CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH:
1. Controllability – Specific data and
participants (numbers)
2. Generalizability
3. Objectivity – Results of data are observed
with a structured instrument
4. Replicability – Study should be replicable to
researchers
STRENGTHS:
a. All data are assisted with statistical measures
b. The more the respondents, the more the
data, the better the result.
c. Data can be represented in graphical and
tabular form.
WEAKNESSES:
a. Large data requires a lot of time and effort
(Mentally & Financially)
b. Requires a lot of time
c. Requires professionals (statisticians)
WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO KNOW THE
STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES?
- So that we will know where to set boundaries
and know your scope and limitations.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:
a. Descriptive Research
e.g. “Study Habits and Academic Performance
of SHS Students”
Study Habits – Independent Variable
Academic Performance – Dependent Variable
b. Comparative Research - Involves
systematically collecting and summarizing
numerical data to describe and characterize a
particular phenomenon, group, or situation and
compare results.
c. Correlational – Identifies relationship
between 2 variables.
d. Quasi-Experimental - Researchers often have
limited control over variables and cannot
randomly assign participants to experimental
and control groups due to practical or ethical
constraints.
e. Experimental – Cause and effect.
(experiment in labs)
Variables – Is anything that can be observed by
the researcher. (can afflict change)
RULES OF VARIABLES:
a. Independent variable (causal variable) – May
influence other variables to charge.
IV – Cause
DV – Effect
b. Dependent Variable (outcome variable) –
Varies on the coaching style
c. Mitigating Variable (intervening variable) –
e.g Study Habits & Academic Performance >
Environment, Time Management, Family
Pressure, Finances.
d. Moderating Variable - Portrays the
relationship between the IV & DV (strength and
weak points)
e. Extraneous (hidden variable) – Can be found
only on the RRL, Introduction, and discussions.
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT (scales of measure)
a. Nominal Variables – Race, Ethnicity, Color,
etc.
b. Ordinal Variables – Can be counted (e.g.
years)
c. Interval Variables – Can be counted and
ranked (e.g. height, places)
d. Ratio Variables – Can be counted (has 2 O’s)
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VS. QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH 2. Categorical Variable

Qualitative Research: a. Ordinal V. - Can chronologically be ordered

b. Nominal V. - Are values that cannot be
- FGD (recorded) organized
- IDI c. Dichotomous V.- Represents only two
- Immersion categories
- Subjective d. Polychotomous - Multiple Categories
- Journalists (most qualitative researchers)
- Focus: Unknown (superstitious beliefs) 3. Experimental Variables
- Research Plan: gradual; can be modified
- Behavior: reflection, preservation a. IV - Manipulator
- Data Gathering: Thematic Analysis b. DV - Being Manipulated
- Style of Expression: No Formality c. Extraneous V. - Used as factors affecting the
- Sampling: Purposive ST = on purpose IV and DV
- Expression of Data – Verbal language, visual
data analysis – Focus Group Discussion 4. Non-Experimental V.
(min. 12 people)
a. Predictor V.
Quantitative Research: b. Criterion V.

- All data can be seen 5. Variables according to number being studied

- Data has scientific basis
a. Univariate Study - Uses only one variable
- Objective (no biases)
b. Bivariate - Uses two variables (commonly
- Focus: well-known phenomena (hypothesis &
used)
theories.
c. Polyvariate - More than 1 variables
- Research Plan: Planned; cannot be modified
- Behavior: Manipulated, controlled
Title - Summarize the main idea of research
- Purpose: Extent of the program
implementation, examine cause and effect.
> includes major variables
- Data gathering: Data first before analysis
> relationship between variables
- Style of Expression: Everything is in the
> mentions participants
instrument.
- Sampling: Stratified Random Sampling, needs Researcher must avoid the following when
basis. creating the title:
- Non-verbal; numeral, statistics
> use of fancy and flowery words
5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES > 10-12 words is the best

1. Numerical Variable External Criteria:

a. Continuous Variable - Count goes on and on > must not have been used by previous
b. Discrete Variable - Countable, exact researchers
representation of the population > make use of participants
> follow research ethics

Internal Criteria: > constitute researchers