Sultanate of Oman ‫سلطنة عمان‬

Ministry of Higher Education

‫وزارة التعليم العالي‬
Research and Innovation
‫والبحث العلمي‬
‫واالبتكار‬
General Direction of Vocational
‫المديرية العامة للتدريب‬
Training
‫المهني‬

Albuarimi Vocational College

Electrical Engineering
Department
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Graduation Project

“PV system installation”

Students name ID
1 Rashid khamis al fajri 18D20194291
2 Ali hilal al alawi 18D11992731
3 Mohammed said al saaidi 18D12757766
4 Saif sultan al saaidi 18D13399723

workshop instructor and project supervisor: Mr. Salim al jabri

I
Abstract:

The demand of the electrical power is increasing per day which is supplied by fossil fuels resulting into huge
carbon emissions in the atmosphere, this forced the electrical engineers to came up with a way to utilizing the
renewable energy sources to have less stress on fossil fuel.
Energy comes in different forms. Light is a form of energy. Heat is another one. but we heavily rely on
electricity. Often, one form of energy can be turned into another. This fact is very important because it explains
how we get electricity, which we use in so many ways. Electricity is used to light streets and buildings, to run
computers and TVs, and to run many other machines and appliances at home, at school, and at work. Scientists
main goal is to get electricity in a method which allows making electricity more accessible and green free. the
typical method to produce electricity have some problems which is using oil, coal and natural gas and as we
said early this method results is huge carbon emissions and impacting the economy of these supplements as the
electricity demands increases every year and with such highly increasing numbers of required electrical power,
the results will be another highly increasing demands fossil fuel (coal / oil / natural gas), so this situation is
getting compounded.
Fortunately, scientists over time came up with ways to produce electrical energy without using any fossil fuel,
and this made stress on fossil fuel less over time as more country’s started to adopt some of these methods such
as wind energy which uses wind to rotate the wind mill blades, another one uses ocean waves to produce
electricity, another way is to use water flow in dams to run a hydro-generator to give electricity, there is also
solar energy where light is converted to a electricity by using solar panels.
This project is mainly focused and inspired by the solar energy method where we decided to have a work based
on solar energy in order to make this method popular and more encouraging for people to consider in the future.

II
Contents
Abstract...................................................................................................................................................I
List of Figures.........................................................................................................................................V
List of Tables........................................................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER1: Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background...................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement.............................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective.........................................................................................................................................1,2
1.4 Project Tasks.......................................................................................................................................2
Chapter 2: System Design........................................................................................................................3
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
3.2 Design Objective...................................................................................................................................3
3.3 Design Process.......................................................................................................................................3
3.4 Design Requirements.............................................................................................................................4
3.5 Design constraints..................................................................................................................................4
3.7 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................4
Chapter 3: Experimental System..............................................................................................................5
4.1 Prototype Components......................................................................................................................5
4.2 Prototype Connections.......................................................................................................................5
4.3 Experimental Tests.............................................................................................................................5
4.5 The Prototype System Cost................................................................................................................5
Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................................................6
References................................................................................................................................................7

III
List of Figures

Figure name Page

1 Figure 1: frame 3
2 Figure 2: welding frame 3

IV
List of Tables

Table name Page

1 Table1: objectives 1
2 Table 2: experimental tests 4

V
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Background:

The first photovoltaic cell produced in late 1950, we call it today “solar panel” , the solar panel uses
the photovoltaic effect which is the responsible of converting light photons into an electrical energy ,
the usage of photovoltaic effect allowed us to cross some obstacles, one of them is using sunlight as a
clean renewable energy source and today there are various applications for the usage of solar panels,
our project consists of very critical steps that we followed during the process of creating our project
and in this report we will cover system design and experimental tests as well as recommendation.

2. Problem statement:
Solar panels are affected by several main factors that reduce the efficiency of electrical power
generation, such as dust, dirt, bird droppings and moisture. Dust poses a real challenge for the
generation of energy through solar panels because it reduces the absorption of sunlight into the
solar panels, which leads to a reduction in the energy output. In fact, the higher the amount of
dirt, for whatever reason, be it dust, bird droppings or moisture, the lower the efficiency of the
solar panels. Therefore, the solar panels must be cleaned periodically and extensively to obtain a
satisfactory result.

3. Objective:
After completing this unit (adequacy) and interacting with its activities and experiences, you are
expected to be able to:

NO. Objective

1 Inverter installation in the solar system.

2 Installing solar panels and cables.

3 Installation of circuit breakers and fuses for the solar system.

4 Installing the charge regulator

5 Install the battery pack 1

6 Install the battery pack 2

7 Teaching the cables for connecting the circuits of the solar system
Table 1 objectives

1
a. Suggested time:

b. The proposed time period for implementing the activities and exercises of this unit is 48 training
hours, distributed as follows: Theoretical lessons: 18 hours. Implementation of practical
exercises: 26 hours. Knowledge test: one hour. Practical exam: 3 hours Field Training.

4. Project Tasks:

Although these tasks are primarily targeted toward the installer as opposed to the system designer, in
many cases the installer must be knowledgeable about many
aspects of systems design, and may be required to adapt designs and equipment to fit a particular
application or customer need, and often are required to select
and specify balance-of-system (BOS) components. For this reason, the task analysis includes several
items involving the verification of the system designs.
Electrical codes, safety standards, and accepted industry practice are central to this task analysis, and
are implicit to nearly every task.

2
 Chapter 2: System Design
1. Introduction:

Designing a frame for the solar panels might take a little of work if executed properly, first we
thought what is the better align position for solar panels (horizontal or vertical) and we concluded
horizontal position will be more appealing, secondly we designed a rectangular frame so it can fit 2
solar panels at once with a reinforced superstructure by 2 metal strips, thirdly is indicting the variable
angel setup to the frame from both sides,

2. Design Objective:
The design objective is to ensure the solar panels will hold intact as well as the ability to change,
adjust the angels for more efficiency during summer and winter seasons.

3. Design Process:

4.
We started by measuring the solar panels and making a suitable frame, taking into account the different angles
in winter and summer. The frame that holds the solar panels was installed on the building and we extended the
wires to the battery and then to the workshop

5. D
e si
g n
Figure 1 frame figure 2 welding frame
3
 Requirements:

Before starting the project, we made a survey of the requirements for the project we are working on.
We needed four solar panels, two tires, two batteries, a black wire, a red wire, and switch

6. Design constraints:

Design constraints, technological advancements and a variable range of design goals for PV systems mean
that to get the best value for money from your PV system, it is sometimes not enough to mount your PV
panels facing towards the equator, at a tilt angle equal to the latitude coordinate of the location as the rule.

6. Conclusion:

PV system requires a focused work to utilize and meet the expectations weather it was in designing
or constructing or gathering the necessary equipment to have a fully functioning system, this paper
provides the methodology of required components and designing to achieve off-grind PV system.

4
 Chapter 3: Experimental System

1. Prototype Components:

 Singular PV panel / DC to DC converter / solar inverter/ solar charger / battery / wires

 Load (light bulb)

2. Prototype Connections:

 Series connection

3. Experimental Tests:

NO. Test performed

1
Measuring voltage from PV panels side

2 Measuring DC to DC converter input and output voltage

3 Checking solar inverter functions

4 Operational check for solar charger by charging battery’s

Table 2 experimental tests

4. The Prototype System cost:

 150 OMR

5
 Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion:

this report include essential steps on how to install a PV system and started with an introduction to the main idea behind
this project and the required objectives and explains about system design with steps on how to design an ideal frame to
hold the panels as well as increasing or decreasing the angle of frame to meet the required angle during different seasons
in the year , experimental tests are performed to have a better inspection on the efficiency of the system in order to have
ideal performance .

recommendations:

 during internal component failure, inspect what device falied and replace it in dead operational circuit.
 Solar inverter is configured originally, if a new configuration is required disconnect the load and configure
the solar inverter in live operational circuit.
 DC-DC converter have 2 OEM fuses, if both are triggered, its recommended to stop using the related
output until OEM fuse is placed.

6
 References:

• https://www.envistaforensics.com/media/j3lbi50t/
envista-collateral-photovoltaic-systems-risks-and-
recommendations-final.pdf
• https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/
Photovoltaic_system
• https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2020/07/
design-and-installation-of-solar-pv-system.html
• https://www.solarguide.co.uk/5-problems-solar-
panels-solved

7
Appendices

i
Appendix A:

ii
Appendix B:

iii
Appendix C:

iv
Appendix D:

v
Appendix E:

vi
Appendix F: Documentation Pictures:

vii