering
25. She ____________________ breakfast by the time you get up. (make) – ’ll have made
26. Sylvie’s daughter ______________________ her clothes around when she was a teenager! (always leave) – was always leaving
27. The concert _____________________ when we got there. (already start) – had already started
28. The football final _________________ at 8 pm. (start) – starts/started
29. The man _______________ on a banana peel, _______________ and ____________________ himself. (step, slip, hurt) – stepped, slipped, hurt
30. The sun _________________ in the east. (rise) – rises
31. This time tomorrow we ___________________ on the beach. (lie) – ’ll be lying
32. Thomas and Lisa ___________________ next Saturday. (get married) – are getting married
33. Water shortage __________________ a more and more serious issue in Africa. (become) – is becoming
34. We ____________________ in this flat for 6 years by next August. (live) –’ll have been living
35. We _____________________ from the cinema. (just come back) –’ve just come back
36. We ______________________ for Sandra for half an hour when she arrived. (wait) – ’d been waiting
37. What ____________________ at 9 o’clock yesterday morning? (do) – were you doing
38. When I was a child, I __________________ with my parents. (live) – lived
39. When I was a child, I often ________________ lunch at my grandmother’s. (eat) – ate
40. While/As I ____________________ the flat, he __________________ a football match. (clean, watch) – ’m/was cleaning, ’s/was watching
41. You _____________________ your clothes around! (always leave) –’re always leaving
42. Your eyes are red. _________________________? (cry) – Have you been crying?