Correlation, Experimental and Historical Research

1. Correlation Research:
Correlation research examines the relationship between two or more variables without implying
causation. It explores whether there is a statistical association or connection between variables.
Correlation research helps identify patterns or trends in data.

Example: Let's say a researcher wants to investigate the relationship between study hours and
exam scores among students. They collect data on the number of hours students study and
their corresponding exam scores. By analyzing the data, the researcher can determine if there
is a correlation between study hours and exam scores. However, it does not indicate that
studying more hours directly causes higher exam scores.

2. Experimental Research:
Experimental research involves manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect
relationships. It includes the introduction of an independent variable and the measurement of its
impact on a dependent variable. Experimental research allows researchers to make causal
inferences.

Example: Imagine a researcher wants to examine the effects of a new medication on reducing
symptoms of a particular illness. They divide a group of participants into two groups: a treatment
group that receives the medication and a control group that receives a placebo. By comparing
the outcomes of the two groups, the researcher can assess if the medication has a causal effect
on symptom reduction.

3. Historical Research:
Historical research involves studying past events, phenomena, or trends to gain a better
understanding of their significance, impact, or context. It relies on existing records, documents,
or artifacts to reconstruct and analyze historical events.

Example: Suppose a researcher wants to explore the impact of the Industrial Revolution on
urbanization. They examine historical documents, photographs, and reports from the time
period to understand how the Industrial Revolution influenced the migration of people from rural
areas to cities, changes in working conditions, and the growth of urban populations. Historical
research helps uncover insights about the past.

In summary, correlation research examines relationships between variables, experimental

research explores cause-and-effect relationships through controlled manipulations, and
historical research investigates past events and their significance using available records and
artifacts.